Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Biological contaminants in insects as food and feed
in Journal of Insects as Food and FeedKU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2463, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Search for other papers by D. Vandeweyer in
Current site
Google Scholar
KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2463, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Search for other papers by J. De Smet in
Current site
Google Scholar
KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2463, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Search for other papers by N. Van Looveren in
Current site
Google Scholar
KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2463, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Search for other papers by L. Van Campenhout in
Current site
Google Scholar
During the last decade, edible insects have successfully taken a meaningful position in the feed and food chain. To expand this position, product safety continuously needs to be warranted. This review focuses on the current knowledge and the future challenges on the prevalence of human foodborne pathogens in edible insects. The top three of the bacterial pathogens associated with insects for food areStaphylococcus aureus, pathogenicClostridium spp. and pathogenic species of theBacillus cereus group. Less is known about other types of biological contaminants, the fungi, viruses, protozoa and prions. For insects for feed, even less reports on pathogens are available so far, although the microbiota ofHermetia illucens is increasingly being studied in the latest years. In addition to the evaluation of endogenous microorganisms in insects, an overview is given of inoculation experiments to study the fate of specific food pathogens during rearing. Future challenges that are identified mainly relate to the fact that risk assessments directed to specific insect species are needed. Also, more research data are needed on the microbiological quality of substrates and residue, in connection with decontamination treatments. The house flora of rearing facilities has not been investigated before. The insect supply chain can generate insights in the microbiological quality of the integral chain by implementing exhaustive sampling plans and by applying predictive microbiology. Additionally, microbiological methods used in research and quality control require standardisation. Rather unexplored so far is the unculturable fraction of the insect microbial community and its importance in food safety. Last but not least, the most important microbiological challenge may well be situated in the further development of the sector: upscaling in terms of capacity and number of companies will increase the complexity of the sector. That will have implications for monitoring and control of biological contaminants.
-
Abd El-Aziz, N.K., Tartor, Y.H., Abd El-Aziz Gharib, A. and Ammar, A.M., 2018. Propidium monoazide quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for enumeration of some viable but nonculturable foodborne bacteria in meat and meat products. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 15: 226-234.https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2017.2356
-
Anonymous, 2020. Advice on animal and public health risks of insects reared on former foodstuffs as raw material for animal feed. Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 60 pp. Available at:https://english.nvwa.nl/documents/consumers/food/safety/documents/advice-on-animal-and-public-health-risks-of-insects-reared-on-former-foodstuffs-as-raw-material-for-animal-feed
-
Bahrndorff, S., De Jonge, N., Skovgård, H. and Nielsen, J.L., 2017. Bacterial communities associated with houseflies (Musca domestica L.) sampled within and between farms. PLoS ONE 12: e0169753.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169753
-
Bailey, J.S., Stern, N.J., Fedorka-Cray, P., Craven, S.E., Cox, N.A., Cosby, D.E., Ladely, S. and Musgrove, M.T., 2001. Sources and movement ofSalmonella through integrated poultry operations: a multistate epidemiological investigation. Journal of Food Protection 64: 1690-1697.https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-64.11.1690
-
Barcina, I. and Arana, I., 2009. The viable but nonculturable phenotype: a crossroads in the life-cycle of non-differentiating bacteria? Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology 8: 245-255.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-009-9159-x
-
Belleggia, L., Milanović, V., Cardinali, F., Garofalo, C., Pasquini, M., Tavoletti, S., Riolo, P., Ruschioni, S., Isidoro, N., Clementi, F., Ntoumos, A., Aquilanti, L. and Osimani, A., 2020.Listeria dynamics in a laboratory-scale food chain of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) intended for human consumption. Food Control 114: 107246.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107246
-
Borremans, A., Crauwels, S., Vandeweyer, D., Smets, R., Verreth, C., Van der Borght, M., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L., 2019. Comparison of six commercial meat starter cultures for the fermentation of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) paste. Microorganisms 7: 540.https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7110540
-
Bruno, D., Bonelli, M., De Filippis, F., Di Lelio, I., Tettamanti, G., Casartelli, M., Ercolini, D. and Caccia, S., 2019. The intestinal microbiota ofHermetia illucens larvae is affected by diet and shows a diverse composition in the different midgut regions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 85: e01864-18.https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01864-18
-
Cappelli, A., Cini, E., Lorini, C., Oliva, N. and Bonaccorsi, G., 2020. Insects as food: a review on risks assessments of Tenebrionidae and Gryllidae in relation to a first machines and plants development. Food Control 108: 106877.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106877
-
Carpentier, B. and Chassaing, D., 2004. Interactions in biofilms betweenListeria monocytogenes and resident microorganisms from food industry premises. International Journal of Food Microbiology 97: 111-122.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.031
-
Chen, Y., Li, X., Song, J., Yang, D., Liu, W., Chen, H., Wu, B. and Qian, P., 2019. Isolation and characterization of a novel temperate bacteriophage from gut-associatedEscherichia within black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L. [Diptera: Stratiomyidae]). Archives of Virology 164: 2277-2284.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04322-w
-
De Jonge, N., Yssing Michaelsen, T., Ejbye-Ernst, R., Jensen, A., Elley Nielsen, M., Bahrndorff, S. and Lund Nielsen, J., 2020. Housefly (Musca domestica L.) associated microbiota across different life stages. Nature 10: 7842.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64704-y
-
De Loy-Hendrickx, A., Debevere, J., Devlieghere, F., Jacxsens, L., Uyttendaele, M. and Vermeulen, A., 2018. Microbiological guidelines: support for interpretation of microbiological test results of foods. Die Keure, Brugge, Belgium, 478 pp.
