Mapping the Baohuanghui

Robert L. Worden; Jane Leung Larson; Zhongping Chen; Evelyn Hu-DeHart

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Appendix 2 Mapping the Baohuanghui

In: A Chinese Reformer in Exile

Authors:

Robert L. Worden

Robert L. Worden
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Jane Leung Larson

Jane Leung Larson
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Zhongping Chen

Zhongping Chen
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Evelyn Hu-DeHart

Evelyn Hu-DeHart
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Pages:: 813–853

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004713383_017

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Below are known locations of Baohuanghui chapters, organized geographically by original organizational divisions if these are known. Guesses were made as to which division some cities belonged in. This is a list of cities (that is, Baohuanghui chapters) with associated businesses, schools, newspapers, and dates of existence, if known. Also, for researchers, these towns and cities are where one might expect to find primary source materials, such as letters, newspapers, and so forth. In 1907, the Baohuanghui changed its name to Xianzhenghui [Constitutional Association]. In February 1912, Kang Youwei renamed his organization Guomindang [Citizens’ Party], and in the invaluable 1913 postal directory compiled by Wong Kin, Baohuanghui chapters are listed under the name Guomindang/Chung Hwa National Club. The Guomindang name was taken over by Sun Yatsen for his party late in 1912, but is not reflected in Wong Kin’s directory which also lists Tongmenghui [Revolutionary Alliance] chapters).¹ This appendix focuses on chapters and related institutions founded between 1899 and 1911.

In addition to the 1913 Wong Kin directory, key sources were a 1908 document naming ninety-four chapters that made donations for a Baohuanghui headquarters building.² A petition supporting the anti-Russian movement reprinted in the Penang Baohuanghui newspaper Bincheng Xin Bao, on March 7, 1904, lists 132 signatory chapters.³ The 1907 donor plaque in the Victoria, British Columbia, Baohuanghui building also lists chapters, primarily in Canada.⁴

The variations in Chinese names for the same foreign city are listed below when known. See Baohuanghui Guessing Game at https://baohuanghui.blogspot.com/2013/12/play-baohuanghui-guessing-game.html for Chinese chapter names that lack definitive identification. Please provide additions, corrections to this document at https://baohuanghui.blogspot.com/2012/05/mapping-baohuanghui.html.

The numbers of confirmed chapters below reflect the most updated totals as of publication, with the worldwide total of 232.

Many individuals helped the authors compile this chart over the years, with Him Mark Lai, Chi Jeng Chang, Zhongping Chen, Chen Xuezhang, Gao Weinong, Phil Choy, Chuimei Ho, and Ben Bronson the most significant.

TABLE 8

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Canada [Vancouver headquarters; from 1910: Victoria] (55 chapters, 40 in BC)

City	字	Year founded	Newspaper	School	Business
Vancouver, British Columbia (BC)	灣哥華, 雲哥華,雲高華, 呍哥華, 雲埠, 鹹水埠	1899 Also, Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association chapter, 1903 The national Chinese Empire Reform Association of Canada established a Lianweibu (Mutual Defense Division), 1903	Xin Bao (Sun Bo, Chinese Reform Gazette) 新報 1908–11; [1911, changed name to Rixin Bao] 日新報^a	Oi-kwok Hoktong (Aiguo Xuetang) 愛國學堂 Gancheng Xuexiao 干城學校 (Western Military Academy)^b	Commercial Corporation 商務公司 [Liang Qichao in British Columbia, spring 1903, first shares sold but formally established in Hong Kong in March 1904]
Victoria, BC	域多利, 域埠	1899 Headquarters at 1715 Government Street, built 1905. Also, Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association, 1903		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)^c
New Westminster, BC	鳥威士晚士咑埠, 鳥威士綿士打(卑詩省)二埠, 紐委市棉地市	1899 Also, Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association chapter (with Vancouver)^d
Agassiz, BC	亞極士
Arrowhead, BC^e	亞利血, 煙利西
Ashcroft, BC^f	亞市給; 鴉形給笠埠	1903
Barkerville, BC^g	百架委利埠
Cache Creek, BC^h	坎舒架利埠
Chemainus, BC	占美利, 始緬尼市埠ⁱ
Clayoquot, BC^j	企李島括埠
Clinton, BC^k	企冷頓
Cranbrook, BC^l	襟补碌, 很卜碌埠
Duncan, BC	黨近市姊臣埠
Enderby, BC^m	典打備埠
Extension Mines, BCⁿ	的市但臣, 的市賛臣埠
Falkland or Fort Valley, BC?^o	火委啉
Fernie, BC^p	寬尼埠, 寬利
Fort Steele, BC^q	闊市姊路埠
Fraser Sawmill, BC^r	啡叻板偈
Golden, BC^s	俄而剪埠, 俄崙^t
Grand Forks, BC^u	加蘭福埠
Greenwood, BC^v	企連活, 企連鬱
Kamloops, BC^w	錦碌埠
Kaslo, BC^x	卡士碌, 卡布禄
Ladner, BC^y	列伍尼埠
Ladysmith, BC^z	利地吻, 李地市覓埠, 李地士蔑
Lulu Island, BC^aa	魯地底崙埠
Mission [City], BC^ab	尾臣埠, 美臣
Mount Sicker, BC [on Vancouver Island]^ac	網地昔呀埠
Nanaimo, BC^ad	乃磨
Nelson, BC^ae	爾利順, 爾利慎, 汝利愼
Quesnel or Chilliwack, BC^af	乾粦蔚
Revelstoke, BC	笠巴市篤, 笠委市足埠
Rossland, BC	老市崙
Sidney, BC	申汝
Steveston, BC	市姊, 市姊話市頓
Trail, BC^ag	子李兒
Union Bay, BC^ah
Union Mines, Cumberland, BC^ai	夭寅米
Vernon, BC	口雲寧
Banff, Alberta^aj	巴父, 板付
Calgary, Alberta^ak	卡忌利
Canmore, Alberta^al	根麼, 根舞
[Fort] Macleod, Alberta^am	麥孔路埠
Medicine Hat, Alberta^an	尾大愼血埠
Brandon, Manitoba^ao	布蘭安埠
Winnipeg, Manitoba	呍打壁, 呍地碧埠
Chapleau, Ontario	作隙^ap
Hamilton, Ontario^aq	坎馬頓,坎文顿
London, Ontario	囒頓; 蘭頓
Ottawa, Ontario	軻地和, 渥太華, 阿圖和, 柯地和埠
Toronto, Ontario^ar	都朗度埠, 吐朗度, 都浪度, 杜朗度埠, 粗郞度埠	1904?
Quebec City, Quebec^as	柯京, 葵飽埠
Montreal, Quebec^at	满地可
Halifax, Nova Scotia^au	喜利福士埠
St. Johns, Newfoundland^av	聖轉埠

^aClippings from first issue at Vancouver City Archives, edited by He Zhuojing 何卓競 (Hall Cherk Gin).

^bNot verified; Frederic L. Chapin, “Appendix II: The Chinese Imperial Army” in “Homer Lea and the Chinese Revolution,” Bachelor’s thesis, Harvard University, 1950, 116, includes Vancouver and Victoria under Pacific Northwest Fourth Infantry Regiment.

^cNot verified; Chapin, 116.

^dJim Wolf and Patricia Owen, Yi Fao: Speaking Through Memory: A History of New Westminster’s Chinese Community, 1858–1980 (Surrey, BC: Heritage House Publishing Company, 2008), 41.

^eChi Jeng Chang surmises that 煙利西 in 1904 list is Arrowhead, BC; Wong Kin, 1913, 1354, with PO Box.

