Index
ʿabath
.
see pointlessness
Abān b. ʿUthmān (governor of Medina)
163n21, 164
ʿAbbās Ḥilmī II (r. 1892–1914)
123
Abbasids (r. 132–656/750–1258)
156, 175n71
ʿAbd Allāḥ b. Kullāb (d. ca 240/854–55)
192n25
ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Dīb (d. 1431/2010)
11, 11n5, 19
ʿAbd al-Ghāfir al-Fārisī (d. 529/1135)
19
ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm al-Siyalkūtī (d. 1067/1657)
97, 110
ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd (d. 1328/1978)
122
ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī (d. 415/1025)
207
ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān
163–165
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 953/1546)
100
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Pinjwīnī (d. 1319/1900)
101
ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Khallāf (d. 1375/1956)
9n1, 29, 30
Abū ʿAbdullāh al-Baṣrī (d. 366/977)
207
Abū Bakr al-Jaṣṣāṣ (d. 370/981)
18, 83, 120n2, 190
Abū Ḥāmid al-Isfarāyinī (d. 406/1015)
11
Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 150/767)
11, 158, 189, 192, 192n25
Abū al-Ḥasan Alkiyya al-Ṭabarī (d. 504/1110)
20
Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī (d. 324/935)
43, 49n43, 84, 84n54, 103, 165n41, 192n25
Abū al-Ḥasan Bahmanyār (d. 458/1067)
101
Abū al-Ḥusayn al-Baṣrī (d. 436/1044)
13, 15, 41n25, 43, 83, 83n52
Abū Isḥāq Ibn ʿAyyāsh (d. 359/970)
207
Abū Isḥāq al-Isfarāyinī
179
Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī (d. 476/1083)
19
Abū l-Qāsim al-Dārikī (d. 375/985)
20
Abū l-Qāsim al-Kaʿbī (d. 319/931)
189, 190n14, 191n20, 193
Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944)
4, 79n41, 84, 84n55, 187–206
Abū al-Muʿīn al-Nasafī (d. 508/1115)
83, 84, 86, 97
Abū Muṭīʿ al-Balkhī (d. 199/814)
192n25
Abū al-Thanā l-Iṣfahānī (d. 749/1349)
23, 24
Abū al-Thanāʾ Maḥmūd b. Zayd al-Lāmishī
84
Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim b. Sallām (d. 224/838)
18, 19
Abū al-ʿUsr al-Bazdawī (d. 482/1089)
82n49, 192n25
Abū al-Walīd Mūsā b. Abī al-Jārūd
20
Abū Yaʿqūb al-Buwaytī (d. 231/846)
20
Abū Yūsuf (d. 184/799)
18, 158
Abū Yūsuf al-Kindī (d. ca 259/873)
189
Abū Zayd al-Dabbūsī (d. 430/1039)
3, 13, 17, 25, 65–92
acquisition
99, 134
ʿadl
.
see justice
ʿAḍud al-Dīn al-ʾĪjī (d. 756/1355)
23, 112, 113, 116
aḥkām
.
see positive law
ʿĀʾisha (Muḥammad’s wife)
164
Aksin Wijaya (b. 1974)
37, 49–54, 58
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (d. 539/1144)
66, 82, 83, 187, 197
Alexandria
123
ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Rāziq (d. 1386/1966)
122
Allāh
.
see God
al-Āmidī (d. 631/1233)
23, 112, 157
amr
.
see command
analogy
11, 12, 42, 56, 111n38, 114, 115, 156, 172, 173, 175, 175n71, 182, 188n6
anthropomorphists
132
ʿaql
.
see reason
Aristotelism
53, 94
Aristotle
189
Ashʿarī school
5, 15, 16, 17, 30, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43–45, 49, 49n43, 51, 53, 58, 83, 84, 98, 98n14, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 107, 108, 116, 117, 118, 121, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 147, 148, 155, 157, 160n18, 176, 192n25, 199, 207, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 234
Avicenna (d. 427/1037)
101, 102, 117
al-Azhar
93n2, 100, 123, 129n22, 140, 148
Baghdad
11, 41, 41n27, 156, 207, 218
al-Bahārī (d. 1119/1707–8)
106
al-Bāqillānī (d. 403/1013)
16, 36, 43, 43n31, 44, 45, 48, 52, 58, 112, 160, 161, 178, 179, 181, 199, 199n53
Basra
18, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 192, 207, 208
bāṭin
.