'Microbiological guidelines: support for interpretation of microbiological test results of foods ', () 478.
-
De Smet, J., Wynants, E., Cos, P. and Van Campenhout, L., 2018. Microbial community dynamics during rearing of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) and impact on exploitation potential. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84: e02722-17.https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02722-17
-
Defilippo, F., Grisendi, A., Listorti, V., Dottori, M. and Bonilauri, P., 2018. Black soldier fly larvae reared on contaminated substrate byListeria monocytogenes andSalmonella. Available at:https://meetings.eaap.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/Session47/47.16_aq9i52ws.pdf
-
Dicke, M., Eilenberg, J., Falcao Salles, J., Jensen, A.B., Lecocq, A., Pijlman, G.P., Van Loon, J.J.A. and Van Oers, M.M., 2020. Edible insects unlikely to contribute to transmission of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6(4): 333-339.https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2020.0039
-
European Commission (EC), 2001. Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Official Journal L 147: 1-40.
-
European Commission (EC), 2005. Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of 15 November 2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. Official Journal L 338: 1-26.
-
European Commission (EC), 2011. Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 of 25 February 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and implementing Council Directive 97/78/EC as regards certain samples and items exempt from veterinary checks at the border under that Directive. Official Journal L 54: 1-254.
-
European Commission (EC), 2015. Regulation (EU) No 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods. Official Journal L 327: 1-22.
-
European Commission (EC), 2017. Commission Regulation (EU) No 2017/893 of 24 May 2017 as regards the provisions on processed animal protein. Official Journal L 138: 92-116.
-
European Food Safety Authority Panel on Biological Hazards (EFSA BIOHAZ Panel), 2016. Scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence ofBacillus cereus and otherBacillus spp. includingBacillus thuringiensis in foodstuffs. EFSA Journal 14: 4524.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4524
-
European Food Safety Authority Scientific Committee, 2015. Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA Journal 13: 4257.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4257
-
Ehling-Schulz, M., Lereclus, D. and Koehler, T.M., 2019. TheBacillus cereus group:Bacillus Species with pathogenic potential. Microbiology Spectrum 7(3).https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0032-2018
-
Erickson, M.C., Islam, M., Sheppard, C., Liao, J. and Doyle, M.P., 2004. Reduction ofEscherichia coli O157:H7 andSalmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly. Journal of Food Protection 67: 685-690.https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.4.685
-
Fakruddin, M., Bin Mannan, K.S. and Andrews, S., 2013. Viable but nonculturable bacteria: food safety and public health perspective. International Scholarly Research Notices: Article ID 703813..https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/703813
-
Fasolato, L., Cardazzo, B., Carraro, L., Fontana, F., Novelli, E. and Balzan, S., 2018. Edible processed insects from e-commerce: food safety with a focus on theBacillus cereus group. Food Microbiology 76: 296-303.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2018.06.008
-
Fernandez-Cassi, X., Söderqvist, K., Bakeeva, A., Vaga, M., Dicksved, J., Vagsholm, I., Jansson, A. and Boqvist, S., 2020. Microbial communities and food safety aspects of crickets (Acheta domesticus) reared under controlled conditions. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6: 429-440.https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0048
-
Fernandez-Cassi, X., Supeanu, A., Jansson, A., Boqvist, S., Vagsholm, I., Boqvist, S. and Vagsholm, I., 2018. Novel foods: a risk profile for the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). EFSA Journal 16: e16082.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.e16082
-
Fernandez-Cassi, X., Supeanu, A., Vaga, M., Jansson, A., Boqvist, S. and Vagsholm, I., 2019. The house cricket (Acheta domesticus) as a novel food: a risk profile. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5: 137-157.https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2018.0021
-
Filippidou, S., Junier, T., Wunderlin, T., Lo, C.C., Li, P.E., Chain, P.S. and Junier, P., 2015. Under-detection of endospore-forming firmicutes in metagenomic data. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 13: 299-306.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2015.04.002
-
Food and Agriculture Organisation / World Health Organisation (FAO/WHO), 2009. Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system and guidelines for its application. Food hygiene basic texts, 4th edition. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome, Italy.
