Index
ADR see Alternative Dispute Resolution
aesthetic 150
,
153
Ahmadi xix
,
111
,
114
,
176
Ahmadiyya xxii
,
97
,
172 –73 175
,
177
,
179
,
182
Albania 97
,
99
,
184
,
185
,
187 –89 197
,
199
,
209
alcohol 22
,
151
,
218
Alevism 69
,
73
,
76
,
81 –82 184 –85
allochthonous 11
Alternative Dispute Resolution v
,
xx
,
24
,
31
,
33
,
91 –98 100
,
104
,
106 –108
American University of Beirut xiii
,
xvi
angrezi shariat 32
Ankara 72
,
74
,
185
,
192
Annotated Legal Documents on Islam in Europe x
,
109
,
117n
,
127
anti-discrimination 4
apostasy viii
,
172ff
al-'Arabi, Muhyi al-Din ibn (1165–1240) 174
Arkoun, Mohammed (1928–2010) 41
,
48
,
206
,
216
,
222n
,
223
Armenia 71 –72
asabiyya 40
assimilation 7
,
9
,
11
,
14
,
16
,
18
,
19
,
27
,
30
,
59
,
68
,
72
,
153
,
216
asylum 101
AUB see American University of Beirut
Austria 201
,
217 –18
Balkan xxiii
,
71
,
74
,
104n
,
183n
,
184 –86 193
,
196 –97 199n
,
206
,
209 –10 212 –13 217 –18 221 –23
Badr 132
,
133
Bektashi xix
,
xxii
,
183ff
blasphemy 3
,
145
Bosnian viii
,
x
,
xix
,
xxii
,
xxiii
,
46
,
109
,
184n
,
198ff
,
212ff
Bosnia-Herzegovina 46
,
99n
,
199 –201 206
,
209n
,
210
,
218 –221
Britain xi
,
23
,
25
,
28
,
29
,
31
,
44
,
49n
,
91
,
94
,
97
,
128
,
140 United Kingdom
Caliphate 79
,
140
Cartoon Crisis xv
,
46
,
50
,
143
,
159 –61
cathedral 57
,
58
Catholic 5
,
14
,
40
,
58
,
59
,
83
,
85
,
110
,
112
,
116
,
119
,
121
,
125
,
217
,
220
Caucasus 71
Centre for European Islamic Thought xv
,
43n
,
50
,
164
,
171
,
215n
Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations xiii
,
xiv
,
159
Chaplaincy 59
,
116
,
118
,
121
,
162 –64 170
Christian-Muslim dialogue xviii
,
158m
Church of Denmark 54
,
55
,
60
churchification vii
,
xx
,
50ff
citizenship 12
,
70
,
72
,
87
citizenship, Danish 130
citizenship, Dutch 7
,
8
,
9
citizenship, French 4
,
67
,
72
,
82
,
86
citizenship, German 70
,
72
citizenship, Turkish 67
,
71
civil society xiv
,
40
,
71
civilisation 12
,
49n
,
83
,
132
,
133
,
137
,
220
coexistence xi
,
xxii
,
158
,
166
,
213
,
216
community xi
,
xvii
,
xiv
,
4
,
11
,
26
,
27
,
30
,
33
,
34
,
46
,
49
,
64
,
67ff
,
92n
,
97
,
101n
,
106
,
142
,
143
,
161
,
167
,
172n
,
174 –77 193
,
195
,
196
,
199
,
201
,
206 –209
community, Islamic 44
,
199
,
201 –205 208
,
209
,
218
,
219n
,
220n
community, Muslim xxi
,
28
,
41
,
54
,
57 –62 81
,
97n
,
109ff
,
172n
,
181
,
199
,
209
constitution 5
,
6
,
11
,
15
,
47
,
54
,
67
,
70
,
75
,
97
,
98n
,
110 –12 118
,
176
Constitutional Court 123
,
125
conversion 60
,
63
,
190
,
193
,
196
convert 42
,
113 –16 119 –22 124 –25 138
,
153
,
196
,
216
cosmology 194
criminal 97 –103 106
,
107
,
165
,
167
criminalisation 72
,
81
Danish Institute in Damascus xiv