see esoteric knowledge
al-Bayḍāwī (d. 685/1285)
23
best interest
160n18, 227
al-Bishr al-Marīsī (d. 218/833)
192n25
Bukhara
66
al-Bukhārī (d. 256/870)
22
burhān
.
see syllogism
Buwayhids
120n3
Cairo
29, 123
caliphs
156, 162, 163, 165
Cartesianism
94
caselaw
10
causative reasoning
94, 107, 111
Central Asia
79n41, 82, 85, 157
Christianism
37, 57, 124
collective consent
28, 29, 31
command
41, 43, 44, 46, 69, 86, 109, 127, 142, 145, 162, 165–170, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222–236
concession
77, 230, 233, 234
conjecture
65, 67, 68, 69, 104, 106, 112
consensus
11, 12, 21, 56, 121, 131, 162, 175, 176, 181, 182
consultative process
165
Dabūsiyya
66
dalīl
.
see evidence
deference
161, 161n20, 162, 184
Ḍirār b. ʿAmr (d. 200/815)
189, 189n9
disagreement
18, 19, 21, 26, 28, 66, 85, 95, 161, 175, 179, 182
disbelief
75, 76, 81, 85, 87
divine speech
3, 4, 35–61, 155–186, 199, 223, 225, 226
divorce
122, 132, 135, 136, 143–147, 148, 149, 164, 166n45, 168
Egypt
11, 22, 100, 123, 124, 129, 129n22, 140, 167
encyclopedias
9, 17, 23
Ernest Renan (d. 1892)
129
esoteric knowledge
70, 78, 79, 161, 172n60, 178
Europe
1, 23, 37, 54, 55, 57, 59
evidence
4, 40–47, 65–92, 93–119, 131, 132, 138, 141, 145, 149, 155–186, 195, 211n20, 213
evil
4, 76, 80–88, 128–133, 147–148, 193, 207–239
exegesis
4, 52, 120, 123, 129, 136, 187, 188, 197, 201, 202, 208n5
exoteric knowledge
78
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210)
23, 100, 101, 116, 117, 132, 178, 180n84, 181, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230, 235
al-Fārābī (d. 339/950)
10
Faraḥ Antūn (d. 1430/1922)
124, 130
fasting
22, 87, 173, 179, 196, 198, 200
Fāṭima bt. Qays
164
fatwa
4, 122, 123, 129, 136, 140, 142, 143
Fazlur Rahman (d. 1988)
51, 52
fiqh
.
see law
foundationalism
4, 93–119, 167
free choice
99, 188, 191, 195, 196n45, 197, 200, 202
furūq
.
see principles
Gabriel (prophet)
49
Gabriel Hanotaux (d. 1944)
124
al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111)
13, 17, 101, 103n22, 120n1, 160, 171, 179–181, 222, 230, 232, 233, 235
Gospels
226
ḥadīth
19–22, 120, 128, 168, 170, 178, 212, 221, 234
al-Ḥāfiẓ al-ʿIrāqī (d. 806/1403)
120n1
ḥajj
.
see pilgrimage
Hamadhān
207
Ḥanafī school of law
11, 14, 18, 21, 25, 29, 66, 68, 79, 79n41, 82, 83, 84, 88, 120, 120n1, 120n2, 138, 139, 144, 145, 155, 157, 159n15, 187, 190, 192n25, 202
Ḥanbalī school of law
4, 5, 36, 46, 83
Ḥārīṣ
10
Ḥasan al-ʿAttār (d. 1250/1835)
100
Hasan Hanafi (d. 2021)
37, 54–57, 58, 122
Hebrew
226
Heiddeger, Martin (d. 1976)
55
Herbert Spencer (d. 1903)
129
Hijaz
12, 175
ḥikma
.
see wisdom
Hishām b. al-Ḥakam (d. 179/795–6)
189
Hishām b. Ismāʿīl (governor of Medina)
163n21, 164
history
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39n6, 42n29, 48, 52, 53, 54, 56, 79, 79n36, 83, 93, 99, 120, 121, 123, 124, 136, 145, 168n49, 158, 183, 190, 217, 226
holism
78, 85, 137, 143
ḥudūd
21
ḥukamāʾ
.
