Figures
2.1 General map with sites mentioned in text 35
2.2 Flint arrowheads from Susa 37
2.3 Archers from Susiana (ca. 4200â3800 BCE) [a] painted bowl from Susa; [b] painted pottery sherd from Djowi 37
2.4 Composite bows in Chogha Mish sealings (ca. 3800â3100 BCE) [a] line of bow-bearers, [b] oversize bow; [c] four bows; [d] two archers; [e] depiction of warfare at a fortified city 38
2.5 Composite bows in Susa sealing (ca. 3800â3100 BCE) [a] row of archers; [b] hunter with drawn bow; [c] âpriest kingâ 40
2.6 Third millennium BCE bifid copper/copper alloy arrowheads 42
2.7 Plaque from Mari 44
2.8 Depiction of Naram-Sin as archer in his victory stele; detail of left hand and bow 47
2.9 Chlorite and sandstone arrowhead moulds (early second millennium BCE) from Susa. [aâe] triangular blade, ranging from squat to elongated, and a flat tang; [f, g] barbed arrows 50
2.10 Arrowheads (second millennium BCE) from Susa 50
2.11 Scale armour [a] armour reconstruction (line drawings after Lorenz and Schrakamp 2011: 129, figs. 1â3); [b] bronze scale armour from Chogha Zanbil (photographs after Ghirshman 1966, Pl. 55.4a,c, Pl. 93 GTZ213, 214) 55
2.12 Elamite royal family at Shekaft-e Salman II 60
2.13 Seals and sealings from Chogha Zanbil 61
2.14 Bronze arrowheads [a] and [c] from Chogha Zanbil (after Ghirshman 1966, Pl. XCIII, G.T.Z.204â211; 1968, Pls. LXXXV, G.T.Z.736, XC, G.T.Z.838, G.T.Z.996); [b] Haft Tepe (after Negahban 1991, Pl. 30, No. 209) 61
2.15 Bronze plaque from Susa depicting Elamite divine warriors (ca. 9thâ8th century BCE) 63
2.16 Elamite weapon-bearers [a] Kul-e Farah IV (ca. 9thâ8th century BCE); [b] Kul-e Farah VI (ca. 7thâ6th century BCE); [c] Kul-e Farah I (ca. 7thâ6th century BCE) 64
2.17 Babylonian âmap of the worldâ (ca. 7th/6th century BCE) showing how two main invasion routes into Elamite territory must have been envisaged [a] maritime route via Babylon; [b] in-land route via Der 65
2.18 Elamite bowman bracing a duck-headed bow 69
2.19 Sample of bronze trilobate arrowheads from Susa (ca. 6th century BCE or slightly later) 72
2.20 Representations of [a] Darius I depicted on his tomb at Naqš-e Rostam; [b] royal archer coins of Darius (Louvre Museum), types I, II, and IIIa; [c] bow-bearer of Darius I at Bisotun; [d] Elamite tributary carrying Elamite duck-headed bow from the Apadana staircase at Persepolis 73
14.1 Military operations of Shapur I in 253â256 (according to Å KZ) 442
14.2 Military operations of Shapur II in 312â360 451
Maps
1 The Achaemenid Empire xviii
2 The Arsacid Empire xix
3 The Sasanian Empire xx