^fZhongping Chen, Transpacific Reform and Revolution: The Chinese in North America, 1898−1918 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2023), 81; Wong Kin, 1913, 1354, with PO Box.

^gWong Kin, 1913, 1354.

^hWong Kin, 1913, 1354.

ⁱWong Kin, 1913, 1355, with PO Box.

^jWong Kin, 1913, 1355.

^kWong Kin, 1913, 1355.

^lWong Kin, 1913, 1355, with PO Box.

^mWong Kin, 1913, 1357.

ⁿA. R. Dunbar’s International Chinese Directory, 1901 (San Francisco: Chinese Directory Company, 1901) entry for Chinese Empire Reform Association; Wong Kin, 1913, 1357.

^o1907 list.

^p1904 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1357, miswrites the name as “Fornie.”

^q1907 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1457, with PO Box.

^r1907 list. This is probably the town of Fort Fraser (now Fraser Lake).

^s1904 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1357.

^t1904 list—a guess by Chi Jeng Chang.

^u1904 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1357.

^v1904 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1358.

^w1901 International Chinese Directory entry for Chinese Empire Reform Association; Wong Kin, 1913, 1358.

^x1904 list.

^yWong Kin, 1913, 1359.

^zAppears both on 1904 and 1907 lists; Wong Kin, 1913, 1359; Chen Zhongping, “Vancouver Island and the Chinese Diaspora” in BC Studies no. 204 (Winter 2019–20): 62.

^aaLulu Island, a place of fish processing and canneries visited by Ye En, Li Fuji, and others August 1901 to make speeches and take donations (Wenxing Bao, August 5, 1901). Steveston is on Lulu Island, the largest island south of Vancouver in Fraser River estuary. Lulu Island may not have been a separate chapter from Steveston. 魯地底崙埠 in Wong Kin, 1913, 1359.

^ab1904 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1360.

^acWong Kin, 1913, 1360.

^ad1901 International Chinese Directory entry for Chinese Empire Reform Association.

^aeWong Kin, 1913, 1360.

^af1907 list.

^agWong Kin, 1913, 1361.

^ahChen, “Vancouver Island and the Chinese Diaspora,” 62. Zhongping Chen, personal message to authors, February 11, 2024, notes that there may be only one chapter representing Union Bay and Union Mines.

^ai1901 International Chinese Directory entry for Chinese Empire Reform Association.

^aj1904 list.

^ak1904 list.

^alMay be same as 根麼 in 1904 list; in Wong Kin, 1913, 1372, Canmore is listed under Northwest Territories (NWT); Alberta was a part of NWT until September 1, 1905, when it became a province.

^amWong Kin, 1913, 1373, in NWT [now Alberta].

^anWong Kin, 1913, 1375, in NWT [now Alberta].

^aoWong Kin, 1913, 1383.

^apChi Jeng Chang thinks this is Cherry Creek, BC; name on both the 1904 and 1907 lists.

^aqWong Kin, 1913, 1378; may be 坎文顿埠 on 1908 list.

^ar“Ge Bu Baohuanghui Jinshi,” Zhongguo Weixin Bao, September 29, 1904, AR-44 A-B, Chinese Empire Reform Association, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California at Berkeley, AAS ARC 2000/78, about Vancouver leaders helping Toronto start a chapter. In Wong Kin, 1913, 1380, at 196 Richmond St.

^asWong Kin, 1913, 1383, at 39 Crown St.

^atWong Kin, 1913, 1382, at 70 W Laganchetiere St.

^auWong Kin, 1913, 1385.

^avWong Kin, 1913, 1385.

United States (86 Chapters, Not Including Hawaiʻi)

TABLE 9

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—California [San Francisco headquarters] (16 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	Newspaper	School
San Francisco^a	大埠, 金山, 舊金山, 三藩市	1899 Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association chapter, known as Zhongguo Nühuixinhui 中國女維新會, 1903^b	Wenxing Bao [Mon Hing Bo, Chinese World] 1899–1906, a daily by 1901 文興報 1906 moved to Los Angeles and named Xianzheng Bao [Hin Jing Bo] 憲政報 Guohun Bao (The New Era); editor Zhang Qihuang; 1907–10 國魂報	Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy) Jinshan Liangdeng Xiaoxuetang 金山兩等小學堂 [est. 1909] Oi-kwok Hok-tong (Aiguo Xuetang) 愛國學堂
			Shijie Ribao [Sai Gai Yat Po, Chinese World] 1908–(1969) [formerly Wenxing Bao]^c 世界日報 Jingang Ribao 金港日報
Los Angeles^d	羅省埠, 羅生技, 羅生技利	1899 or 1900? Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association chapter, 1903 Lianweihui (Mutual Defense Association)	Xianzheng Bao (Hin Jing Bo), 1906–8, 憲政報; [sometimes referred to as Xian Bao 憲報]	Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy) Oi-kwok Hoktong (Aiguo Xuetang) 愛國學堂
Bakersfield	北架斐			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Fresno^e	非士那, 斐士那	1903 Also, Lianweihui (Mutual Defense Association)		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy) Oi-kwok Hoktong (Aiguo Xuetang) 愛國學堂l
Guadalupe	和老臂埠
Hanford	顯佛, 軒佛埠			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Marysville^f	尾利允埠, 三埠	1903–4 Also, Lianweihui (Mutual Defense Association)
Napa	粒巴埠？
Nevada City^g	那必地失地埠
Oakland	屋崙			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Oxnard				Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)^h
Sacramentoⁱ	二埠, 沙加免度/图, 沙加面多, 撤加缅度	1903?		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
San Bernardino	山班連拿			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Santa Barbara	山巴罷埠? 山地把罷^j			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Stockton	三埠, 士作頓
Visalia^k	快些利埠, 快些釐埠			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)^l

^aWong Kin, 1913, at 146 Waverly Place, 1445.

^bFounded by Xue Jinqin 薛錦琴; see Zhongping Chen, “Kang Tongbi’s Pioneering Feminism and the First Transnational Organization of Chinese Feminist Politics, 1903–1905,” Twentieth-Century China 44, no. 1 (2019): 16.

^cWu Xianzi and Li Daming 李大明 were editors up until 1950s.

^dSee Chapter 5; Wong Kin, 1913, 1413, at 417 N. Los Angeles St.

^eLiang Qichao’s visit brought about chapter; Liang Qichao 梁啟超, Xin Dalu Youji 新大陸遊記 in Zouxiang Shijie Congshu 走向世界叢書 [Series of Books on World Travels], ed. Zhong Shuhe 鍾叔河, (Changsha: Yuelu Shushe, 1985), 567; Wong Kin, 1913, 1404, on 1037 G St.

^f“To Revivify the Old China”, Los Angeles Times, January 3, 1904, 5, on Los Angeles chapter building dedication by Liang Qitian, who was to dedicate Marysville chapter building next. “Chinese Reform Movement,” Marysville Appeal, January. 7, 1904, on visit of Liang [Leong Kai Ten]. 1904 chapter poster at Community Memorial Museum, Yuba City, CA, showing officers and members, including a baby and a woman. Wong Kin, 1913, 1421.

^gWong Kin, 1913, 1426.

^hChapin, 115.

ⁱPhilip P. Choy, Canton Footprints, Sacramento’s Chinese Legacy (Sacramento: Chinese American Council of Sacramento, 2007), 112, has chapter poster; Liang Qichao, Xin Dalu Youji, 566, says newly formed in 1903. Wong Kin, 1913, 1436, at 218 I St.

^jChen Ju-chou, ed., Meiguo Huaqiao nianjian 美國華僑年鑒 [Handbook of Chinese in America] (New York: Zhongguo Guomin Waijiao Xiehui zhu Mei Banshi Chuchuban, 1946), 507.