see philosophers
human being
73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 99, 110n36, 128, 136, 141, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 200, 202, 203, 214, 228, 236, 212n26, 227
al-Ḥusayn al-Najjār (d. ca 230/845)
192
Husserl, Edmund (d. 1938)
55
ʿibādāt
21
Ibn Abī Layla (d. 83/702)
11
Ibn ʿĀbidīn (d. 1252/1836)
29, 138
Ibn al-ʿArabī (d. 543/1148)
120n2
Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004)
19
Ibn al-Farrāʾ (d. 458/1066)
36, 46
Ibn Ḥajar (d. 852/1448)
19, 22
Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249)
24
Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064)
42
Ibn Khaldūn (d. 808/1406)
12, 17
Ibn al-Laḥḥām
25
Ibn Mattawiyya (d. 468/1076)
208, 208n5
Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 751/1350)
231
Ibn Qutayba (d. 276/889)
19
Ibn Rushd (d. 595/1198)
10n4, 24, 49n43, 53, 132, 159n15
Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ (d. 643/1245)
20, 21
Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328)
19, 132, 230–235
ignorance
65, 68, 69, 75, 78
ijmaʿ
.
see consensus
ijtihād
.
see legal reasoning
ikhtiyār
.
see free choice
Ikhwān al-ṣafāʾ
72n18
ʿilla
.
see legal cause
Immanuel Kant (d. 1804)
129
Indonesia
37, 49n45, 51, 52, 53, 54n83
infallibilism
180n84, 181, 182
inferential reasoning
107, 109, 110
Injīl
.
see Gospels
interpretation
3, 15, 22, 32, 35–61, 66, 83, 85, 86, 88, 102, 107, 122, 124, 125, 129, 132, 136, 137, 142, 146, 155–186, 221–239
Iraq
11, 12, 155, 157, 159, 168, 170n55, 171, 175
ʿĪsā b. Abān (d. 221/835)
11, 19n13
Iṣfahān
207
islām
52
Islamic reform
124
Ismāʿīl Gelenbevī (d. 1205/1791)
100–101
istidlāl
.
see inferential reasoning
istiḥsān
25, 29, 159, 159n17, 172, 172n61, 174, 175n71, 183
jahl
.
see ignorance
Jalāl al-Dīn al-Dawānī (d. 908/1502)
99, 101
Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī (d. 1315/1897)
122, 123
Jamāl al-Dīn al-Zaylaʿī (d. 762/1360)
120n1
Java
49
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (d. 1778)
129
Jesus
226
Jibrīl
.
see Gabriel (archangel)
jinn
49, 195
judgment
10, 15, 23, 44, 131, 135, 139, 162, 165, 165n42, 166, 172, 172n60, 173, 178, 181, 182
Jules Francois Simon (d. 1896)
129
jurisprudence
2, 4, 9, 23, 25, 28, 31, 67, 79, 120, 122, 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 155, 157, 158, 160, 160n18, 161, 167, 176, 179, 183, 222, 230
al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
97, 116
justice
1, 1n1, 36, 38, 39, 121, 122, 131, 141, 142, 148, 149, 171, 208, 213n28, 217, 221n1, 224
al-Juwaynī (d. 478/1085)
11, 13, 19, 25, 100, 107, 112, 116n48, 176, 199
kaffarāt
21
kalām
.
see systematic theology
al-Karābīsī (d. 570/1174)
25–26
al-Karkhī (d. 340/950)
25, 83
al-Kātibī (d. 675/1277)
95, 96, 105
al-Khabbāzī (d. 691/1292)
23, 24
khilāf
.
see disagreements
Khurāsān
11n5
kufr
.
see unbelief
Lebanon
10
legal cause
109, 110, 111n38, 115, 188n6, 189, 190
legal reasoning
1, 4, 9n3, 10, 29, 30, 56, 57, 69, 148, 149, 155–186, 227
al-Maḥallī (d. 864/1459)
100, 113
Maḥmūd b. Zayd al-Lāmishī (fl. 6th/12th century)
84
Maḥmūd Muḥammad Ṭāhā (d. 1985)
52
Makdisi, George (d. 2002)
155
Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/795)
4, 12, 155–174
Mālikī school of law
10n4, 36, 42, 83, 120n2, 158, 159n15, 167, 183
Mankadīm
207
mankind
.