-
Frigerio, J., Agostinetto, G., Galimberti, A., De Mattia, F., Labra, M. and Bruno, A., 2020. Tasting the differences: microbiota analysis of different insect-based novel food. Food Research International 137: 109426.
'Tasting the differences: microbiota analysis of different insect-based novel food ' () 137 Food Research International : 109426.
-
Garofalo, C., Milanović, V., Cardinali, F., Aquilanti, L., Clementi, F. and Osimani, A., 2019. Current knowledge on the microbiota of edible insects intended for human consumption: a state-of-the-art review. Food Research International 125: 108527.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108527
-
Greenhalgh, J.P. and Amund, D., 2019. Examining the presence ofCronobacter spp. in ready-to-eat edible insects. Food Safety 7: 74-78.https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-19-00004
-
Holah, J.T., 2014. Cleaning and disinfection practices in food processing. In: Lelieveld, H.L.M., Holah, J.T. and Napper, D. (eds.) Hygiene in food processing: principles and practice, 2nd edition. Woodhead Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 304 pp.
'Cleaning and disinfection practices in food processing ', () 304.
-
Holt, P.S., Geden, C.J., Moore, R.W. and Gast, R.K., 2007. Isolation ofSalmonella enterica serovar enteritidis from houseflies (Musca domestica) found in rooms containingSalmonella serovar enteritidis-challenged hens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 6030-6035.https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00803-07
-
Houben, D., Daoulas, G., Faucon, M.-P. and Dulaurent, A.-M., 2020. Potential use of mealworm frass as a fertilizer: impact on crop growth and soil properties. Nature Scientific Reports 10: 4659.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61765-x
-
International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed (IPIFF), 2019a. IPIFF Contribution Paper on the application of insect frass as fertilising product in agriculture. 6 pp. Available athttps://ipiff.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/19-09-2019-IPIFF-contribution-on-insect-frass-application-as-fertilising-product-final-version.pdf
-
International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed (IPIFF), 2019b. IPIFF guide on good hygiene practices for European Union producers of insects as food and feed. IPIFF, Brussels, Belgium, 108 pp. Available at:https://ipiff.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/IPIFF-Guide-on-Good-Hygiene-Practices.pdf
-
International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed (IPIFF), 2020. Factsheet: Edible insects on the European market. Retrieved fromhttps://ipiff.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/10-06-2020-IPIFF-edible-insects-market-factsheet.pdf
-
Jacxsens, L., Kussaga, J., Luning, P.A., Van der Spiegel, M., Devlieghere, F. and Uyttendaele, M., 2009. A microbial assessment scheme to measure microbial performance of food safety management systems. International Journal of Food Microbiology 134: 113-125.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.02.018
-
Jay, J., Loessner, M. and Golden, D., 2005. Modern food microbiology. Springer, Boston, MA, US, 790 pp.https://doi.org/10.1007/b100840
-
Jeβberger, N., Krey, V.M., Rademacher, C., Böhm, M.-E., Mohr, A.-K., Ehling-Schulz, M., Scherer, S. and Märtlbauer, E., 2015. From genome to toxicity: a combinatory approach highlights the complexity of enterotoxin production inBacillus cereus. Frontiers in Microbiology 6: 560.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00560
-
Jiang, C.-L., Jin, W.-Z., Tao, X.-H., Zhang, Q., Zhu, J., Feng, S.-Y., Xu, X.-H., Li, H.-Y., Wang, Z.-H. and Zhang, Z.-J., 2019. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) strengthen the metabolic function of food waste biodegradation by gut microbiome. Microbial Biotechnology 12: 528-543.https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13393
-