demography 21
,
32
,
113
,
115
,
125
Denmark xii
,
xiii
,
xiv
,
xxi
,
xxii
,
31
,
40
,
49
,
50
,
54
,
55
,
59
,
60
,
128
,
129
,
141 –145 159 –163 166
,
168 –70 176
,
177
,
224
Deobandi 46
dialogue xii
,
xiii
,
xviii
,
xxii
,
49n
,
60n
,
77
,
157 –61 186n
diaspora 34
,
68
,
70
,
74
,
171
Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–1881) 128
DITIB see Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs
diversity xv
,
xviii
,
xx
,
6
,
8
,
10
,
11
,
14
,
15
,
17
,
25
,
44n
,
45 –48 93
,
97n
,
98
,
163
,
164
,
207n
,
215
,
223
,
224
Diyanet see Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs
dogma 37
,
38
,
49n
,
150
,
173
dogmatic 77
,
150
,
187
,
197
domestication 4
,
6
,
19
,
28
drug 99
,
101
,
106
,
153
Egypt xiii
,
xxviii
,
9
,
99n
,
115
,
131
,
132
,
151
,
177
,
206
,
208
,
218
epistemology xix
,
9
,
16
,
17
,
49n
Erdoğan, Tayyip (1954 - ) 70
,
71
,
80
,
82
Erlangen Centre of Islam and Law in Europe (EZIRE) xix
,
99
Euro-Islam 44n
,
212
,
213
,
216
,
224
European Council of Fatwa and Research 39
,
205
European Union x
,
65
,
110
Evangelical Lutheran 54
,
110
,
162
,
163
exceptionalism v
,
3ff
Facebook 146
,
149
,
151
fatwa 3
,
4
,
39
,
45
,
129
,
174n
,
177
,
180
,
205
,
209
foreign 4
,
10
,
16
,
31
,
42
,
53
,
61
,
74
,
75
,
81
,
83
,
84
,
120
,
121
,
144
,
199
,
200
,
204
,
208 –10 222
Friday prayer 114
,
141
,
147
fundamentalism 37
,
40
,
41
,
74
,
80
,
94n
,
152
,
186n
,
219
generation v
,
xx
,
10
,
26
,
31
,
42n
,
43n
,
45
,
46
,
67ff
,
137
,
142
,
143
,
201
,
212
,
215
,
216
German Islam Conference 54
,
92n
Germany v
,
xi
,
xx
,
5
,
49n
,
50
,
61
,
65
,
70
,
73 –75 81
,
84
,
91ff
,
210
,
224
al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad (1058–1111) 194
,
205
,
206
,
209
ghetto 141
,
149
,
213
Gospel 190 –193 196
Greek 71
,
110
,
146
Gulf War xix
,
3
,
4
,
16
Gülen, Fethullah (1941 - ) 76n
,
81
,
205
hadith xxi
,
25
,
134
,
136 –40 177
,
178
,
180 –82 187
,
203n
,
204
hagiography xxi
,
137
,
192
,
193
,
196
halal xvii
,
117 –119 121
,
139n
,
204
headscarf xix
,
16
,
23
,
63
,
77
,
222n veil
heresy 153
,
173
,
182
hijab 117
,
119
,
121
Hinduism 5
,
33
,
65
Hudhaybiyya 133
Hungary 218
ideology 15
,
45
,
73 –75 78
,
80
,
212
,
213
,
221
imam 36
,
39 –41 46
,
51
,
57 –60 64
,
66
,
68
,
72
,
75
,
78
,
83 –85 96n
,
98
,
100
,
103 –106 117 –21 157n
,
161
,
165
,
166
,
168
,
183
,
187
,
200
,
201
,
205 –207 219n
Imitatio Christi 192
immigrant xxiii
,
3
,
4
,
6 –8 10
,
15
,
16
,
31
,
69
,
71
,
73 –75 77
,
86
,
93
,
107
,
113
,
119
,
121
,
122
,
124
,
125
,
141
,
143
,
144
,
212
,
213
,
216
,
217
individualisation 37
,
40
,
42
,
87
,
167
,
168
,
214
institutionalisation xx
,
7
,
18
,
50
,
51
,
54
,
55 –57 60 –63 65
,
93