^kWong Kin, 1913, 1371, at 204 East St.

^lNot verified.

TABLE 10

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—Northwest [Portland headquarters] (23 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	School
Portland, Oregon^a	缽侖, 硃崙埠	1899 Also, Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association, 1903 Lianweihui 聯衞部 [Mutual Defense Association]	Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Seattle, Washington^b	舍路埠	1899 Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association, 1903	Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Bellingham, Washington	貞林罕		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
North Yakima, Washington (later called Yakima)^c	益加磨
Port Townsend, Washington^d	砵當臣, 砵黨順埠	1899
Spokane, Washington^e	士卜堅埠, 市卜頃埠		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Tacoma, Washington			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Walla Walla, Washington^f	瓜里抓罅埠, 抓李抓罅		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Astoria, Oregon^g	挨士多利埠, 埃市朵利, 埃市左利埠, 市左利亞埠	August 1900. Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association, 1903^h
Baker City, Oregonⁱ	碧架舌地埠, 碧加失地	Founded by Liang Qitian in 1901
Dallas, Oregon^j	打罅市埠
Huntington, Baker County, Oregon^k	坦靜頓埠, 美屬市得頓埠, 坦令頓
La Grande, Oregon^l
Pendleton, Oregon^m	汝利慎埠, 片利頓
Salem, Oregonⁿ
Sumpter, Baker County, Oregon^o	心打埠
Boise, Idaho^p	貝市埠, 貝市雪地
Hailey, Idaho^q	喜利埠
Hope, Idaho^r	斛埠
Pocatello, Idaho^s	博奇梯拉, 卜忌斜罅
Evanston, Wyoming^t	依云市頓埠
Rock Springs, Wyoming^u	洛士丙令
Sheridan, Wyoming^v	舍利進埠

^aWong Kin, 1913, 1532, at 61 Second St.

^bLiang Qichao, Xin Dalu Youji, 534; Wong Kin, 1913, 1547, with PO Box.

^c1904 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1546, at 128 S. First St.

^dSang Bing 桑兵, Gengzi Qinwang yu Wan-Qing Zhengju, Di-Er Ban 庚子勤王與晚清政局 (第二版) [The 1900 Movement to “Rush Troops in to Save the Throne” and the Late Qing Political Situation, 2nd ed.] (Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 2015), 45, on cities sending telegrams to ask for Guangxu restoration in summer 1899, includes Port Townsend—from Kang Youwei, “Meizhou zhu sheng shou ji” 美洲祝壽記; Wong Kin, 1913, 1547, with PO Box.

^eWong Kin, 1913, 1548, at 520 Front St.

^fWong Kin, 1913, 1549, with PO Box.

^g“Leong Kai Ting … now in Astoria preaching the gospel of Chinese reform and organizing a society for the advancement of principles of which Kang is the leading champion.” Victoria Times, August 16, 1900; “Fu Wen Yan Lun” 復聞讌論 [More News about Banquets], Zhongxi Ribao, August 16, 1900; Wong Kin, 1913, 1529, with PO Box.

^h“Chinese Women are For Reform,” Astorian, September 22, 1903, 4; founded by Kang Tongbi for the ten Chinese women in Astoria.

ⁱL. Eve Armentrout Ma, Revolutionaries, Monarchists, and Chinatowns: Chinese Politics in the Americas and the 1911 Revolution (Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 1990), 79; Wong Kin, 1913, 1530, at PO Box 171, 1922 Resort St.

^j1908 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1530.

^k1904 list. Wong Kin, 1913, 1530, at 216 First St.

^lNamed as chapter in “War of Chinese Threatens City,” Oregonian, January 11, 1912, 4.

^mWong Kin, 1913, 1531, at 108 Alta St., PO Box 542.

ⁿNamed as chapter in “War of Chinese Threatens City,” Oregonian, January 11, 1912, 4.

^oWong Kin, 1913, 1535.

^pWong Kin, 1913, 1483, with PO Box.

^q1904 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1484, with PO Box.

^rWong Kin, 1913, 1484, with PO Box.

^sWong Kin, 1913, 1485.

^tWong Kin, 1913, 1550, with PO Box.

^u1904 list.

^vWong Kin, 1913, 1551.

TABLE 11

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—Montana [Helena headquarters] (12 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	School
Helena^a	氣連打埠,氣連打,希連拿埠	Lianweibu (Mutual Defense Division for the state^b), est. 1903
Anaconda	典地港打埠
Billings^c	比令士, 比令市頓埠
Bozeman^d	保市文埠
Butte^e	表色地, 表舌地, 表雪地埠, 猫失地埠		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)^f
Dillon^g	爹崙埠
Havre^h	哈巴埠
Kalispellⁱ	加李士跛埠, 茄李士跛阜
Lewistown^j	李威市頓埠,立定士頓埠
Livingston^k	粒荣士頓, 笠荣士頓, 笠定市頓埠
Marysville^l
Missoula^m	美所罅, 尾所罅埠

^aWong Kin, 1913, 1511, at 312½ Colorado St. (which Mark Johnson notes is the Butte chapter address and must be an error).

^b1904 Lianweizongbu gupiao 股票 [share certificate] for the state of Montana, $10, paid by Tan Yisen 譚裔森 of Butte issued by Feng Jingquan 馮鏡泉 (Helena); unknown source.

^cWong Kin, 1913, 1509, with PO Box.

^dWong Kin, 1913, 1509, with PO Box.

^e“Hui Shi Ji Wen” 會事記聞 [News of Chapter Activities], from newspaper [unknown], 1905, re Butte opening Gancheng School; also “Biaoxuedi Gancheng Xuexiao Chengli” 表雪地干城學校成立, Zhongguo Weixin Bao, April 19, 1905, in “Gancheng Xuexiao Shi” 干城學校史, AR-3, Chinese Empire Reform Assoc. collection, AAS ARC 2000/78; Wong Kin, 1913, 1509, at 312½ Colorado St.

^f“Reform Army a Dream, The Chinese Wake Up,” Anaconda Standard, January 8, 1906, 6.

^g1904 list; 1913 Wong Kin, 1511.

^hWong Kin, 1913, 1511.

ⁱ1908 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1512.

^j1908 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1512, with PO Box.

^kWong Kin, 1913, 1512, with PO Box.

^lMontana Historical Society has photo of Marysville Baohuanghui poster.

^mOn 1904 and 1908 lists as 美所罅; Wong Kin, 1913, 1513.

TABLE 12

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—Central [Chicago headquarters] (15 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	School	Business
Chicago, Illinois^a	芝加哥, 芝城, 市加高, 示卡咕, 加埠, 士加古	1903 Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association^b	Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)	King Joy Lo (Qiongcailou) 瓊彩楼 restaurant, 1906–26
Kansas City, Missouri^c	墾士雪地, 恳士雪地, 頃沙市失地
St. Louis, Missouri^d	新藟, 聖路易, 勝普埠, 聖繭埠	1902	Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Cincinnati, Ohio^e	先絲拿打, 仙仙尼大埠	1903
Cleveland, Ohio^f	姬李扶崙, 企李扶崙埠	1904?
Columbus, Ohio^g	哥林布市埠	Incorporated 1907
St. Paul, Minnesota^h	聖保羅ⁱ 升譜埠	1904
Omaha, Nebraska^j			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy^k
Ogden, Utah^l	惡頓埠		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)^m
Park City, Utahⁿ	柏失地埠
Salt Lake City, Utah^o	梳嚦埠, 所力, 梳力埠
Colorado City and/or Colorado Springs, Colorado?^p
Denver, Colorado^q	剪化埠		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Phoenix, Arizona	斐匿		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Tucson, Arizona?^r	所筍?^s

^aWong Kin, 1913, 1486, at 345 S. Clark Street.