Kamau Njage, P., Sawe, C., Onyango, C., Habib, I., Njeru Njagi, E., Aerts, M. and Molenberghs, G., 2017. Microbiological performance of food safety control and assurance activities in a fresh produce processing sector measured using a microbiological scheme and statistical modeling. Journal of Food Protection 80: 177-188.https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-233
-
Kashiri, M., Marin, C., Garzón, R., Rosell, C.M., Rodrigo, D. and Martínez, A., 2018. Use of high hydrostatic pressure to inactivate natural contaminating microorganisms and inoculatedE. coli O157:H7 onHermetia illucens larvae. PLoS ONE 13: e0194477.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194477
-
Klammsteiner, T., Walter, A., Bogataj, T., Heussler, C.D., Stres, B., Steiner, F.M., Schlick-Steiner, F.M., Arthofer, W. and Insam, H., 2020. The core gut microbiome of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae raised on low-bioburden diets. Frontiers in Microbiology 11: 993.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00993
-
Kooh, P., Ververis, E., Tesson, V., Boué, G. and Federighi, M., 2019. Entomophagy and public health: a review of microbiological hazards. Health 11: 1272-1290.https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2019.1110098
-
Kort, R., O’Brien, A.C., Van Stokkum, I.H.M., Oomes, S.J.C.M., Crielaard, W., Hellingwerf, K.J. and Brul, S., 2005. Assessment of heat resistance of bacterial spores from food product isolates by fluorescence monitoring of dipicolinic acid release. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 3556-3564.https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.7.3556-3564.2005
-
Lalander, C.H., Diener, S., Magri, M.E., Zurbrügg, C., Lindström, A. and Vinnerås, B., 2013. Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) – from a hygiene aspect. Science of the Total Environment 458-460: 312-318.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.033
-
Lalander, C.H., Fidjeland, J., Diener, S., Eriksson, S. and Vinnerås, B., 2015. High waste-to-biomass conversion and efficientSalmonella spp. reduction using black soldier fly for waste recycling. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 35: 261-271.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0235-4
-
Liu, Q., Tomberlin, J.K., Brady, J.A., Sanford, M.R. and Yu, Z., 2008. Black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae reduceEscherichia coli in dairy manure. Environmental Entomology 37: 1525-1530.https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-37.6.1525
-
Man, C.M.D and Jones, A., 2000. Shelf life evaluation of foods, 2nd edition. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 292 pp.
'Shelf life evaluation of foods, 2nd edition ', () 292.
-
Mancini, S., Fratini, F., Tuccinardi, T., Turchi, B., Nuvoloni, R. and Paci, G., 2019a. Effects of different blanching treatments on microbiological profile and quality of the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5: 225-234.https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2018.0034
-
Mancini, S., Fratini, F., Turchi, B., Mattioli, S., Dal Bosco, A., Tuccinardi, T., Nozic, S. and Paci, G., 2019b. Former foodstuff products inTenebrio molitor rearing: effects on growth, chemical composition, microbiological load, and antioxidant status. Animals 9: 484.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080484
-
Mancini, S., Paci, G., Ciardelli, V., Turchi, B., Pedonese, F. and Fratini, F., 2019c.Listeria monocytogenes contamination ofTenebrio molitor larvae rearing substrate: preliminary evaluations. Food Microbiology 83: 104-108.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2019.05.006
-
Martin, T.C., Visconti, A., Spector, T.D. and Falchi, M., 2018. Conducting metagenomic studies in microbiology and clinical research. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 102: 8629-8646.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9209-9
-
Martins, S.B., Häsler, B. and Rushton, J., 2014. Economic aspects of zoonoses: impact of zoonoses on the food industry. In: Sing, A. (ed.) Zoonoses – infections affecting humans and animals: focus on public health aspects. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1137 pp.
'Economic aspects of zoonoses: impact of zoonoses on the food industry ', () 1137.