,
97
,
109
,
185
,
189
,
190
,
201
,
221
integration xvii
,
xix
,
4 –16 18
,
28
,
38
,
42
,
44
,
50
,
59
,
60
,
62
,
64
,
65
,
73
,
142
,
161
,
166
,
196
,
199
,
201
,
210
,
212
,
213
,
215
,
216
,
219
,
224
interdisciplinary xiv
,
xix
,
22
,
23
,
26
,
27
,
199n
ISIS see Islamic State in Iraq and Syria
Islam, European v
,
viii
,
xv
,
xvii
,
xix
,
xx
,
xxiii
,
35ff
,
66
,
95n
,
209n
,
212ff
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria xviii
,
23
,
42
,
59
,
129
,
140
Islamic thought 35
,
41 –45 47
,
48
,
174n
,
200
,
204
,
210
Islamisation 9
,
13
,
17
,
218
,
219
Islamism 37
,
74n
,
151
islamophobia xxii
,
112
,
112n
,
182
isnad 136
isomorphism 56
,
62 –64
Israel xiii
,
xiv
,
131
,
137
,
180n
jahiliyya 130
Jain 30
Jama'at-i-Islami 176
Jamaat e-Tablighi 46
jihad xix
,
xxi
,
42
,
129ff
,
153
,
174
jihadism 42n
,
43n
,
108
,
128ff
,
151
,
186
Jordan 99n
,
128
,
129
,
131
,
140
,
177
Judaism 83
,
150
,
188
,
194
,
216
jurisdiction 31
,
91n
,
96n
Kemalism 78 –80
Khomeini, Ruhollah (1902–1989) 3
,
78
kufr 130
,
138
,
178 –79
laïcité xxxvi
,
66
,
213
law
law, civil xxvii
,
104
,
117
law, constitutional 54
,
97
law, customary 29
,
93
,
98n
,
104
law, German 100 –108
law, Islamic xiii
,
xvii
,
xviii
,
xxi
,
24
,
33
,
91
,
93n
,
98n
,
105
,
106
,
109ff
,
200
,
204
,
205
law, marriage 30
,
104
,
105
,
117
,
120
law, religious 29
,
92n
,
94n
Lebanon xiii
,
xiv
,
xvi
,
99n
,
144
,
166
liberal xix
,
xxi
,
5
,
12
,
17
,
18
,
37 –41 54
,
55
,
59
,
60
,
79
,
129
,
141
,
149
,
151 –53 213
literature x
,
xiii
,
xxii
,
xxiii
,
35
,
94
,
99
,
132
,
133
,
138
,
141
,
143
,
145
,
153
,
178
,
181
,
182
,
198ff
literature, Islamic xxii
,
xxiii
,
153
,
198ff
Lithuania v
,
x
,
xxi
,
109ff
Lutheran x
,
54
,
59
,
110
,
159
,
162
,
163
,
171
Lutheran World Foundation 159
madrasa 200
,
204
,
208
Makalat xxii
,
183ff
maqasid al-sharia 44
marriage 20
,
27
,
29
,
30
,
33
,
87
,
96
,
98 –101 103 –105 107
,
116
,
117
,
120
,
200n
,
207
marriage, Muslim 27
,
30
,
31
,
53
marriage, Islamic 30
,
104
,
105
,
117
,
120 nikah
Marxist 73
,
74
maslaha 44
messenger 134
,
175
,
178
millet 63
,
67
,
71
Millî Görüş 74 –76 78 –85
Morocco 9
,
10
,
48
,
99n
,
129
,
130
,
139
,
140
mosque 7
,
30
,
51 –53 57
,
58
,
64
,
68
,
74
,
76 –78 83 –85 103
,
104
,
113
,
114
,
120
,
144
,
147
,
149
,
168
,
176
,
177
,
198
,
200
,
201
,
203n
,
219
Mother Theresa (1910–1997) 183
,
188
mufti xxviii
,
119
,
120
,
121
,
138
,
207 –209
Muftiate 113
,
114
,
116
,
123
,
126
,
219
multiculturalism 4
,
8
,
12
,
14 –16 19
,
31
,
33
,
48n
,
86
,
94n
,
96n
,
126
Muslim exceptionalism 3ff
Muslimophobia Islamophobia
Muslims in Western Europe xi
,
xvii
,
3
,
18
,
34
,
46
,
59
,
66
,
223
Naqshbandi 76
,
78
