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Afrikanistik Internationale Beziehungen Nahost- und Islamwissenschaften
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Index

in Brill’s Companion to War in the Ancient Iranian Empires
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Dar Hadith al Hassania
  • Vollständiger Text

Index

Abdagaeses 376–77
Abdul-Masih al-Ghassani 629
Abgar II of Osrhoene 370
Abgar VII of Osrhoene 385
Aboulites 285, 298n102
Abu Bakr 646
Achaemenes, satrap of Egypt 132, 202
Achaemenid empire 1–19, 21–23, 34, 71–74, 84–111, 120–50, 157–79, 187–213, 219–22, 227–42, 252–59, 261–68, 270, 276–300, 305–06, 309, 310n34, 318, 320, 322n81, 329, 435n4, 445, 461, 478–82, 484, 486–87, 489–92, 494–500, 601n5, 636n196, 655–56
Ada of Caria 280
adê oaths 149n153, 223–24, 233n52
Adiabene 378, 381, 386, 389–90, 438–39
Adurbadegan (Azerbaijan) 510, 610, 630n109, 634–36, 643. Media Atropatene
Ādur-i Gushnasp (Thebarmais, Takht-e Soleyman) 509–10, 636–37
Aeschylus 89, 93, 98, 100, 188
Agathias 437, 445n69, 542n16, 577
Agesilaos 202n62, 237–39, 277
Ahuramazda 9, 87n11, 91, 96, 99, 102, 105–06, 148–49, 241, 446, 661
Ai Khanoum 306–07, 315–16
Akhshunwar 514, 516, 522–24, 528–29
Albania 376, 440, 456, 634, 637
Alexander I of Macedon 227–28
Alexander III of Macedon 2, 17, 19–20, 23, 120, 125, 135, 140, 143, 145–47, 150, 179, 187, 200, 203n63, 207, 213, 254, 259, 276–300, 305n6, 310n34, 315, 318, 481, 488, 493, 497, 517, 656–57
Alexandria 626, 631, 644
Alkhans 21, 511–13, 515, 519–21, 523–24, 532
Alkibiades 138
alliances. diplomacy
between Elamites and Hammurabi 52–54
between Elamites and Babylonians against Assyria 62, 65–68, 70
between Achaemenids and Greeks 109–10, 134, 137–40, 144–45, 200, 228–29, 231–41, 656
between Antiochus III and Arsaces II 319
between Arsacids, eastern nobles, and Central Asian tribes 333–34, 339, 348, 352–53
between Arsacids and Mesopotamian client rulers 385
between Sasanians and Arabs 449, 548–50, 575, 579, 615–17, 626, 629–30, 645, 647
between Romans and Arabs 548–50, 575, 579, 585–86
between Romans and Turks 585–86, 589, 637, 640
between Sasanians and Kidarites (Chionites) 450, 456
between Sasanians and Hephthalites 506, 513–14, 516, 572
between Sasanians and Turks 533, 584
between Sasanians and Avars 589, 638–40
al-Mundhir III b. al–Nuʿman 579, 614–15, 617. Lakhmids, Hira
al-Nuʿman III b. al–Mundhir IV 615–17, 629. Lakhmids, Hira
Āl-Yahūdu 261, 263
Alyattes of Lydia 227, 241
Amida
besieged by Shapur II 451–52, 457
besieged by Khosrow I 572
city 602, 611, 620
Ammianus Marcellinus 306, 437, 449–50, 453, 455–57, 459–60, 462, 480, 493, 542n16, 543n20, 559n101
Amminapes 282, 284, 286–87, 297n101
Amorges 137, 230–32
Ê¿Amr III b. al-Mundhir III 615. Lakhmids, Hira
Amyntas I of Macedon 227–29
Amyntas, son of Antiochus 281
Amyrtaios 140, 210
Anastasius 22, 571–72, 602
Andragoras 310
animals, pack 11, 168, 175–77, 319, 478, 525, 558. camels, donkeys, mules, logistics
Anthemius 546, 548n49
Antigonus I 304, 309n26, 313
Antioch Charax. see Spasinou Charax
Antioch in Margiana (Gyaur Kala) 305, 307
Antioch in Persis (Bushire) 305, 322–23
Antioch on the Orontes 259, 334, 353–54, 386, 388, 443–44, 448, 452, 461, 580–83, 603–04, 608, 609n57, 614, 619, 620, 624, 627, 630, 644
Antiochus I 305, 310–11, 320–21
Antiochus II 311–12
Antiochus III 308, 310–20, 322–23
Antiochus IV 305n8, 307, 311, 314, 316, 320, 323
Antiochus VII Sidetes 259, 311
Antiochus, Arsacid general 269
Antony, Mark 368, 370–72, 379–80, 383
Apamea (in Syria) 320, 581, 587, 624
Arab conquests. see Islamic conquests
Arabia 95, 122, 438, 449, 494, 545, 549–50, 600, 607–08, 612, 644
Arabissus 643
Arabs 4, 12, 14, 17, 22, 70, 177, 259–60, 317, 323, 329, 341, 438–40, 449, 454, 460, 499, 530, 548–51, 575, 579, 585–86, 590, 603, 612–18, 626–28, 644–45, 647, 659–60. Lakhmids, Jafnids, Ghassanids, Himyar, Islamic conquests
