Insect left-over substrate as plant fertiliser
In: Journal of Insects as Food and FeedGraduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, 102 Johnson Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
Search for other papers by M. Chavez in
Current site
Google Scholar
Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, 102 Johnson Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
Search for other papers by M. Uchanski in
Current site
Google Scholar
The production of insect protein as human food and livestock feed (entomophagy) may provide a more environmentally beneficial alternative to traditional animal agriculture. However, the resulting waste product from insect production has resulted in large accumulations of left-over substrate and frass. Due to its nutrient and microbial profile, this left-over product has the potential to be utilised as a biofertiliser for high value crop production. Studies have been conducted using the frass of various insects (e.g. black soldier flies, houseflies, and mealworms) to monitor its impact on crop productivity. Overall, frass tends to have similar or better results when compared to inorganic fertilisers, especially when combined with them. Aside from productivity and growth, frass may also preserve soil fertility by decreasing leaching and infiltration, and reducing the prevalence of disease and pathogens. In addition, chitin found in frass also has beneficial properties for plant/crop growth and disease resistance. Monitoring the dietary inputs of industrially reared insects may be the best way of mitigating the potential negative impacts of frass application, such as increased electrical conductivity and heavy metal toxicity. No single study confirms all of these benefits at once. Future studies should focus building onto these results by demonstrating systems levels benefits.
-
Ahmed, A.S., Ezziyyani, M., Sánchez, C.P. and Candela, M.E., 2003. Effect of chitin on biological control activity ofBacillus spp. andTrichoderma harzianum against root rot disease in pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. European Journal of Plant Pathology 109: 633-637.
'Effect of chitin on biological control activity ofBacillus spp. andTrichoderma harzianum against root rot disease in pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants ' () 109 European Journal of Plant Pathology : 633 -637.
-
Alam, M.N., Jahan, M.S., Ali, M.K., Ashraf, M.A. and Islam, M.K., 2007. Effect of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of potato in barind soils of Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 3: 1879-1888.
'Effect of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of potato in barind soils of Bangladesh ' () 3 Journal of Applied Sciences Research : 1879 -1888.
-
Ansari, A.A., 2008. Effect of vermicompost and vermiwash on the productivity of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), onion (Allium cepa) and potato (Solanum tuberosum). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4: 554-557.
'Effect of vermicompost and vermiwash on the productivity of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), onion (Allium cepa) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) ' () 4 World Journal of Agricultural Sciences : 554 -557.
-
Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Bierman, P., Metzger, J.D., Lee, S. and Welch, C., 2003. Effects of vermicomposts on growth and marketable fruits of field-grown tomatoes, peppers and strawberries: the 7th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology, Cardiff, Wales, 2002. Pedobiologia 47: 731-735.
'Effects of vermicomposts on growth and marketable fruits of field-grown tomatoes, peppers and strawberries: the 7th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology, Cardiff, Wales, 2002 ' () 47 Pedobiologia : 731 -735.
-
Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N., Edwards, C.A. and Metzger, J.D., 2000. Influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Bioresource Technology 75: 175-180.
'Influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes ' () 75 Bioresource Technology : 175 -180.
-
Beesigamukama, D., Mochoge, B., Korir, N., Musyoka, M.W., Fiaboe, K.K., Nakimbugwe, D., Khamis, F.M., Subramanian, S., Dubois, T., Ekesi, S. and Tanga, C.M., 2020. Nitrogen Fertilizer equivalence of black soldier fly frass fertilizer and synchrony of nitrogen mineralization for maize production. Agronomy 10: 1-19.
'Nitrogen Fertilizer equivalence of black soldier fly frass fertilizer and synchrony of nitrogen mineralization for maize production ' () 10 Agronomy : 1 -19.
-
Bell, A.A., Hubbard, J.C., Liu, L., Davis, R.M. and Subbarao, K.V., 1998. Effects of chitin and chitosan on the incidence and severity ofFusarium yellows of celery. Plant Disease 82: 322-328.
'Effects of chitin and chitosan on the incidence and severity ofFusarium yellows of celery ' () 82 Plant Disease : 322 -328.
-
Belovsky, G.E. and Slade, J.B., 2000. Insect herbivory accelerates nutrient cycling and increases plant production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 14412-14417.
'Insect herbivory accelerates nutrient cycling and increases plant production ' () 97 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences : 14412 -14417.