Netherlands, the x
,
xix
,
3ff
,
49n
,
84
,
92
nikah 29 –31 117
,
120 Islamic Marriage
Norway x
,
159
,
210
One Law for All 22
,
24
organisation 5
,
7 –11 28
,
46
,
50ff
,
69
,
71
,
73
,
75 –86 92
,
110
,
112 –114 116
,
122 –25 158 –63 166
,
176
,
185
,
119
,
203
,
218
,
219n
,
221
orthodox xxi
,
40
,
41
,
86n
,
110
,
113
,
152
,
173
,
182
,
187
,
188
,
192
,
196
,
216
,
217
,
220
,
222n
Ottoman xviii
,
67
,
71
,
183n
,
184n
,
185
,
192n
,
197n
,
213
,
218
,
222n
Ottoman Empire 79
,
184
,
217
Pakistan 34n
,
99n
,
115
,
129
,
159
,
172
,
176
,
177
,
179
,
180
Palestine 99
,
129
,
132
,
142
,
143n
parallel justice v
,
91
,
95 –99 101
,
103
,
106
,
107
pluralism xviii
,
xix
,
20
,
21
,
25 –27 31
,
33
,
34
,
36
,
43
,
44
,
46
,
48
,
49
,
63 –65 87
,
91 –94 96
,
126
,
151
,
186n
,
187n
,
201
,
205
,
206
,
214
,
217
plurilegal 21
,
32
poetry xxi
,
142 –44 146
,
148 –50 152
,
204
post-Islamism 37
,
42
,
151n
priest 51
,
57
,
58
,
60
,
64
,
121
,
165
prison xxii
,
6
,
59
,
116
,
121
,
128
,
129
,
132
,
141
,
143
,
157
,
161 –68 208
privatisation 37
Protestant 5
,
14
,
58
,
59
,
83
,
171
al-Qaradawi, Yusuf (1926 - ) 204 –206 209
qibla 178
Qur’an 25
,
43n
,
130
,
133
,
140
,
144 –51 153
,
174n
,
175
,
177 –82 187
,
193 –95 204
,
208
Qur’anic xxi
,
77
,
84
,
133
,
134
,
138
,
139
,
146 –52 200
,
202
,
204
Qutb, Sayyid (1906–1966) 134
,
138
,
140
,
205
rabbi 52
,
58
radical xxi
,
42
,
45
,
70
,
72
,
80
,
143
,
151 –53 186
,
200
,
206
,
207
,
218
radicalisation 14
,
152
,
165
,
166
,
198
,
200n
radicalism 17
Ramadan 39
,
144
Ramadan, Tariq (1962 - ) 36
,
39
,
40
,
44
,
47
,
48
,
152
,
205
,
216
,
222n
recitation xxi
,
145 –52
regulatory 20
,
21
RELIGARE xv
,
91
religio-organisational 50
,
57
,
63
,
66
,
224
religion xii
,
xiv
,
xv
,
xvi
,
8
,
10
,
12
,
16
,
17
,
19
,
21
,
22
,
27
,
35
,
37
,
38
,
40
,
41
,
53
,
54
,
58
,
59
,
63
,
64
,
68 –73 76
,
78 –88 91
,
92
,
108
,
110
,
117
,
119
,
120n
,
130
,
133
,
135
,
136
,
148 –50 153
,
158
,
164
,
170
,
173
,
175
,
180 –84 188
,
189
,
193
,
203
,
207n
,
212 –14 216 –19
religion, freedom of 5
,
6
,
33
,
97
,
107
,
172n
,
174n
,
208
religion, immigrant 6
,
16
religion, traditional 35
,
110
,
122
,
124
religion and culture xvii
,
8
,
22
,
53
,
171
,
209
,
213
,
221
religion and state 4
,
48
,
55
,
57
,
62
,
64
,
66
,
93n
,
110
,
208n
,
209n
revelation 48
,
131
,
179n
,
188
,
189
,
194
,
195
Rida, Rashid (1865–1935) 44
ritual 39
,
119
,
137
,
144
,
147
,
149 –51 167
,
183
,
187
,
189
,
196
,
200
,
203
,
205
Rome 36
,
48n
,
57
,
131
,
223n
Rushdie Affair, the xix
,
3
,
4
,
12
,
15
,
16
,
23
Salafi xii
,
17
,
37
,
45
,
100
,
108
,
114
,
129
,
198
,
203
,
205 –207 221
Salafism 104
,
106
,
186
Saudi Arabia 4
,
208
