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Ṭuruq and Ṭuruq-Linked Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Egypt
A Historical Study in Organizational Dimensions of Islamic Mysticism
Series: - Brill Classics in Islam, Volume: 9
Author:
Ṭuruq and á¹uruq-linked institutions by Frederick De Jong was first published in 1978. It is largely based on research in public and private archives in Cairo, and on published materials in limited circulation. This study became highly influential in its field. De Jong describes the development of the administration and organization of the á¹uruq and á¹uruq-linked institutions (takÄyÄ, zawÄyÄ, and shrines) under the shaykhs of the BakrÄ« family in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Egypt. Central to this administration is the principle of right of qadam, meaning the exclusive right of a á¹arÄ«qa to proselytize and to appear in public in a particular area, if it could be proved that it had been the first to do so.
Frederick de Jong Ph.D. (1977), Leiden University. Chair of Islamic Languages and Cultures in Utrecht University (1984-2009). Major publications concern sufi orders, Muslim minorities in South-Eastern Europe and in Turkey, in addition to Uyghur language and culture.
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Maps and Plates
Note on Spelling and Transliteration
Introduction
1 The Emergence and Institutionalization of Central Authority over the Ṭuruq and Ṭuruq-Linked Institutions
â1âAl-Bakriyya and Its Leaders
â2âThe NiqÄbat al-As̲h̲rÄf
â3âThe ArbÄb al-SajÄjÄ«d
â4âThe Ṭuruq
â5âThe Formalization of al-BakrÄ«âs Authority and Muḥammad Ê¿AlÄ«âs Policy
â6âThe Shrine- and TakÄ«ya-Based Ṭuruq
â7âṬuruq without Material Assets
â8âThe TakÄyÄ and ZawÄyÄ
â9âThe Appointment of Muḥammad al-BakrÄ« as NaqÄ«b al-As̲h̲rÄf and Its Implications
â10âDemarcation of Authority: The Agreement with al-Azhar
â11âThe Early Phase of the Ṭuruq Administration
â12âSummary
2 The Ṭuruq Realm, the Principle of Right of Qadam, the Nature and Functioning of the Ṭuruq Administration
â1âThe Genesis of the Principle of Right of Qadam
â2âAl-BakrÄ«âs Authority over the Ṭuruq and the Principle of Right of Qadam
â3âThe Ṭuruq Administration and the Government
â4âConflicts about Right of Qadam and Their Resolution
â5âThe As̲h̲rÄf as ṬarÄ«qa Officials
â6âConflicts Not Related to Qadam
â7âThe MawÄlid and the Ṭuruq
â8âThe Shrines
â9âThe Mawlid al-NabÄ« Celebrations
â10âAdditional MawÄlid and Other Celebrations Organized and Supervised by al-BakrÄ«
â11âThe Processions of the Kiswa, the Maḥmal and the Laylat al-Ruʾya
â12âThe Ṭuruq Involved
â13âAl-BakrÄ«âs Administration and the ṬakÄyÄ
â14âAl-BakrÄ«âs Administration, the Cairene Shrines and Their Intendants
â15âThe Nature and Scope of al-BakrÄ«âs Authority
â16âDemands for Reforms
â17âSummary
3 The Crisis of Authority
â1âThe Circular of 1881, Its Contents, Implications and Consequences
â2âThe Inadequate Maintenance of Rights of Qadam
â3âThe New Ṭuruq, Their Leaders, Their Spread, Their Recognition
â4âSecessionist Ṭuruq
â5âThe Changing Area of Authority and the Decline of Its Legitimacy
â6âThe Ê¿UrÄbÄ« Insurrection and ṬarÄ«qa Involvement
â7âSummary
4 The Promulgation of the Regulations for the Ṭuruq, Their History and Contents
â1âMuḥammad TawfÄ«q al-BakrÄ« and the Early Re-assertion of Authority
â2âThe Regulations of 1895
â3âThe Amended Regulations of 1903
â4âṬuruq without Official Status
â5âThe Internal Regulations of 1905
â6âThe Reformist Calls for Iá¹£lÄḥ of the Ṭuruq
â7âOpposition to and Acceptance of the Internal Regulations
â8âStatus Changes of the Ṭuruq
â9âThe Political Activities of Muḥammad Tawfiq al-BakrÄ«
â10âSummary
Epilogue
Appendix 1: Translation of the FirmÄn Issued by Muḥammad Ê¿AlÄ«, Viceroy of Egypt, Investing Muḥammad EfendÄ« al-BakrÄ« with Authority over the Ṭuruq and Ṭuruq-Linked Institutions
Appendix 2: Translation of the Maḥdar Setting out the Demarcation of the Areas of Authority of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-SajjÄda al-Bakriyya, Muḥammad EfendÄ« al-BakrÄ«, and the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Azhar, IbrÄhÄ«m al-BayjÅ«rÄ«
Appendix 3: Translation of a Circular Issued by the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Bakrī to All the Chiefs of the Religious Sects
Appendix 4: Translation of the Regulations for the Ṭuruq (LÄʾiḥat al-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfiyya) of 1895
Appendix 5: Translation of the Amended Regulations for the Ṭuruq (LÄʾiḥat al-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfiyya) of 1903