-
Beskin, K.V., Holcomb, C.D., Cammack, J.A., Crippen, T.L., Knap, A.H., Sweet, S.T. and Tomberlin, J.K., 2018. Larval digestion of different manure types by the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) impacts associated volatile emissions. Waste Management 74: 213-220.
'Larval digestion of different manure types by the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) impacts associated volatile emissions ' () 74 Waste Management : 213 -220.
-
Bosch, G., Van Zanten, H.H.E., Zamprogna, A., Veenenbos, M., Meijer, N.P., Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J. and Van Loon, J.J.A., 2019. Conversion of organic resources by black soldier fly larvae: egislation, efficiency and environmental impact. Journal of Cleaner Production 222: 355-363.
'Conversion of organic resources by black soldier fly larvae: egislation, efficiency and environmental impact ' () 222 Journal of Cleaner Production : 355 -363.
-
Bradley, S.W. and Sheppard, D.C., 1984. House fly oviposition inhibition by larvae ofHermetia illucens, the black soldier fly. Journal of Chemical Ecology 10: 853-859.
'House fly oviposition inhibition by larvae ofHermetia illucens, the black soldier fly ' () 10 Journal of Chemical Ecology : 853 -859.
-
Buenvinida, L.P. and Tamban, V.E., 2016. Effectiveness of caterpillar frass as fertilizer on the growth of basil plants (Ocimum basilicum). 4th Global Summit on Education, March 14-15, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
'Effectiveness of caterpillar frass as fertilizer on the growth of basil plants (Ocimum basilicum)', ().
-
Chapin III, F.S., Matson, P.A. and Vitousek, P., 2011. Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany.
'Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology', ().
-
Chapman, S.K., Hart, S.C., Cobb, N.S., Whitham, T.G. and Koch, G.W., 2003. Insect herbivory increases litter quality and decomposition: an extension of the acceleration hypothesis. Ecology 84: 2867-2876.
'Insect herbivory increases litter quality and decomposition: an extension of the acceleration hypothesis ' () 84 Ecology : 2867 -2876.
-
Chia, S.Y., Tanga, C.M., Van Loon, J.J. and Dicke, M., 2019. Insects for sustainable animal feed: inclusive business models involving smallholder farmers. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 41: 23-30.
'Insects for sustainable animal feed: inclusive business models involving smallholder farmers ' () 41 Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability : 23 -30.
-
Choi, S. and Hassanzadeh, N., 2019. BSFL Frass: a novel biofertilizer for improving plant health while minimizing environmental impact. The Canadian Science Fair Journal 2: 41-46.
'BSFL Frass: a novel biofertilizer for improving plant health while minimizing environmental impact ' () 2 The Canadian Science Fair Journal : 41 -46.
-
Choi, Y.C., Choi, J.Y., Kim, J.G., Kim, M.S., Kim, W.T., Park, K.H., Bae, S.W. and Jeong, G.S., 2009. Potential usage of food waste as a natural fertilizer after digestion byHermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). International Journal of Industrial Entomology 19: 171-174.
'Potential usage of food waste as a natural fertilizer after digestion byHermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) ' () 19 International Journal of Industrial Entomology : 171 -174.
-
Čičková, H., Newton, G.L., Lacy, R.C. and Kozánek, M., 2015. The use of fly larvae for organic waste treatment. Waste management 35: 68-80.
'The use of fly larvae for organic waste treatment ' () 35 Waste management : 68 -80.
-
Couwenberg, J., Thiele, A., Tanneberger, F., Augustin, J., Bärisch, S., Dubovik, D., Liashchynskaya, N., Michaelis, D., Minke, M., Skuratovich, A. and Joosten, H., 2011. Assessing greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands using vegetation as a proxy. Hydrobiologia 674: 67-89.
'Assessing greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands using vegetation as a proxy ' () 674 Hydrobiologia : 67 -89.
-
Daverede, I.C., Kravchenko, A.N., Hoeft, R.G., Nafziger, E.D., Bullock, D.G., Warren, J.J. and Gonzini, L.C., 2004. Phosphorus runoff from incorporated and surface-applied liquid swine manure and phosphorus fertilizer. Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 1535-1544.
'Phosphorus runoff from incorporated and surface-applied liquid swine manure and phosphorus fertilizer ' () 33 Journal of Environmental Quality : 1535 -1544.
-
Diener, S., Zurbrügg, C. and Tockner, K., 2009. Conversion of organic material by black soldier fly larvae: establishing optimal feeding rates. Waste Management & Research 27: 603-610.