^bKang Tongbi diary July 1, 1904, no. 005, Kang Tongbi South Windsor Collection: “The members of the Chicago Women’s Chapter invited me to a dinner party. In the evening, I went to their place to give a speech again.” Thanks to Chi Jeng Chang.

^cWong Kin, 1913, 1506, at 113 W. 6th St.

^d“Will Elevate the Chinamen,” St. Louis Republic, December 30, 1902, 14: “The Chinese Empire Reform Society of Missouri obtained a pro forma decree of incorporation in the Circuit Court Yesterday.” Wong Kin, 1913, 1507, at 25A 8th St.

^eWong Kin, 1913, 1527, at 108 6th St.

^f“Cue or Revolution,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 28,1904, 5; also see “The Pigtails Fall,” Plain Dealer, January 2,1904, 10, for possible founding of chapter; Wong Kin, 1913, 1527, at 6 Hamilton St.

^gArticles of Incorporation, Chinese Empire Reform Association, vol. 122, 95, Office of the Secretary of State, Columbus, Ohio; Wong Kin, 1913, 1528, at 81 E. Spring St.

^h“Yihui you Kai” 義會又開 [Another Righteous Association Begins], Zhongguo Weixin Bao, August 4, 1904.

ⁱLiang Qichao, Xin Dalu Youji, 528.

^jNot verified.

^kListed as site of “revolutionary” military company in “Chinese Drilling in All Countries,” Washington Times, June 19, 1905, 3.

^lWong Kin, 1913, 1544, with PO Box.

^m”Chinese Drilling in All Countries,” Washington Times, June 19, 1905, 3.

ⁿWong Kin, 1913, 1544, with PO Box.

^oWong Kin, 1913, 1544.

^p“Local Chinese Will Seek to Aid Emperor,” Colorado Springs Gazette, June 20, 1900, 5, about “China Jim” (a prominent Colorado Springs business owner) and three Colorado City Chinese organizing reform chapters in state.

^qWong Kin, 1913, 1476, at 1716 Broadway.

^r“Organizing Reformers,” San Francisco Call, July 14, 1900, 14, on “Leung Kough” [Liang Qitian?] in Phoenix and going on to Tucson and other Arizona towns.

^s所筍 appears on 1904 list.

TABLE 13

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—East [New York headquarters] (13 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	Newspaper	School	Business
New York, New York^a	奴約, 紐約, 努約	1899 or 1900 Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association, 1903	Niuyue Ribao (New York Daily News) (English and Chinese) 紐約日報, 1902–9 Zhongguo Weixinbao (Chinese Reform News) 中國維新報, 1904–37	Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy) Oi-kwok Hoktong (Aiguo Xuetang) 愛國學堂	Huayi Yinhang 華益銀行, sometimes called Huayi Gongsi (Wah Yick Company) 華益公局, 1905?^b Hua-Mei Yinhang 華美銀行 1909?
Boston, Massachusetts^c	波士頓埠	1899 Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association, 1903^d		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania^e	費城埠			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania^f	必珠卜			Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)^g
Hartford, Connecticut^h	哈佛埠, 哈咈埠
Meriden, Connecticutⁱ
New Britain, Connecticut	紐布烈頓
New Haven, Connecticut^j	紐喜允埠
New London, Connecticut	鈕倫敦
Norwich, Connecticut
Baltimore, Maryland^k	波利磨, 波地摩	1903		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)^l
Norfolk, Virginia^m	那福埠, 那伏埠
Washington, DCⁿ	華盛頓埠	August 1904

^aIn Wong Kin, 1913, 1523, the Guomindang chapter is listed in care of Chinese Reform News at 176 Park Row (and Tongmenghui at 12 Mott).

^bKang Youwei, Torreón, to Tom Leung, Los Angeles, December 26, 1905, no. 352 in Fang Zhiqin and Cai Huiyao 方志欽, 蔡惠堯, ed., Kang Liang yu Baohuanghui: Tan Liang zai Meiguo Suocang Ziliao Huibian 康梁與保皇會: 譚良在美國所藏資料彙編 [Kang, Liang, and the Baohuanghui: A Compilation of Materials Collected by Tom Leung in the U.S.A.] (Hong Kong: Yinhe Chubanshe, 2008), 63: “Our New York bank has already started business.”

^cWong Kin, 1913, 1495, at 19 Harrison St.

^d“The Old Woman as the New Woman,” Wichita Eagle, November 1, 1903, 20: “The native Chinese women of New York and Boston have organized the Chinese Empire Reform Society.” Members on sheet written by Kang Tongbi, no. Z-29, Kang Tongbi South Windsor Collection.

^eWong Kin, 1913, 1535, at 929 Race St.

^fWong Kin, 1913, 1537, at 509 Second Ave.

^gChapin, 116: Company F, Second Infantry Regiment (Midwest).

^hWong Kin, 1913, 1478, at 556 Asylum St.

ⁱ“Funeral of Wong Bing,” Hartford Courant, October 9, 1905, mentions Chinese Empire Reform Association chapters in Meriden, New Britain, New London, and Norwich, CT.

^jOn 1908 list. “Chinese Reformer Comes Tomorrow,” Hartford Courant, July 14, 1905, 8, says there were members but no chapter when Kang first visited. Chen, Handbook of Chinese in America, 517, uses same characters for New Haven.

^kWong Kin, 1913, 1493, at 116 Park Ave. Polk’s Baltimore City Directory, 1905, 366, 113 Park Ave, 1906, 382, 114 Park Ave.

^lChapin, 116: under Third Infantry Regiment (Eastern Seaboard).

^m“All the Sing Fats and Ah Fongs Meet in Washington to End War of Tongs,” Washington Times, magazine, January 20, 1907, 4; record of Baohuanghui membership badge distribution, 1905, no. Z-8, Kang Tongbi South Windsor Collection, includes Norfolk, VA.

ⁿ”Patriots in Pigtails: Washington Chinese have a Bow Wong Woy Branch,” Washington Post, August 7, 1904, 5; Wong Kin, 1913, 1479, at 346 Pennsylvania Ave. [Wong has reversed the English names for this entry and the Chinese legation!]

TABLE 14

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—South [New Orleans headquarters] (7 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	School
New Orleans, Louisiana^a	紐阿蓮埠, 紐柯連, 那柯連		Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)^b
Beaumont, Texas^c	布滿埠, 鎳滿埠
Dallas, Texas	地拉士埠
Galveston, Texas^d	加利委梨頓市噸, 加話市頓埠
Houston, Texas^e	敲市頓埠
San Antonio, TX^f	美属新村埠, 戚市省山寸埠, 山旦村拿埠	1904
Waco, Texas^g	伟咕埠, 役咕埠

^aIn list of chapters attending 1907 New York plenary, Kang Youwei yu Baohuanghui, 488.

^bNot verified; “Chinese Drilling in All Countries,” Washington Times, June 19, 1905, 3.

^cWong Kin, 1913, 1540, at 487 Bowrie St.

^dWong Kin, 1913, 1542, at 2401 Market St.

^eWong Kin, 1913, 1543, at 407 Travis St.

^fWu Hongjin 伍鴻進 and others in the San Antonio, Texas, chapter to all comrades of the Xiangzhengdang [Constitutional Party], December 16, 1909, no. 309 in Fang and Cai, Kang Liang yu Baohuanghui, 315, uses 戚市省山寸埠. Wong Kin, 1913, 1543, at 124½ Soledad St.

^gWong Kin, 1913, 1544, as 役咕埠, 51 Austin St.