School of Oriental and African Studies xiii
,
xix
,
25
,
32
secular xv
,
xvi
,
xvii
,
xxiii
,
4
,
18
,
23
,
30
,
35
,
39
,
40
,
53 –55 62
,
99
,
100
,
104
,
108
,
118
,
119
,
122
,
174
,
185n
,
208
,
209n
,
213 –15 217 –22
secularism 27
,
37
,
39n
,
40
,
42
,
54
,
55
,
59
,
64
,
82
,
91
,
171
secularisation xxiii
,
6
,
36n
,
37 –42 43n
,
60
,
125
securitisation xxii
,
14
,
65
,
198
September 11, 2001 xviii
,
39
,
159
,
160
shahada 131
,
133
sharia xvii
,
xviii
,
xxi
,
33
,
40
,
44
,
45
,
92n
,
94 –98 103
,
117
,
119
,
126
,
138
,
218n
,
222
Sharia Councils 31
,
97
,
100
,
218n
al-Shatibi (1320–1388) 44
,
45
sheikh 76
,
157
,
184
Shia 78
,
111
,
115
,
130
,
174
,
186n
,
187
,
196
,
206
Sikh 29
,
30
socio-cultural 20
,
24
,
32
,
44
,
103
,
107
sociology xv
,
xviii
,
9
,
27
,
42
,
54
,
64
,
66
,
80
Soroush, Abdolhakim (1945 - ) 41
,
222
Spain 213
spiritual xxii
,
3
,
73
,
76
,
110
,
111
,
113
,
123 –26 151
,
163
,
164
,
167
,
168
,
170
,
185
,
192n
,
207
sufi vi
,
xxii
,
79
,
151
,
183ff
,
203
,
205 –208
Sufism 114
,
153
,
186n
,
196
,
200
,
204
Sunna 25
,
178
,
200
,
204
,
205
survey vii
,
xi
,
50
,
67
,
139
,
207
,
209
,
214
,
223
Süleymancı 74 –79 85
symbol 83
,
88
,
146
,
189
,
222n
symbolic 23
,
27
syncretism 153
,
186
Syria xiv
,
xviii
,
99n
,
129
,
132
,
140
,
166
,
177
,
213
tafsir 134
,
137 –40
Tatar xix
,
39
,
111
,
113 –15 119
,
120
,
122
,
124
,
125
,
133
,
199
,
209
,
212
terror xviii
,
59
,
141n
terrorism 27
,
124
,
128
,
129
,
132n
,
139n
,
140
,
143n
,
160
,
165n
theology xii
,
xiii
,
xiv
,
xv
,
xvi
,
xix
,
xxii
,
35 –48 50
,
51
,
54
,
66
,
84
,
94
,
145
,
167
,
168
,
173
,
175
,
199n
,
213
,
222
Turkey xx
,
9
,
34
,
67ff
,
99
,
104n
,
131
,
185
,
199n
,
218
Turkish xx
,
67ff
,
114
,
189
,
204
,
211
,
222n
Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs 74 –76 78
,
79
,
83 –85 114
Ukraine 109
ulama 58
,
130
,
133
,
137
,
176n
,
219n
Union of Muslim Organisations 28
United Kingdom xiii
,
xvi
,
xxi
,
20
,
28 –31 91n
,
92
,
94
,
100
,
109
,
128
,
173
,
176 Britain
Vatican 40
veil 23
,
37
,
39
,
46
,
133 headscarf
Velayetname xii
,
183
,
184
,
186
,
189
,
190ff
violence 17
,
42
,
43n
,
45
,
46
,
93
,
96 –98 100n
,
101
,
103
,
104
,
106
,
132n
,
139n
,
140
,
141
,
142
,
172
,
182
al-Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn Abd (1703–1792) 44
,
199n
Wahhabi 45
,
186
,
199n
,
206
,
221
Weber, Max (1864–1920) 70
,
87
,
189
witness 4
,
17
,
25
,
30
,
45
,
95
,
96
,
102 –105 128
,
133
,
143
,
153
,
157ff
,
201
World Council of Churches xiii
,
159
,
187
World War, First 185
World War, Second x
,
6
xenophobia 67
,
160
YouTube 142n
,
146
,
149
al-Zarqawi, Abu Musaab (1966–2006) 132
Zayd, Nasr Hamid Abu (1943–2010) 41
,
206
,
222n