see human being
maqāṣid
.
see purposes
marriage
122, 125, 136, 137–140, 141, 145, 146, 148, 149, 165n40
Marw
8
Marwān b. al-Ḥakam
162, 163, 164, 165, 165n41
maṣlaḥa
.
see best interest
Māturīdī school
4, 17, 85, 98, 98n14, 99, 100, 102, 117, 121
Mecca
52, 53, 165n42, 221
Medina
12, 53, 163n21, 164, 167, 168, 169, 183
metaphysics
126, 135, 177, 188, 190, 191, 191n20
Middle East
29
Mīr Zāhid (d. 1101/1689–90)
106
miʿrāj
.
see night journey
al-Mirghiyānī (d. 593/1197)
120n1, 138
Moses
221, 225, 226
Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān
162, 163, 164, 165, 165n41, 169
Muḥammad ʿAbduh (d. 1323/1905)
4, 120–149
Muḥammad Abū Zahra (d. 1394/1974)
9n1, 23, 29
Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Shaybānī (d. 189/805)
19, 19n13, 170n55
Muḥammad al-Bāqir
168
Muḥammad ʿImāra (d. 1441/2020)
122, 124, 128, 129, 129n22, 143n66
Muhammad Shahrur (d. 2019)
48, 52, 54
Muḥammad Taqiyy al-Faqīh (d. 1999)
10
Mulla Sadra (d. 1050/1640)
53
mushabbiha
.
see anthropomorphists
Muʿtazilī school
4, 5, 15, 16, 17, 24, 30, 36, 37–43, 46, 79, 83, 84, 98, 99, 100, 107, 108, 112, 120n3, 121, 125, 126, 127, 128, 128n18, 129, 129n22, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 135n39, 147, 148, 155, 156, 189–192, 193n27, 207, 208, 209, 209n11, 211, 218, 222, 224, 227, 229
nafs
.
see soul
naql
.
see revelation
Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (d. 672/1274)
101–102
Naṣr Ḥāmid Abū Zayd (d. 2010)
50, 52
al-Nawawī (d. 676/1277)
21–22
naẓar
.
see speculation
Neoplatonism
72n18
night journey
221, 225
Nīsābūr
19
Niẓām al-Dīn al-Shāshī (d. 344/955)
14, 22
noumenon
161–184
occasionalism
4, 93–119, 188, 191, 195, 202
Omar Khayyam (d. 525/1131)
101
oneness of God
.
see unicity of God
oppression
75, 83, 233
Ottoman empire
100
paradigms
36, 45, 46, 47, 48
peripatetism
94
phenomenology
2, 37, 55, 56
philosophers
24, 37, 38, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 129, 210n18, 223, 224
philosophy
2, 4, 15, 23, 29, 32, 33, 35, 37, 45, 54, 55, 57, 58, 86, 89, 89n61, 90, 93, 93n2, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106–107, 117, 129, 129n2, 148, 189, 232
pilgrimage
171
pointlessness
75, 76, 81, 85, 216n44, 218
politics
1, 2, 3, 57, 123, 129, 129n22, 136, 161, 231
polygamy
122, 123, 132, 135, 136, 137, 140–143, 148, 149
positive law
30, 183
post-colonial
32
prayer
14, 21, 22, 31, 80, 81, 82, 87, 109, 171, 172, 173, 183, 221, 222, 228, 230, 233, 236
pre-colonial
29
premises
3, 35, 36, 37, 42, 96, 100, 101, 107, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 158
principle
14, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 40, 47, 77, 108, 111n38, 114, 115, 121, 122, 125, 131, 132, 136, 137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 175, 181, 182, 188, 194, 196, 201
prohibition
41, 43, 45, 65–92, 135, 143, 149, 159n17, 172, 181, 196–210, 223, 224, 226, 234
purposes
28, 160n18
al-Qaffāl al-Marwazī (d. 417/1026)
11
al-Qarāfī (d. 684/1285)
25, 229
qawāʿid
.
see principles
qiyās
.
see analogy
qubḥ
.
see evil
qudra
.