Appendix 6: Translation of the Internal Regulations for the Ṭuruq (al-LÄʾiḥat al-DÄk̲h̲iliyya li-l-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfiyya) of 1905
Appendix 7a: The Genealogy of Muḥammad Abū l-Suʿūd al-Bakrī
Appendix 7b: Descendants of Muḥammad Abū l-Suʿūd al-Bakrī Down to the Early 20th Century
Appendix 8: Names of Persons Who Held the Supreme Authority Position over the Bakrī Family and the Bakriyya Order in Ottoman Egypt
Appendix 9: Appointees to the NiqÄbat al-As̲h̲rÄf from ca. 1750 until 1911
Bibliography
Index of Arabic and Turkish Terms
Index of Personal Names
Index of Place Names
General Index
Acknowledgements
List of Maps and Plates
Note on Spelling and Transliteration
Introduction
1 The Emergence and Institutionalization of Central Authority over the Ṭuruq and Ṭuruq-Linked Institutions
â1âAl-Bakriyya and Its Leaders
â2âThe NiqÄbat al-As̲h̲rÄf
â3âThe ArbÄb al-SajÄjÄ«d
â4âThe Ṭuruq
â5âThe Formalization of al-BakrÄ«âs Authority and Muḥammad Ê¿AlÄ«âs Policy
â6âThe Shrine- and TakÄ«ya-Based Ṭuruq
â7âṬuruq without Material Assets
â8âThe TakÄyÄ and ZawÄyÄ
â9âThe Appointment of Muḥammad al-BakrÄ« as NaqÄ«b al-As̲h̲rÄf and Its Implications
â10âDemarcation of Authority: The Agreement with al-Azhar
â11âThe Early Phase of the Ṭuruq Administration
â12âSummary
2 The Ṭuruq Realm, the Principle of Right of Qadam, the Nature and Functioning of the Ṭuruq Administration
â1âThe Genesis of the Principle of Right of Qadam
â2âAl-BakrÄ«âs Authority over the Ṭuruq and the Principle of Right of Qadam
â3âThe Ṭuruq Administration and the Government
â4âConflicts about Right of Qadam and Their Resolution
â5âThe As̲h̲rÄf as ṬarÄ«qa Officials
â6âConflicts Not Related to Qadam
â7âThe MawÄlid and the Ṭuruq
â8âThe Shrines
â9âThe Mawlid al-NabÄ« Celebrations
â10âAdditional MawÄlid and Other Celebrations Organized and Supervised by al-BakrÄ«
â11âThe Processions of the Kiswa, the Maḥmal and the Laylat al-Ruʾya
â12âThe Ṭuruq Involved
â13âAl-BakrÄ«âs Administration and the ṬakÄyÄ
â14âAl-BakrÄ«âs Administration, the Cairene Shrines and Their Intendants
â15âThe Nature and Scope of al-BakrÄ«âs Authority
â16âDemands for Reforms
â17âSummary
3 The Crisis of Authority
â1âThe Circular of 1881, Its Contents, Implications and Consequences
â2âThe Inadequate Maintenance of Rights of Qadam
â3âThe New Ṭuruq, Their Leaders, Their Spread, Their Recognition
â4âSecessionist Ṭuruq
â5âThe Changing Area of Authority and the Decline of Its Legitimacy
â6âThe Ê¿UrÄbÄ« Insurrection and ṬarÄ«qa Involvement
â7âSummary
4 The Promulgation of the Regulations for the Ṭuruq, Their History and Contents
â1âMuḥammad TawfÄ«q al-BakrÄ« and the Early Re-assertion of Authority
â2âThe Regulations of 1895
â3âThe Amended Regulations of 1903
â4âṬuruq without Official Status
â5âThe Internal Regulations of 1905
â6âThe Reformist Calls for Iá¹£lÄḥ of the Ṭuruq
â7âOpposition to and Acceptance of the Internal Regulations
â8âStatus Changes of the Ṭuruq
â9âThe Political Activities of Muḥammad Tawfiq al-BakrÄ«
â10âSummary
Epilogue
Appendix 1: Translation of the FirmÄn Issued by Muḥammad Ê¿AlÄ«, Viceroy of Egypt, Investing Muḥammad EfendÄ« al-BakrÄ« with Authority over the Ṭuruq and Ṭuruq-Linked Institutions
Appendix 2: Translation of the Maḥdar Setting out the Demarcation of the Areas of Authority of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-SajjÄda al-Bakriyya, Muḥammad EfendÄ« al-BakrÄ«, and the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Azhar, IbrÄhÄ«m al-BayjÅ«rÄ«
Appendix 3: Translation of a Circular Issued by the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Bakrī to All the Chiefs of the Religious Sects
Appendix 4: Translation of the Regulations for the Ṭuruq (LÄʾiḥat al-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfiyya) of 1895
Appendix 5: Translation of the Amended Regulations for the Ṭuruq (LÄʾiḥat al-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfiyya) of 1903
Appendix 6: Translation of the Internal Regulations for the Ṭuruq (al-LÄʾiḥat al-DÄk̲h̲iliyya li-l-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfiyya) of 1905
Appendix 7a: The Genealogy of Muḥammad Abū l-Suʿūd al-Bakrī
Appendix 7b: Descendants of Muḥammad Abū l-Suʿūd al-Bakrī Down to the Early 20th Century
Appendix 8: Names of Persons Who Held the Supreme Authority Position over the Bakrī Family and the Bakriyya Order in Ottoman Egypt
Appendix 9: Appointees to the NiqÄbat al-As̲h̲rÄf from ca. 1750 until 1911
Bibliography
Index of Arabic and Turkish Terms
Index of Personal Names
Index of Place Names
General Index
All interested in the history of sufi orders, their institutionalization, organization and forms of administration.