TABLE 15

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Mexico [Torreón headquarters] (12 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	Newspaper	School	Business
Torreón, Coahuila	菜苑埠	1901 or 1902; known as Asociación Reformista China			Hua-Mo Bank (Hua-Mo Yinhang, Compañía Bancaria Chino y México, Chinese-Mexican Bank) 华墨银行, 1906–11 Hua Yi (Compañía Bancaria y de Tranvias Wah Yick; Wah Yick Banking and Tramway Company) 華益incorporated bank plus streetcar line, 1907–11
Monclova, Coahuila	高委罅省綱古魯巴埠			Youmei Xuetang (Escuela Yue Mae) 有美學堂, est. 1904^a
Mexico City, DF	墨西哥埠		Moxige Chaobao (Mexico Morning News) English-language newspaper 墨西哥朝報
Santa Rosalia, Baja California^b
Alamos, Sonora	墨屬亞林務士埠
Cananea, Sonora^c	諫拿呢埠, 墨國諫拿尼埠
Guaymas, Sonora^d	威罵士
Hermosillo, Sonora	墨屬磨詩耀埠
Culiacán, Sinaloa^e	咭釐亞根埠, 咭釐亞根
Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas^f
Merida, Yucatán^g	夭加丹省, 尾利打単
Manzanillo, Colima, or Mazatlán, Sinaloa^h	噧山𠰚由				Zhong-Mo Lunchuan Gongsi [Sino-Mexican Shipping Co.] 中墨車輪船公司 1903–8? [period of investment; it was never begun]

^aEstablished by Huang Kuanzhuo (Wong Foon Chuck); Huang Yuanhuo or José Chuck, Wong Foon Chuck’s younger brother, was the principal until 1910. Kang wrote an inscription for the school.

^bVeronica Castillo Munoz, The Other California: Land, Identity and Politics on the Mexican Borderlands (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017), 71, for Santa Rosalia members led by Leon Yuen getting permission to raise the organization flag in downtown for Chinese New Year, 1908. Thanks to Fredy González for pointing this out.

^c1908 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1579. Lasted at least to 1919, “Moguo Jiannani bu Xianzhengdang zhi Kang Xu zongzhang shu” 墨國諫拿尼埠憲政黨致康徐總長書 [Letter to presidents Kang and Xu from the Cananea, Mexico Xianzhengdang], September 9, 1919, in Kang Youwei yu Baohuanghui, 484–86.

^d1908 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1580, at Calle 19 Casa 326.

^e1908 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1577.

^f“News on the Chinese Empire Reform Association,” Tung Wah Times, February 2, 1907, 6: Chinese community in Madero, Mexico, sets up a Chinese Empire Reform Association chapter; includes open letter from the chapter.

^gWong Kin, 1913, 1588.

^hHuang Kuanzhuo (Wong Foon Chuck) to Tan Zhangxiao, March 31, 1903, no. 561 in Fang and Cai, Kang Liang yu Baohuanghui, 185, gives Manzanillo as the company location; “Concession for Steamship Service Between Mexican, Chinese, and Japanese Ports,” Monthly Bulletin of the International Bureau of the American Republics 25, no. 6 (December 1907) in Congressional Serial Set, Government Printing Office, 1907), 1400, gives Mazatlán as the port.

TABLE 16

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Central America [Panama City headquarters] (7 chapters)

City	字	Year founded
Panama City, Panama^a	巴拿孖埠, 巴拿瑪埠
Bocas del Toro, Panama^b	卜忌斜罅埠, 卜忌斜拿埠
Colón, Panama^c	個郎埠
Guatemala City, Guatemala^d	瓜地馬拉埠
Limon, Costa Rica^e	中美洲柠檬埠, 淋文埠
San Salvador, El Salvador	散島	1901 or earlier^f
Bluefields, Nicaragua^g	布路非埠, 砵路非

^aWong Kin, 1913, 1346, with PO Box.

^b1908 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1337.

^c“Banazi, Gelang erbu liuyue ershiliuri dianda Xi’an gongzhu wansui diangao” 巴拿孖, 個郎埠二埠六月二十六日電達西安恭祝萬歲電告 [Text of telegram sent to Xi’an by chapters of Panama City and Colón, Panama, to wish the emperor long life on August 10, 1901], Wenxing Bao, 1901, Him Mark Lai Research Files, Box 32 Folder 11, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California at Berkeley.

^dWong Kin, 1913, 1333, at street address, Sur 62.

^eWong Kin, 1913, 1332.

^fHuang Zhuoxing (Alonso Quant) 黃卓興 and Chen Wencun 陳文邨, San Salvador, to the Association, Victoria, July 13, 1901, no. 527 [postscript] in Fang and Cai, Kang Liang yu Baohuanghui, 293.

^g1904 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1336, at PO Box 3.

TABLE 17

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Caribbean (3 chapters)

City	字	Year founded
Havana, Cuba^a	亞灣埠	Summer 1900? Located at Virtudes 60, top floor
Marianao, Havana, Cuba^b	幵李旦堤埠
Jamaica, British West Indies^c	西印度占尾架	1904

^aMa, Revolutionaries, Monarchists, and Chinatowns, 50; Wong Kin, 1913, 1560, at Virtudes 60.

^bWong Kin, 1913, 1561, with address of Calle Real 61; this is a municipality of Havana.

^cZhongguo Weixin Bao, August 18, 1904, 15. Probably Kingston.

TABLE 18

Mapping the Baohuanghui: South America [Lima, Peru headquarters] (3 chapters)

City	字	Year founded
Lima, Peru^a	利馬	1905
Trujillo, Peru^b	祕魯道禧埠	1904
Paita, Peru^c	祕魯必打埠, 跛打

^aAdam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900–1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 138; Wong Kin, 1913, 1312.

^b“Gebu Baohuanghui Jinshi,” 各埠保皇會近事 Zhongguo Weixin Bao, July 21, 1904, 14; Wong Kin, 1913, 1322.

^c“Gebu Baohuanghui Jinshi,” Zhongguo Weixin Bao, July 21, 1904, 15.

TABLE 19

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Hawaiʻi [Honolulu headquarters] (7 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	Newspaper	School
Honolulu^a	檀香山埠, 漢挪路盧	[1899] Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association, est. 1904?	Xin Zhongguo Bao (Sun Chung Kwok Bo, New China News) 新中國報, 1899 or 1900–1978; name changed in 1941 to Xin Zhongguo Ribao (New China Press) 新中國日報^b Longji Bao^c 隆記報 [ca. 1900–1903; before and after was a revolutionary paper]	Minglun Liangdeng Xuetang [Mun Lun School] est. 1907 [officially opened Feb. 4, 1911] – present^d 明倫兩等學堂 Julebu [civil/military predecessor of Gancheng Xuexiao?) 倶樂部 Gancheng Xuexiao (Western Military Academy)^e
Kauai	道威	1900
Hanalei, Kauai^f	頓限禮拿埠
Hilo, Hawaiʻi	希爐	1900
Maui	茂宜	1900 [Sun Mei head]
Lahaina, Maui^g	刺軒拿埠
Wailuku Maui^h	位碌咕埠

^aWong Kin, 1913, 1553, at 69 King St.

^bHim Mark Lai, “The Chinese Community Press in Hawaiʻi,” Chinese America: History and Perspectives 24 (2010): 100; Wong Kin, 1913, 1555, at 60 King St.

^cMa, Revolutionaries, Monarchists, and Chinatowns, 60, 103.