see volitional power
Quraysh
29, 51
Quṭb al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 766/1365)
105
ramadan
196, 198, 200
Rashīd Riḍā (d. 1354/1935)
123–124
rationalism
4, 79, 14, 104, 116, 122, 129, 125, 132, 133, 135, 136, 140, 143, 147, 148, 149, 155, 156, 157, 163n23
rationalist theology
155, 156, 157, 171, 176
Rayy
207
reader
10, 14, 26, 36, 148
reason
67, 68, 115, 117, 121, 147, 171, 194
relativism
4, 56, 160, 161, 179
responsibility
15, 28, 99, 126, 133n34, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 175, 207–220, 231
revelation
3, 15, 24, 35–61, 73–92, 113, 115–116, 120–151, 158–160, 161, 162, 167, 176, 179, 182, 200, 226
rukhṣa
.
see concession
Saʿd b. al-Layth
167
Saʿd al-Din̄ al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
93–118
safah
.
see disbelief
Saʿīd b. al-Musayyab (d. 94/715)
169
Salafī school
48, 129, 132
Samarqand
66, 84, 187
al-Sanhūrī
29, 31
Seljuk empire
101
al-Shāfiʿī (d. 204/820)
4, 11, 20, 21, 24, 29, 44, 45, 46, 58, 120n2, 155–186
Shāfiʿī school of law
20, 42, 65, 83, 84, 145, 155–186, 188n6
Shams al-Aʾimma al-Sarakhsī (d. 483/1090)
82, 83, 90, 138
Shams al-Dīn al-Iṣfahānī (d. 688/1289)
9n1, 28
Shiʿa
9, 10, 168, 170, 189
shūrā
.
see consultative process
sin
87, 175, 215
siyāsa
.
see politics
sociology
89, 156, 182
soul
28, 97, 124, 178, 225
speculation
10, 21, 69, 70, 71, 77, 95, 96, 97, 104, 107, 109, 110–113, 115, 125, 126, 130, 131, 157
Sufism
66, 67, 79
Sunna
9, 10, 12, 24, 36, 37, 45, 47, 56, 57, 69, 71, 79, 83, 84, 88, 93, 94, 103, 117, 122, 131, 137, 138, 140, 146, 176, 187, 226
supererogatory night-prayers
21–22
al-Suyūṭī (d. 911/1505)
23
syllogism
95n6, 111, 111n38, 114, 115
systematic theology
1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 18, 26, 28, 29, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 96, 96n7, 103, 103n22, 110, 112, 114, 117, 120, 130, 131, 155, 155n1, 187–206, 225
taʾwīl
.
see interpretation
tafsīr
.
see exegesis
tahajjud
.
see supererogatory night-prayers
al-Ṭāhir Ibn ʿĀshūr (d. 1393/1973)
122
Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī (d. 771/1370)
26–27
takfīr
.
see unbelief
taklīf
.
see responsibility
taʿlīl
.
see causative reasoning
Taqiyy al-Dīn al-Subkī (d. 756/1355)
20–22
taqlīd
.
see deference
taṣwīb
.
see relativism
tawḥīd
.
see unicity of God
theocracy
130
theoretical jurisprudence
28, 155, 157, 158, 161, 177n75, 183
al-Timurtashī
25
Torah
226
Toshihiko Izutsu (d. 1993)
52
Transoxania
65, 84, 187, 189
typology
72, 78, 94, 102, 103, 104, 113–117
ʿUbaydullāh b. al-Ḥasan al-ʿAnbarī (d. 168/784)
18
ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
165, 167, 169, 173
Umayyads
162–165
ʿumra
.
see pilgrimage
unbelief
25, 76, 130
unicity of God
39, 131, 132
ʿurf
.
see collective consent
uṣūl al-fiqh
1–5, 9–34, 35, 36, 41, 47, 54, 84, 100, 106, 108, 120, 120n3, 130, 133, 137, 149, 155, 176, 183, 187–206, 236
ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
165, 167
ʿUthmānic Codex
49, 51, 52
volitional power
187–201
Wahhābī school
129
wisdom
57, 71, 100, 102, 106, 144, 195n38, 217, 218, 219, 229
wrongdoing
73, 75, 210, 212–214
ẓāhir
.
see exoteric knowledge
Ẓāhiriyya
41, 41n27, 42, 47
zakāt
164, 170, 173, 173n62
ẓann
.
see conjecture
al-Zarkashī (d. 794/1392)
16, 17, 23
Zaydī school of law
83, 83n52, 207
Zaynab (d. 8/630)
22
ẓulm
.
see wrongdoing