'Conversion of organic material by black soldier fly larvae: establishing optimal feeding rates ' () 27 Waste Management & Research : 603 -610.
-
Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.), 2010. Forest insects as food: humans bite back. In: Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations RAP Publication 2010/02. Available at:http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1380e/i1380e00.pdf.
-
Eghball, B. and Gilley, J.E., 1999. Phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff following beef cattle manure or compost application. Journal of Environmental Quality 28: 1201-1210.
'Phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff following beef cattle manure or compost application ' () 28 Journal of Environmental Quality : 1201 -1210.
-
El Boushy, A.R., 1991. House-fly pupae as poultry manure converters for animal feed: a review. Bioresource Technology 38: 45-49.
'House-fly pupae as poultry manure converters for animal feed: a review ' () 38 Bioresource Technology : 45 -49.
-
Elliott, A.L., Davis, J.G., Waskom, R.M., Self, J.R. and Christensen, D.K., 2007. Phosphorus fertilizers for organic farming systems. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. Available at:https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/phosphorus-fertilizers-for-organic-farming-systems-0-569/
-
Fatima, B., Zahrae, M.F. and Razouk, R., 2018. Chitin/chitosan’s bio-fertilizer: usage in vegetative growth of wheat and potato crops. Chitin-Chitosan: Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology. InTech Open, London, UK, 321 pp.
'Chitin/chitosan’s bio-fertilizer: usage in vegetative growth of wheat and potato crops ', () 321.
-
Frost, C.J. and Hunter, M.D., 2004. Insect canopy herbivory and frass deposition affect soil nutrient dynamics and export in oak mesocosms. Ecology 85: 3335-3347.
'Insect canopy herbivory and frass deposition affect soil nutrient dynamics and export in oak mesocosms ' () 85 Ecology : 3335 -3347.
-
Fuchs, J.G., Kupper, T., Tamm, L. and Schenk, M., 2008. Compost and digestate: sustainability, benefits, impacts for the environment and for plant production. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.
'Compost and digestate: sustainability, benefits, impacts for the environment and for plant production', ().
-
Gärttling, D., Kirchner, S.M. and Schulz, H., 2020. Assessment of the N-and P-fertilization effect of black soldier fly (diptera: stratiomyidae) by-products on maize. Journal of Insect Science 20: 1-11.
'Assessment of the N-and P-fertilization effect of black soldier fly (diptera: stratiomyidae) by-products on maize ' () 20 Journal of Insect Science : 1 -11.
-
Gay, S.W. and Knowlton, K.F., 2005. Ammonia emissions and animal agriculture. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
'Ammonia emissions and animal agriculture', ().
-
Gutiérrez-Miceli, F.A., Santiago-Borraz, J., Molina, J.A.M., Nafate, C.C., Abud-Archila, M., Llaven, M.A.O., and Dendooven, L., 2007. Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Bioresource Technology 98: 2781-2786.
'Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) ' () 98 Bioresource Technology : 2781 -2786.
-
Hahn, T., Tafi, E., Paul, A., Salvia, R., Falabella, P. and Zibek, S., 2020. Current state of chitin purification and chitosan production from insects. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 95(11): 2775-2795.
'Current state of chitin purification and chitosan production from insects ' () 95 Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology : 2775 -2795.
-
Houben, D., Daoulas, G., Faucon, M.P. and Dulaurent, A.M., 2020. Potential use of mealworm frass as a fertilizer: impact on crop growth and soil properties. Scientific Reports 10: 1-9.
'Potential use of mealworm frass as a fertilizer: impact on crop growth and soil properties ' () 10 Scientific Reports : 1 -9.
-
Hwangbo, J., Hong, E.C., Jang, A., Kang, H.K., Oh, J.S., Kim, B.W. and Park, B.S., 2009. Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology 30: 609-614.
'Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens ' () 30 Journal of Environmental Biology : 609 -614.
-
Kagata, H. and Ohgushi, T., 2012a. Non-additive effects of leaf litter and insect frass mixture on decomposition processes. Ecological Research 27: 69-75.
'Non-additive effects of leaf litter and insect frass mixture on decomposition processes ' () 27 Ecological Research : 69 -75.
-
Kagata, H. and Ohgushi, T., 2012b. Positive and negative impacts of insect frass quality on soil nitrogen availability and plant growth. Population Ecology 54: 75-82.
