1.1 Illustration highlighting the role of historical reports (mutawātir and āḥād) and communal belief in legal epistemology 24
3.1 Visualization of the four epistemological states of the human heart before knowledge: majnūn, ʿāqil, shākk, and ẓānn 67
3.2 Diagram showing the flow from theological and epistemological foundations to legal conclusions in al-Dabūsī’s Ḥanafī legal theory 68
3.3 Diagram showing al-Dabūsī’s six-part typology of law: necessarily/possibly permissible, obligated, and prohibited actions across worldly and religious domains 72
3.4 Diagram showing actions such as eating, protection, procreation, and child-rearing as rationally and legally necessary 73
3.5 Diagram showing core obligations like worship, knowledge of divine testing, and acknowledgment of divine creation 74
3.6 Diagram showing jahl, ẓulm, ʿabath, and safah as rationally prohibited actions 75
3.7 Diagram showing belief in idols, denial of God or prophets, and the creation of the world for merely worldly pleasure as forbidden 76
3.8 Diagram showing facultative needs like wealth accumulation, luxury, and sexual pleasure as conditionally permitted 78
3.9 Taxonomy of four types of prohibitions: essential by nature or law, and accidental by attribute or proximity—with legal consequences 80