^dThe only existing American remnant of the Baohuanghui. Wong Kin, 1913, 1555, at Achei Lane. In 2022 at 1290 Maunakea St., https://www.munlunschool.com/about-us, accessed August 17, 2024. According to Him Mark Lai, Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2004), 277–78, Qingnian Qulubu or Ching Nin Ke Lok Bo [Youth Club] merged with Qingnian Wuxuehui and taught Chinese language, Confucianism and military skills; in 1907 began to raise funds for Munlun School.

^eNot verified.

^fWong Kin, 1913, 1552, with PO Box.

^gWong Kin, 1913, 1558, with PO Box.

^hWong Kin, 1913, 1558, with PO Box.

TABLE 20

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Australia [Sydney headquarters] (12 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	Newspaper	School
Sydney, New South Wales^a	雪梨埠	1900	Donghua Xin Bao, Tung Wah News 東華新報 (1898–1902) and Donghua Bao, Tung Wah Times 東華報 (1902–36)]^b	Xueli Zhonghua Mengyang Liangdeng Xiaoxuetang, Sydney Chinese School, 雪梨中華蒙養兩等小學堂^c, Founded 1909; opened 1910
Tamworth, New South Wales	貪麻埠
Fremantle, Western Australia	非厘文度舉	1900
Perth, Western Australia	巴扶埠, 普埠	1900
Geraldton, Western Australia	遮爐頓埠	1900
Adelaide, South Australia	克力
Ballarat, Victoria	巴刺律	1900
Melbourne, Victoria^d	美利畔, 新金山, 尾利昨埠	1900
Brisbane, Queensland	比里斯宾	1901
Cairns, Queensland^e	堅市埠
Rockhampton, Queensland	洛金頓
New Zealand	鳥絲綸^f

^aWong Kin, 1913, 1225, at 158 George St.

^bWong Kin, 1913, 1226, with name Donghua Bao at 158 George St. North. The newspaper is indexed in English and digitized online: https://arrow.latrobe.edu.au/store/3/4/5/5/1/public/FMProce85.html.

^cMei-fen Kuo, Making Chinese Australia: Urban Elites, Newspapers and the Formation of Chinese-Australian Identity, 1892–1912 (Victoria, Australia: Monash University Publishing, 2013), 229; founded by Lu Dunkui.

^dWong Kin, 1913, 1237, at 189 Russell St.

^eWong Kin, 1913, 1229, has entry for a Chinese Reform Association, 祟新社團體會. The 1913 directory, 1228, also lists Atherton, Queensland with a Chinese Reform Association and a similar Chinese name, 崇新社閱報社.

^fA chapter with this name appears under Australia in the 1904 petition; Phoebe Li, email to author, March 17, 2024, confirms that two New Zealand Chinese were known reformers: Louis Kitt (Lü Jie 呂傑) and Shack Horne (Shi Han, 石漢). “Niaosilun Tongxin” 鳥絲倫通信 [Communication from New Zealand], Tung Wah Times, February 15, 1908, 6, reports that the population of this island would reach one million that year, which was true of New Zealand in 1908.

TABLE 21

Mapping the Baohuanghui: the Pacific (1 chapter)

City	字	Year founded	Newspaper	School	Business
Tahiti^a	大溪地埠

^aTahiti members to Tom Leung by way of Huang Zhuoxing, January 3, 1903, no. 553 in Fang and Cai, Kang Liang yu Baohuanghui, 297.

TABLE 22

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Southeast Asia (24 chapters)

City	字	Newspaper	School	Business
Penang, [Straits Settlements]	槟榔屿	Bincheng Xin Bao (Penang Sin Poe) 檳城新報 est. 1895^a	Aiguo Xuetang Shizhong School 時中學校^b	Huafeng Yinhao 華豐銀號 (private bank)—connected to rice brokerage (see below); closed by 1909 Xin Kai Mei 新開美 [rice brokerage]^c 1904–10 Rubber tree plantation^d
Singapore [Straits Settlements]	星嘉坡, 星加坡	Tiannan Xin Bao (Thien Nam Sin Pao) 天南新報 1898–1905 China Times [?] English-language paper est. 1900 Nanyang Zonghui Bao (Union Times) 南洋總匯報, 1905 or 1906–(1946)^e (previously Nanyang Haiyun Bao 南洋海運報)	Yangcheng Shuyuan羊城書院 Nütong Xuetang 女童學堂 [Girls’ Academy]	East Indies Hua-feng Company 華豐銀號 [rice brokerage and bank], 1904–7^f
Kedah, Malaya^g	加釐吉打
Selangor, Malaya?^h	雪蘭莪
Tanjong Rambutan, Malayaⁱ	紅毛撥埠
Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia; see below for chapters)		Wudao Ribao 烏島日報 1904–9?^j	Educational Association of the Chinese in the Netherland Indies 爪哇學務總會 est. 1906 (plans drafted by Kang 1903)^k 20+ Aiguo and Datong schools
Bandung, Java^l			School
Batavia (now Jakarta), Java	巴城, 巴達維亞, 吧城, 椰城		Zhongxi Xiaoxuetang 中西小學堂^m
Buitenzorg (Bogor), Java		Zhonghua Weixin Bao (Tiong Hoa Wie Sin Po) 中華維新報 est. 1906 [in Romanized Malay]
Cheribon, Javaⁿ			School
Djoeja, Java^o			School
Kediri, Java^p			School
Malang, Java^q			School
Pekalongan, Java^r			School
Pemalang, Java^s			School
Probolinggo, Java^t
Semerang, Java	三寶壟, 壟川		School
Surabaya, Java	泗水, 蘇腊巴亞		Aiguo Xuetang
Tegal, Java^u			School
Makassar, Sulawesi	望加錫		Furu Xuetang 婦儒學堂 [est. by Li Lianxi]
Rangoon, Burma [possibly known as Zhonghua Wenhui 中華文會]^v	仰光, 登公	Yangjiang Xin Bao [Rangoon Daily News] 仰江新報 1904 or 1905–8 Shangwu Bao 商務報 est. 1910?^w	Furen Xuexiao 輔仁學校 Teong Hwa Chinese School (Zhonghua Yangxue) 中華義學 1903^x	Rice brokerage est. 1904^y
Mandalay, Burma^z	華城
Bangkok, Siam (now Thailand)^aa	暹羅城, 盂谷, 梹角埠	Qinan Xin Bao (Kinam Sinpo, The “Kee Nam” Chinese Daily News) 啟南新報 1909–1910^ab Huaxin Ribao 華新日報^ac
Hanoi Vietnam^ad
Manila, Philippines^ae	馬尼剌, 小呂宋正埠	Yiyou Xin Bao 益友新報 est. 1899; later changed name to Minyi Bao 岷益報

^aWong Kin, 1913, 1109, at 228 Beach St.

^bPhoto of Datong School students with visiting Shizhong and Tongwen School students, 1908, in Craig A. Smith, “The Datong Schools and Late Qing Sino-Japanese Cooperation,” Twentieth-Century China 42, no. 1 (January 2017): 9.

^cReferred to in various letters, including Xu Qin to Kang Youwei, September 5, 1907, in Kang Youwei yu Baohuanghui, 379; and Wu Xianzi 伍憲子, Zhongguo Minzhu Xianzhengdang Dangshi 中國民主憲政黨黨史 [A Party History of the Chinese Democratic Constitutional Party] (San Francisco: Shijie Ribao [Chinese World], 1952), 86–87; Wu miswrote the company name as Xinwen Mei 新聞美.

^dKang Youwei to Liang Qichao, March 23, 1910, in Zhang Ronghua, ed., Kang Youwei Wanglai Shuxin Ji 康有為往來書信集 [Collected Correspondence of Kang Youwei], (Beijing: Zhongguo Renmin Daxue Chubanshe, 2012), 627–28.