-
Müller, A., Wiedmer, S. and Kurth, M., 2019. Risk evaluation of passive transmission of animal parasites by feeding of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and prepupae. Journal of Food Protection 82: 948-954.https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-484
-
Murefu, T.R., Macheka, L., Musundire, R. and Manditsera, F.A., 2019. Safety of wild harvested and reared edible insects: a review. Food Control 101: 209-224.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.03.003
-
Osés, S.M., Luning, P.A., Jacxsens, L., Santillana, S., Jaime, I. and Rovira, J., 2012. Microbial performance of food safety management systems implemented in the lamb production chain. Journal of Food Protection 75: 95-103.https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-263
-
Rosef, O. and Kapperud, G., 1983. House flies (Musca domestica) as possible vectors ofCampylobacter fetus subsp.jejuni. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45: 381-383.https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.45.2.381-383.1983
-
Rosnes, J.T., Skåra, T. and Skipnes, D., 2011. Recent advances in minimal heat processing of fish: effects on microbiological activity and safety. Food and Bioprocess Technology 4: 833-848.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-011-0517-7
-
SciCom, 2018. Advies 23-2018 van het Wetenschappelijk Comité van 21 december 2018. Inschatting van het risico voor de consument vanBacillus cereus in levensmiddelen. Wetenschappelijk Comité van het Federaal Agentschap voor de Veiligheid van de Voedselketen. Available at:http://www.afsca.be/wetenschappelijkcomite/adviezen/2018/_documents/Advies23-2018_SciCom2018-04_B.cereus.pdf
-
Shelomi, M., 2020. Potential of black soldier fly production for pacific small island developing states. Animals 10: 1038.https://doi:10.3390/ani10061038
-
Shelomi, M., Wu, M.-K., Chen, S.-M., Huang, J.-J. and Burke, C.G., 2020. Microbes associated with black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) degradation of food waste. Environmental Entomology 49: 405-411.https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz164
-
Swinscoe, I., Oliver, D.M., Ørnsrud, R. and Quilliam, R.S., 2020. The microbial safety of seaweed as a feed component for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Food Microbiology 91: 103535.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2020.103535
-
Tong Thi, A.N., Jacxsens, L., Noseda, B., Samapundo, S., Nguyen, B.L., Heyndrickx, M. and Devlieghere, F., 2014. Evaluation of the microbiological safety and quality of VietnamesePangasius hypophthalmus during processing by a microbial assessment scheme in combination with a self-assessment questionnaire. Fisheries Science 80: 1117-1128.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-014-0786-y
-
Uman L.S., 2011. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 20: 57-59.
'Systematic reviews and meta-analyses ' () 20 Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry : 57 -59.
-
Van Cauteren, D., Le Strat, Y., Sommen, C., Bruyand, M., Tourdjman, M., Jourdan-Da Silva, N., Couturier, E., Fournet, N., De Valk, H. and Desenclos, J.-C., 2017. Estimated annual numbers of foodborne pathogen-associated illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths, France, 2008-2013. Emerging Infectious Diseases 23: 1486-1492.https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2309.170081
-
Vandeweyer, D., Crauwels, S., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L., 2017. Microbial counts of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and crickets (Acheta domesticus andGryllodes sigillatus) from different rearing companies and different production batches. International Journal of Food Microbiology 242: 13-18.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.007
-
Vandeweyer, D., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L., 2020a. Identification of bacterial endospores and targeted detection of foodborne viruses in industrially reared insects for food. Nature Food 1: 511-516.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0120-z
-
Vandeweyer, D., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L., 2020b. Microbiological safety of industrially reared insects for food: identification of bacterial endospores and targeted detection of foodborne viruses. BioRxiv.https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.055236
-
Vandeweyer, D., Wynants, E., Crauwels, S., Verreth, C., Viaene, N., Claes, J., Lievens, B. and Van Campenhout, L., 2018. Microbial dynamics during industrial rearing, processing, and storage of tropical house crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) for human consumption. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84: e00255-18.https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00255-18
-
Varotto Boccazzi, I., Ottoboni, M., Martin, E., Comandatore, F., Vallone, L., Spranghers, T., Eeckhout, M., Mereghetti, V., Pinotti, L. and Epis, S., 2017. A survey of the mycobiota associated with larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) reared for feed production. PLoS ONE 12: e0182533.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182533
-
Wang, Y.-S. and Shelomi, M., 2017. Review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as animal feed and human food. Foods 6: 91.https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6100091
-
World Health Organization, 1995. Application of risk analysis to food standards issues. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at:http://www.fao.org/3/ae922e/ae922e00.htm#Contents
-
Wu, N., Wang, X., Xu, X., Cai, R. and Xie, S., 2020. Effects of heavy metals on the bioaccumulation, excretion and gut microbiome of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 192: 110323.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110323
-
Wynants, E., Frooninckx, L., Crauwels, S., Verreth, C., De Smet, J., Sandrock, C., Wohlfahrt, J., Van Schelt, J., Depraetere, S., Lievens, B., Van Miert, S., Claes, J. and Van Campenhout, L., 2018. Assessing the microbiota of black Soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) reared on organic waste streams on four different locations at laboratory and large scale. Microbial Ecology 77: 913-930.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1286-x