'Positive and negative impacts of insect frass quality on soil nitrogen availability and plant growth ' () 54 Population Ecology : 75 -82.
-
Klammsteiner, T., Turan, V., Oberegger, S., Insam, H. and Juárez, M.F.D., 2019. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) frass as plant fertilizer. 7th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management. June 26-29, 2019. Heraklion, Crete.
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) frass as plant fertilizer
-
Koppelaar, R.H.E.M. and Weikard, H.P., 2013. Assessing phosphate rock depletion and phosphorus recycling options. Global Environmental Change 23: 1454-1466.
'Assessing phosphate rock depletion and phosphorus recycling options ' () 23 Global Environmental Change : 1454 -1466.
-
Liu, Q., Tomberlin, J.K., Brady, J.A., Sanford, M.R. and Yu, Z., 2008. Black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae reduceEscherichia coli in dairy manure. Environmental Entomology 37: 1525-1530.
'Black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae reduceEscherichia coli in dairy manure ' () 37 Environmental Entomology : 1525 -1530.
-
Miranda, C.D., Cammack, J.A. and Tomberlin, J.K., 2019. Life-history traits of the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), reared on three manure types. Animals 9: 281.
'Life-history traits of the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), reared on three manure types ' () 9 Animals : 281.
-
Narayan, S., Kanth, R.H., Narayan, R., Khan, F.A., Singh, P. and Rehman, S.U., 2013. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on yield of potato. Potato Journal 40: 84-86.
'Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on yield of potato ' () 40 Potato Journal : 84 -86.
-
Nongmaithem, D. and Pal, D., 2011. The effect of organic sources of nutrients on the growth attributes and yields of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Journal of Crop and Weed 7: 67-69.
'The effect of organic sources of nutrients on the growth attributes and yields of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) ' () 7 Journal of Crop and Weed : 67 -69.
-
Oonincx, D.G.A.B. and De Boer, I.J.M., 2012. Environmental impact of the production of mealworms – as a protein source for humans – a life cycle assessment. PLoS ONE 7: e51145.
'Environmental impact of the production of mealworms – as a protein source for humans – a life cycle assessment ' () 7 PLoS ONE : e51145.
-
Paul, L.C. and Metzger, J.D., 2005. Impact of vermicompost on vegetable transplant quality. HortScience 40: 2020-2023.
'Impact of vermicompost on vegetable transplant quality ' () 40 HortScience : 2020 -2023.
-
Poveda, J., Jiménez-Gómez, A., Saati-Santamaría, Z., Usategui-Martín, R., Rivas, R. and García-Fraile, P., 2019. Mealworm frass as a potential biofertilizer and abiotic stress tolerance-inductor in plants. Applied Soil Ecology 142: 110-122.
'Mealworm frass as a potential biofertilizer and abiotic stress tolerance-inductor in plants ' () 142 Applied Soil Ecology : 110 -122.
-
Putra, R.E., Hutami, R., Suantika, G. and Rosmiati, M., 2017. Application of compost produced by bioconversion of coffee husk by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as solid fertilizer to lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa): impact to harvested biomass and utilization of nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium. Proceedings of the International Conference on Green Technology 8: 466-472.
'Application of compost produced by bioconversion of coffee husk by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as solid fertilizer to lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa): impact to harvested biomass and utilization of nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium ' () 8 Proceedings of the International Conference on Green Technology : 466 -472.
-
Quilliam, R.S., Nuku-Adeku, C., Maquart, P., Little, D., Newton, R. and Murray, F., 2020. Integrating insect frass biofertilisers into sustainable peri-urban agro-food systems. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6: 315-322.https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2019.0049
-
Renčo, M. and Kováčik, P., 2015. Assessment of the nematicidal potential of vermicompost, vermicompost tea, and urea application on the potato-cyst nematodesGlobodera rostochiensis andGlobodera pallida. Journal of Plant Protection Research 55: 187-192.
'Assessment of the nematicidal potential of vermicompost, vermicompost tea, and urea application on the potato-cyst nematodesGlobodera rostochiensis andGlobodera pallida ' () 55 Journal of Plant Protection Research : 187 -192.
-
Rosmiati, M., Nurjanah, K.A., Suantika, G. and Putra, R.E., 2017. Application of compost produced by bioconversion of coffee husk by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as solid fertilizer to lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa): impact to growth. Proceedings of the International Conference on Green Technology 8: 38-44.