^eWong Kin, 1913, 1115, as Chung Way Be, Daily Newspaper, at 126 Cross St. and Wong, 1123, as Union Times Press, at 83 Cross St.

^fLi Fuji 李福基, “Xianzhenghui Jishi Shilüe” 宪政会纪始事略 [A Sketch of the Origins of the Constitutional Association], 1909, 6, Chinese Empire Reform Association, AR-22, AAS ARC 2000/78.

^g1904 list.

^hSent Diguo Xianzhenghui representatives to China for third constitutional petition, 1910: Chang P’eng-yuan 張朋園, Lixian pai yu Xinhai Geming 立憲派與辛亥革命 [Constitutionalists and the Revolution of 1911 in China] (Taipei: Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica, 1969), 69.

ⁱ1908 list.

^jJung-pang Lo, “Sequel to the Chronological Autobiography,” K’ang Yu-wei: A Biography and Symposium (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1967), 270 n30.

^kLo, 269 n26.

^lLo, 269 n26.

^mEstablished by Qiu Luanxin 邱戀馨.

ⁿLo, 269 n26.

^oLo, 269 n26.

^pLo, 269 n26.

^qLo, 269 n26.

^rLo, 269 n26.

^sLo, 269 n26.

^t“Hui Shi Jiwen” 會事記聞 [Association Chapter News], “Yuan Shoumin 袁壽民 reports on a chapter of the Chinese Empire Reform Association that has been set up in Probolinggo Java,” Tung Wah Times, September 22, 1906.

^uLo, 269 n26.

^vLi Yi, Chinese in Colonial Burma: A Migrant Community in a Multiethnic State (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 210; Wong Kin, 1913, 1083, at “Moung Rhine St.” [same address as Bangkok chapter in Wong Kin, 1069].

^wLi, Chinese in Colonial Burma, 187.

^xLi, Chinese in Colonial Burma, 182.

^yKang Youwei to Li Fuji, May 26, 1904, in “Wu Xianzi Xiansheng Yigao ji Suocang Wenjian 伍憲子先生遺稿及所藏文件 [Mr. Wu Xianzi’s Posthumous Manuscripts and Collection of Documents], Special Collections, University of Washington.

^z1904 list.

^aaWong Kin, 1913, 1069, at “Moung Rhine St.” See Rangoon—same address.

^abBegun by Xu Qin when he visited Bangkok, according to Eiji Murashima, “The Origins of Chinese Nationalism in Thailand,” Journal of Asian-Pacific Studies no. 21 (August 2013): 162, https://docplayer.net/25930776-The-origins-of-chinese-nationalism-in-thailand.html-show_full_text.

^acChang P’eng-yuan 張朋園, “Shi Bao: Weixinpai Xuanchuan Jiguan zhi yi” 時報: 維新派宣傳機關之一 [Shi Bao: a Propaganda Organ of the Reform Faction], Jindai Yanjiusuo Jikan 4:152 (May 1973).

^adHanoi is among the 46 cities sending telegrams in the movement to protest Cixi’s attempt to depose Guangxu in 1900; “Feili Yaowen Hui Zhi” 廢立要聞匯志 [Report of Important News on Deposing the Emperor in Favor of a New One], Zhixin Bao, March 31, 1900, quoted in Sang, Gengzi Qinwang, 66.

^aeWong Kin, 1913, 1256, at 15 Claveria Binondo.

TABLE 23

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Japan (3 chapters)

City	字	Year Founded	Newspaper	School
Yokohama	横滨	1899	Qingyi Bao (The China Discussion) 清議報1898–1901 Xinmin Congbao (Sein Min Choong Bou) [New Citizen Journal] 新民叢報 1902–7 Xin Xiaoshuo [The New Fiction] 新小說 1902–5	Datong Xuexiao 大同學校 [Great Unity School] est. 1898^a Renamed Dongya School 東亞學校 [by 1901] according to Liang Qichao
Kōbe	神户		Yadong Bao 亞東報	Tongwen Xuexiao [Common Culture School] 同文學校1899–present.^b
Tokyo	東京	(1899) Zhengwenshe [Political Information Society] 政聞社 est. 1907; headquarters moved to Shanghai early 1908		Datong Gaodeng Xuexiao 大同高等學校 est. 1899 Liudong Gongxuehui (Public Scholarly Association for Chinese Students) 留東公學會 est. in Tokyo, ca 1907–8

^aSchool destroyed in 1923 Great Kanto earthquake: Smith, “The Datong Schools,” 5.

^bWong Kin, 1913, 991, at Nakayamate 3 Chome; Smith, “The Datong Schools,” 15.

TABLE 24

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Hong Kong, Macau (2 chapters)

City	字	Newspaper	School	Business
Hong Kong	香港埠	Shang Bao (Sheung Po, Commercial News) 商報 1904–11?^a		Zhongguo Kezhan (China Hotel) 中國客棧 1905–?^b Zhonghua Jiudian 中華酒店 1906?–1908?^c Huayi Company (Wah/War Yick/Yik Co.) 華益公司 est. ca 1904–?^d
				Huayi Yinhao 華益銀號 (private or remittance bank) est. 1907 Commercial Corporation (Shangwu Gongsi) 商務公司 est. 1904 Zhibuju (Textile Bureau) 織布局 est. 1906
Macau	澳門埠	Zhixin Bao (China Reformer) 知新報 1897–1901 Haojing Bao 濠鏡報^e	Dongwen Xuexiao 東文學校 est. 1899 by He Suitian

^aJung-fang Tsai, Hong Kong in Chinese History: Community and Social Unrest in the British Colony, 1842–1913 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 245, describes the physical destruction by revolutionaries of the newspaper office in November 1911.

^bLo, “Sequel to Autobiography,” 200.

^cWu, Zhongguo Minzhu Xianzhengdang Dangshi, 90; Ye En 葉惠伯, “Bo Xu Qin Bugaoshu Zai Qi” [Another public denunciation of Xu Qin], 1909, University of California at Berkeley, AR-19, AAS ARC 2000/78.

^dWong Kin, 1913, 527, as “bankers” at 297 Des Voeux Road, Central.

^eFounded by He Suitian [He Tingguang], possibly in 1898. No copies are extant today according to Hou Jie 侯杰 and Zhang Yufeng 張宇楓, “Wan Qing Aomen Haoshang He Tingguang yu Zhixin Bao Tanxi” 晚清澳門豪商何廷光與知新報探析 [An Analysis of Late Qing Wealthy and Powerful Merchant He Tingguang and Zhixin Bao], Aomen Yanjiu no. 1 (2021): 68.