-
Wynants, E., Frooninckx, L., Van Miert, S., Geeraerd, A., Claes, J. and Van Campenhout, L., 2019. Risks related to the presence ofSalmonella sp. during rearing of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) for food or feed: survival in the substrate and transmission to the larvae. Food Control 100: 227-234.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.026
-
Wynants, E., Crauwels, S., Lievens, B., Luca, S., Claes, J., Borremans, A., Bruyninckx, L. and Van Campenhout, L., 2017. Effect of post-harvest starvation and rinsing on the microbial numbers and the bacterial community composition of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor). Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 42: 8-15.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.06.004
-
Xu, H.S., Roberts, N., Singleton, F.L., Attwell, R.W., Grimes, D.J. and Colwell, R.R., 1982. Survival and viability of nonculturableEscherichia coli andVibrio cholerae in the estuarine and marine environment. Microbial Ecology 8: 313-323.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02010671
-
Yu, G., Cheng, P., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Yang, Z., Chen, Y. and Tomberlin, J.K., 2011. Inoculating poultry manure with companion bacteria influences growth and development of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae. Environmental Entomology 40: 30-35.https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10126
-
Zhan, S., Fang, G., Cai, M., Kou, Z., Xu, J., Cao, Y., Bai, L., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Luo, X., Xu, J., Xu, X., Zheng, L., Yu, Z., Yang, H., Zhang, Z., Wang, S., Tomberlin, J.K., Zhang, J. and Huang, Y., 2020. Genomic landscape and genetic manipulation of the black soldier flyHermetia illucens, a natural waste recycler. Cell Research 30: 50-60.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-019-0252-6
-
Zhao, X., Zhong, J., Wei, C., Lin, C.-W. and Ding, T., 2017. Current perspectives on viable but non-culturable state in foodborne pathogens. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 580.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00580
-
Zheng, L., Crippen, T., Holmes, L., Singh, B., Pimsler, M.L., Benbow, M.E., Tarone, A.M., Dowd, S., Yu, Z., Vanlaerhoven, S.L., Wood, T.K. and Tomberlin, J.K., 2013. Bacteria mediate oviposition by the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (L.), (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Nature Scientific Reports 3: 2563.https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02563
-
Zwietering, M.H., Straver, J.M. and Van Asselt, E.D., 2016. The range of microbial risks in food processing. In: Lelieveld, H., Holah, J. and Gabric, D. (eds.) Handbook of hygiene control in the food industry, 2nd edition. Woodhead Publishing, Duxford, UK, pp. 43-54.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100155-4.00004-2
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 2225 | 960 | 134 |
| PDF-Downloads | 2383 | 931 | 44 |
Biological contaminants in insects as food and feed
in Journal of Insects as Food and FeedKU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2463, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Search for other papers by D. Vandeweyer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2463, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Search for other papers by J. De Smet in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2463, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Search for other papers by N. Van Looveren in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2463, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Search for other papers by L. Van Campenhout in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
During the last decade, edible insects have successfully taken a meaningful position in the feed and food chain. To expand this position, product safety continuously needs to be warranted. This review focuses on the current knowledge and the future challenges on the prevalence of human foodborne pathogens in edible insects. The top three of the bacterial pathogens associated with insects for food areStaphylococcus aureus, pathogenicClostridium spp. and pathogenic species of theBacillus cereus group. Less is known about other types of biological contaminants, the fungi, viruses, protozoa and prions. For insects for feed, even less reports on pathogens are available so far, although the microbiota ofHermetia illucens is increasingly being studied in the latest years. In addition to the evaluation of endogenous microorganisms in insects, an overview is given of inoculation experiments to study the fate of specific food pathogens during rearing. Future challenges that are identified mainly relate to the fact that risk assessments directed to specific insect species are needed. Also, more research data are needed on the microbiological quality of substrates and residue, in connection with decontamination treatments. The house flora of rearing facilities has not been investigated before. The insect supply chain can generate insights in the microbiological quality of the integral chain by implementing exhaustive sampling plans and by applying predictive microbiology. Additionally, microbiological methods used in research and quality control require standardisation. Rather unexplored so far is the unculturable fraction of the insect microbial community and its importance in food safety. Last but not least, the most important microbiological challenge may well be situated in the further development of the sector: upscaling in terms of capacity and number of companies will increase the complexity of the sector. That will have implications for monitoring and control of biological contaminants.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 2225 | 960 | 134 |
| PDF-Downloads | 2383 | 931 | 44 |