'Application of compost produced by bioconversion of coffee husk by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as solid fertilizer to lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa): impact to growth ' () 8 Proceedings of the International Conference on Green Technology : 38 -44.
-
Schmitt, E., 2020. Potential benefits of usingHermetia illucens frass as a soil amendement on food production and for environmental impact reduction. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 25: 100335.
'Potential benefits of usingHermetia illucens frass as a soil amendement on food production and for environmental impact reduction ' () 25 Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry : 100335.
-
Setti, L., Francia, E., Pulvirenti, A., Gigliano, S., Zaccardelli, M., Pane, C. and Ronga, D., 2019. Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae processing residue in peat-based growing media. Waste Management 95: 278-288.
'Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae processing residue in peat-based growing media ' () 95 Waste Management : 278 -288.
-
Sharp, R.G., 2013. A review of the applications of chitin and its derivatives in agriculture to modify plant-microbial interactions and improve crop yields. Agronomy 3: 757-793.
'A review of the applications of chitin and its derivatives in agriculture to modify plant-microbial interactions and improve crop yields ' () 3 Agronomy : 757 -793.
-
Sims, J.T., Bergström, L., Bowman, B.T. and Oenema, O., 2005. Nutrient management for intensive animal agriculture: policies and practices for sustainability. Soil Use and Management 21: 141-151.
'Nutrient management for intensive animal agriculture: policies and practices for sustainability ' () 21 Soil Use and Management : 141 -151.
-
Singhai, P.K., Sarma, B.K. and Srivastava, J.S., 2011. Biological management of common scab of potato throughPseudomonas species and vermicompost. Biological Control 57: 150-157.
'Biological management of common scab of potato throughPseudomonas species and vermicompost ' () 57 Biological Control : 150 -157.
-
Spiegel, Y., Chet, I. and Cohn, E., 1987. Use of chitin for controlling plant plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant and Soil 98: 337-345.
'Use of chitin for controlling plant plant-parasitic nematodes ' () 98 Plant and Soil : 337 -345.
-
Surrage, V.A., Lafreniere, C., Dixon, M. and Zheng, Y., 2010. Benefits of vermicompost as a constituent of growing substrates used in the production of organic greenhouse tomatoes. HortScience 45: 1510-1515.
'Benefits of vermicompost as a constituent of growing substrates used in the production of organic greenhouse tomatoes ' () 45 HortScience : 1510 -1515.
-
Suryawan, I.B.G. and Reyes, S.G., 2016. The influence of cultural practice on population of pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) and its parasitoids in potato. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 7: 35-42.
'The influence of cultural practice on population of pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) and its parasitoids in potato ' () 7 Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science : 35 -42.
-
Swiader, J.M. and Ware, G.W., 2002. Producing vegetable crops. Interstate Publisher, Inc., Danville, IL, USA.
'Producing vegetable crops', ().
-
Temple, W.D., Radley, R., Baker-French, J. and Richardson, F., 2013. Use of Enterra natural fertilizer (black soldier fly larvae digestate) as a soil amendment. Enterra Feed Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
'Use of Enterra natural fertilizer (black soldier fly larvae digestate) as a soil amendment', ().
-
Van Broekhoven, S., Oonincx, D.G., Van Huis, A. and Van Loon, J.J., 2015. Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible mealworm species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets composed of organic by-products. Journal of Insect Physiology 73: 1-10.
'Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible mealworm species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets composed of organic by-products ' () 73 Journal of Insect Physiology : 1 -10.
-
Vickerson, A., Radley, R., Marchant, B., Kaulfuss, O. and Kabaluk, T., Enterra Feed Corp, 2016.Hermetia illucens frass production and use in plant nutrition and pest management. US Patent: WO2015013826A1. Available at:https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2015013826A1/en
-
Xiao, X., Mazza, L., Yu, Y., Cai, M., Zheng, L., Tomberlin, J.K., Yu, J., Van Huis, A., Yu, Z., Fasulo, S. and Zhang, J., 2018. Efficient co-conversion process of chicken manure into protein feed and organic fertilizer byHermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and functional bacteria. Journal of Environmental Management 217: 668-676.
'Efficient co-conversion process of chicken manure into protein feed and organic fertilizer byHermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and functional bacteria ' () 217 Journal of Environmental Management : 668 -676.