TABLE 25

Mapping the Baohuanghui: China (8 chapters)

City	字	Year founded	Newspaper	School	Business
Shanghai	上海	Zhengwenshe 政聞社 [Political Information Society] founded 1907 in Japan; moved to Shanghai, March 1908; closed by Qing in August 1908; may have had chapters in most or all provinces, 1,000 members in China.	Shi Bao (Eastern Times) 時報 1904–39 Zheng Lun 政論 [Political Commentary] [1907–8] Guofeng Bao 國風報 1910–12		Guangzhi Shuju (Diffusion of Knowledge Publishing House) 廣智書局 1901–(1930s)^a
Beijing	北京		Beijing Shibao 北京時報 [same as Jingdu Shibao? 京都時報]^b closed 1908 Guomin Gongbao 國民公報 1910–19
Guangdong Province	廣東				Qiongzhou Qianhao (private bank) 瓊州銀號; closed by 1909 Xuwen Kenwu Gongsi 徐聞墾務公司 or Xuwen Wuben Gongsi 徐聞務本公司 (land reclamation enterprise)
					Yupiao Gongsi 漁票公司 (fishing franchise run by Ye En for which a “certificate” was issued by an official allowing exclusive fishing in a certain area) 1905?–1906
Guangzhou, Guangdong Province	廣州		Guangdong Bao 廣東報 est. 1902? Lingnan Bao [South China News] 嶺南報 est. before 1904 Yangcheng Ribao 羊城日報 est. before 1905 Guoshi Bao 國事報1906^c–1911?^d	Guangdong Gongxue [Guangdong Public School] 廣東公學 est. 1905 [name later changed to Nanqiang Gongxue 南強公學]	Commercial Corporation subsidiary (Ye En in charge) to raise funds in U.S. for Yue-Han Tielu (Canton-Hankow Railway) 粵漢鐵路 est. 1906^e
Guangxi Province	廣西				Zhenhua Shiye Gongsi (Jun Wah Sut Yip or Jun Wah Mining Company) 振華事業公司^f 1907?–9 Tianping Shan Yinkuang (silver mining)—part of Zhenhua^g 天平銀礦 1907?–
Hankou, Hubei Province	漢口		Jianghan Gongbao 江漢公報 [also known as Dajiang Ribao 大江日報] 1907–8	Jianghan Gongxue 江漢公學 est. 1907 [law and politics college]
Tianjin (then part of Hebei Province)	天津		Riri Xinwen Bao 日日新聞報 est. 1906
Xiamen, Fujian Province	廈門			Chucai Sishu 儲才私塾 [directed by Liang Qichao; other teachers and directors Yung Wing, Ou Jujia, Xu Qin]

^aLiang Qichao in Yokohama was in charge of Guangzhi Shuju; scholars have pointed to a Yokohama Yishu Ju 譯書局 [Translation Bureau] established ca. 1901 or 1902, but Wu Yuhao “Guangzhi Shuju Yanqiu,” Ph.D. dissertation, Fudan University, 2010, 18–21, believes that references by Liang and others were referring to Guangzhi Shuju.

^bLo, “Sequel to Autobiography,” 270 n30.

^cXu Qin to Tan Zhangxiao, October 17, 1906, no. 168 in Fang and Cai, Kang Liang yu Baohuanghui, 137, states paper began September 18, 1906.

^dLiao Zhao, Jiang Nai, Lin Henian, Liu Tingyang and Lin Renzhi 廖照,蔣奈,林鶴年,劉天鍚,林任之 to Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei, January 20, 1912, in Ding Wenjiang and Zhao Fengtian 丁文江, 趙豐田, ed., Liang Qichao Nianpu Changbian 梁啟超年譜長編 [Uncut Version of Liang Qichao Life Chronicle] (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1983), 604.

^eLo, “Sequel to Autobiography,” 204.

^fIncorporated silver mines, land reclamation, steamship transportation, railway construction, and a provincial bank.

^gGao Weinong 高偉濃, Ershi Shiji chu Kang Youwei Baohuanghui zai Meiguo Huaqiao Shehui zhong de Huodong 二十世紀初康有為保皇會在美國華僑社會中的活動 [Activities of Kang Youwei and the Baohuanghui among the Chinese in the United States in the First Part of the twentieth Century] (Beijing: Xueyuan Chubanshe, 2009), 348–9.

TABLE 26

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Africa (7 chapters)

City	字	Year Founded
Capetown, South Africa^a	急當埠
East London, South Africa^b	意史倫敦埠
Johannesburg?^c South Africa	五釐士
Kimberley, South Africa^d	金必利埠
Natal, South Africa?^e	南非拿担埠	1904? ^f
Port Elizabeth, South Africa^g	坡尼士碧埠, 砵衣厘是
Delagoa Bay, East Africa [now Maputo Bay, Mozambique]^h	低里古巴

^aWong Kin, 1913, 1298.

^b1908 list; Wong Kin, 1913, 1299.

^cLo, “Sequel to Autobiography,” 193: While in Rangoon, spring 1903, Kang planned to send associates to 五釐士 [guessed as Johannesburg by Lo] in South Africa to set up chapters. However, a Johannesburg chapter not listed in 1913 Wong Kin directory.

^dWong Kin, 1913, 1301.

^eMelanie Yap of the Chinese in Africa Research Network, email to author, September 1, 2014, guessed Natal by pronunciation and its Chinese population.

^f“Nanfei Nadanbu Ruhui Fangming” 南非拿擔埠入會芳名 [New Members in Natal, South Africa Chapter], Zhongguo Weixin Bao no. 26 (September 8, 1904), University of California at Berkeley, AR-44 A-B.

^gWong Kin, 1913, 1302, at 44 Alice St.

^hWong Kin, 1913, 1298.

TABLE 27

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Europe (1 chapter)

City	字	Year founded	Newspaper	School	Business
Liverpool, England^a	李巴普埠

^aWong Kin, 1913, 1286, at 21 Frederick St.

Wong Kin [Huang Jin] 黄金, International Chinese Business Directory of the World [Wanguo Jixin Bianlan 萬國寄信便覽] (San Francisco: International Chinese Business Directory Company, 1913). Hereafter, Wong Kin, 1913.

“Juan Jian Diguo Xianzheng Zonghuisuo Maidi Zhengxinlu” 捐建帝國憲政總會所買地徵信錄 [Financial Accounting of Donations for Buying Land for Xianzhenghui Headquarters Building], in Kang Youwei yu Baohuanghui 康有為與保皇會 [Kang Youwei and the Baohuanghui], ed., Shanghai Shi Wenwu Baoguan Weiyuanhui 上海市文物保管委員會, (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1982), 529–37. Hereafter, 1908 list. Original at Shanghai Museum, with names of donors for each chapter.

“Haiwai Baohuanghui Chengqing Dai Zou Qingzhan Wen” 海外保皇會呈請代奏請戰文 [An Overseas Baohuanghui Petition Memorializing to Ask for a Battle Assignment], reprinted from Shang Bao in Bincheng Xin Bao [Penang Sin Poe], March 7, 1904, 1. Hereafter, 1904 list.

Liang Yingliu 梁應騮, Chang Jian Chuangshi Baohuanghuisuo Beiji 倡建創始保皇會所碑記 [Plaque of Donors to the Founding Baohuanghui Building], 1907, at 1715 Government Street, Victoria, BC. Hereafter, 1907 list.

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A Chinese Reformer in Exile

Kang Youwei and the Chinese Empire Reform Association in North America, 1899-1911

Series: Chinese Overseas, Volume: 23

E-Book ISBN:: 9789004713383

Publisher:: Brill

Print Publication Date:: 03 Jan 2025

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- Asian Studies
- History
  - Chinese History

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Appendix 2 Mapping the Baohuanghui

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Canada [Vancouver headquarters; from 1910: Victoria] (55 chapters, 40 in BC)

United States (86 Chapters, Not Including Hawaiʻi)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—California [San Francisco headquarters] (16 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—Northwest [Portland headquarters] (23 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—Montana [Helena headquarters] (12 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—Central [Chicago headquarters] (15 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—East [New York headquarters] (13 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: United States—South [New Orleans headquarters] (7 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Mexico [Torreón headquarters] (12 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Central America [Panama City headquarters] (7 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Caribbean (3 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: South America [Lima, Peru headquarters] (3 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Hawaiʻi [Honolulu headquarters] (7 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Australia [Sydney headquarters] (12 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: the Pacific (1 chapter)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Southeast Asia (24 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Japan (3 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Hong Kong, Macau (2 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: China (8 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Africa (7 chapters)

Mapping the Baohuanghui: Europe (1 chapter)

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A Chinese Reformer in Exile

Kang Youwei and the Chinese Empire Reform Association in North America, 1899-1911

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