-
Xu, C. and Mou, B., 2018. Chitosan as soil amendment affects lettuce growth, photochemical efficiency, and gas exchange. HortTechnology 28: 476-480.
'Chitosan as soil amendment affects lettuce growth, photochemical efficiency, and gas exchange ' () 28 HortTechnology : 476 -480.
-
Yang, L., Zhao, F., Chang, Q., Li, T. and Li, F., 2015a. Effects of vermicomposts on tomato yield and quality and soil fertility in greenhouse under different soil water regimes. Agricultural Water Management 160: 98-105.
'Effects of vermicomposts on tomato yield and quality and soil fertility in greenhouse under different soil water regimes ' () 160 Agricultural Water Management : 98 -105.
-
Yang, S., Xie, J., Hu, N., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Ye, X. and Liu, Z., 2015b. Bioconversion of gibberellin fermentation residue into feed supplement and organic fertilizer employing housefly (Musca domestica L.) assisted byCorynebacterium variabile. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0110809.
'Bioconversion of gibberellin fermentation residue into feed supplement and organic fertilizer employing housefly (Musca domestica L.) assisted byCorynebacterium variabile ' () 10 PLoS ONE : e0110809.
-
Yourtchi, M.S., Hadi, M.H.S. and Darzi, M.T., 2013. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost on vegetative growth, yield and NPK uptake by tuber of potato (Agria CV.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 5: 2033-2040.
'Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost on vegetative growth, yield and NPK uptake by tuber of potato (Agria CV.) ' () 5 International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences : 2033 -2040.
-
Zahn, N.H. and Quilliam, R., 2017. The effects of insect frass created byHermetia illucens on spring onion growth and soil fertility. BSc-thesis, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
The effects of insect frass created byHermetia illucens on spring onion growth and soil fertility
-
Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Zhu, J., Suneethi, S. and Zheng, J., 2012. Swine manure vermicomposting via housefly larvae (Musca domestica): the dynamics of biochemical and microbial features. Bioresource Technology 118: 563-571.
'Swine manure vermicomposting via housefly larvae (Musca domestica): the dynamics of biochemical and microbial features ' () 118 Bioresource Technology : 563 -571.
-
Zhu, F.X., Wang, W.P., Hong, C.L., Feng, M.G., Xue, Z.Y., Chen, X.Y., Yao, Y.L. and Yu, M., 2012. Rapid production of maggots as feed supplement and organic fertilizer by the two-stage composting of pig manure. Bioresource Technology 116: 485-491.
'Rapid production of maggots as feed supplement and organic fertilizer by the two-stage composting of pig manure ' () 116 Bioresource Technology : 485 -491.
-
Zhu, F.X., Yao, Y.L., Wang, S.J., Du, R.G., Wang, W.P., Chen, X.Y., Hong, C.L., Qi, B., Xue, Z.Y. and Yang, H.Q., 2015. Housefly maggot-treated composting as sustainable option for pig manure management. Waste Management 35: 62-67.
'Housefly maggot-treated composting as sustainable option for pig manure management ' () 35 Waste Management : 62 -67.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 1557 | 568 | 80 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 1936 | 725 | 89 |
Insect left-over substrate as plant fertiliser
In: Journal of Insects as Food and FeedGraduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, 102 Johnson Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
Search for other papers by M. Chavez in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, 102 Johnson Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
Search for other papers by M. Uchanski in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
The production of insect protein as human food and livestock feed (entomophagy) may provide a more environmentally beneficial alternative to traditional animal agriculture. However, the resulting waste product from insect production has resulted in large accumulations of left-over substrate and frass. Due to its nutrient and microbial profile, this left-over product has the potential to be utilised as a biofertiliser for high value crop production. Studies have been conducted using the frass of various insects (e.g. black soldier flies, houseflies, and mealworms) to monitor its impact on crop productivity. Overall, frass tends to have similar or better results when compared to inorganic fertilisers, especially when combined with them. Aside from productivity and growth, frass may also preserve soil fertility by decreasing leaching and infiltration, and reducing the prevalence of disease and pathogens. In addition, chitin found in frass also has beneficial properties for plant/crop growth and disease resistance. Monitoring the dietary inputs of industrially reared insects may be the best way of mitigating the potential negative impacts of frass application, such as increased electrical conductivity and heavy metal toxicity. No single study confirms all of these benefits at once. Future studies should focus building onto these results by demonstrating systems levels benefits.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 1557 | 568 | 80 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 1936 | 725 | 89 |