Arcadius 545–46, 548n50, 556n85
archers
Elamite 17–18, 23, 36–38, 41, 43, 46–48, 49–51, 55–56, 58, 60, 62–63, 65–70
Achaemenid 18, 100, 163, 187–196, 198, 201, 203n64, 206, 208, 212–13, 264–67
Seleucid 317
Achaemenid kings depicted as 72–73, 88–89, 100
Arsacid kings depicted as 344
horse archers
archigrammateus 311
Ardashir I 1, 9n23, 21, 435n4, 436–41, 445n69, 449, 456, 457n134, 461, 556, 658
Ardashir II 544n30
Ardashir III 643
Ardawan. see Artabanus
Areia 121, 125n32, 167, 288–89, 291, 292n78, 310n34
Ariobarzanes, rebel satrap 141
Ariobarzanes, satrap of Persis 285–86, 292
Ariobarzanes, son of Artabazos 286, 292
Aristagoras of Miletos 129, 189–90
Armenia, Armenians 2, 9, 14, 20, 137, 141, 238n70, 257, 280, 297n101, 310, 330, 333–35, 337–39, 345–53, 367, 373–89, 415, 418–19, 436, 440–54, 460n158, 461–62, 510–11, 514, 515n47, 522, 540, 542–49, 553, 556, 569, 578, 586–87, 600, 603, 611–13, 618–21, 623, 627, 628n144, 633, 637, 639, 641, 643, 645
armies
organisation of
Elamite 66, 160n6, 162
Achaemenid 6, 15–16, 159–72, 189–90, 200–208, 264–68, 655–56
Seleucid 314–21, 657
Arsacid 15–16, 268–69, 343, 347–50, 657–58
Sasanian 6, 15–16, 454–61, 529, 579, 606, 620n109, 658–59
recruitment 14–18, 23, 45, 51, 160, 165, 168–73, 188n5, 200, 262–67, 296, 299, 308, 310, 315–20, 375, 387, 456, 655–59 
sizes of 3, 12, 53, 62, 65–68, 165, 167, 173–74, 202–03, 283, 317–18, 348, 384n108, 455–56, 514, 517, 574–75, 636, 657
archers, cavalry, infantry, generals, guards (royal), logistics, mercenaries, navies, numbers (exaggeration of)
armour
Achaemenid 193, 197, 202, 208–09, 211–12, 479, 481–82, 484, 486–88, 490–92, 494–96, 657
Arsacid 369–70, 372, 392, 483, 485–86, 492, 495–96
Sasanian 456–57, 480, 483–86, 488, 492–93, 495–96, 575, 641
cuirass 193, 197, 205–211, 481–85, 491, 496, 500, 575n87
lamellar 483–85, 490, 492
linen 211, 481–82, 484
mail 483, 485–86, 575n87
scale 55–56, 189, 193, 197, 208–09, 212, 484–85
Arrian 203, 205–07
arrows 34, 37–38, 41, 43, 45–49, 51, 54–56, 58, 60, 63–64, 71–72, 88–89, 187, 189–90, 192, 194–96, 198, 201, 203–05, 208, 213, 265, 350, 370–71, 376, 380, 382, 388, 391–92, 479, 482, 493, 495, 575n87, 661
use of fire with 43, 51, 54
arrowheads, archers, bows, quivers
arrowheads 36, 41, 46, 50, 56, 71–72
barbed 49–50
bifid 41–43, 45–46, 48
tanged 43, 45–46, 49–50
trilobate 71–72
Arsaces I 339
Arsaces II 314, 319
Arsaces XVI 335–36
Arsacid empire 1–2, 4–5, 7–9, 11n29, 12n33, 13, 15–17, 19–21, 23, 254, 259–60, 268–69, 308, 314, 316, 319–20, 322, 329–55, 366–92, 401–21, 435–42, 445–49, 454–57, 461–62, 478–80, 484–86, 489, 493–95, 499, 569, 657–58
Arsak II of Armenia 450, 453
Arsak IV of Armenia 542, 544
Arsakes, satrap of Areia 289, 291, 292n78, 298n102
Arsames, satrap of Cilicia 278
Arsames (Aršama), satrap of Egypt 258
Arsames, son of Artabazos 286, 291–92, 294, 297n101
Artabanus (Ardawan) II 344n100, 374–78, 404n19, 410, 416
Artabanus (Ardawan) IV 1, 390–91, 411, 418n76, 438–40, 461, 567
Artabazos, general of Xerxes 135, 178
Artabazos, late Achaemenid satrap 236n63, 278, 286, 290–94, 296, 297n101
Artaphernes, brother of Darius I 128, 229
Artaphernes, son of Artaphernes 134
Artaphernes, envoy of Artaxerxes I 231
Artavasdes II of Armenia 337–39, 341, 348–49, 352
Artaxata 379–80, 383, 547
Artaxerxes I 90–91, 96, 136, 148n148, 229, 231, 241
Artaxerxes II 19, 90, 126, 139–41, 158, 202, 205, 212–13, 237–40, 256–58, 290, 298
Artaxerxes III 90, 108, 141–42, 145, 158, 257, 261, 281, 286
Artaxias of Armenia 310
Artēštārestān (Sasanian military manual) 11, 659–61
Arthmios of Zeleia 230
Ashurbanipal 68–70, 86, 206n74, 223–23, 226, 270, 478
Assyrian empire 1–2, 5, 18–19, 52–53, 56–58, 62–71, 88, 93–95, 97–98, 103–04, 107–08, 123, 149n153, 157–60, 162–63, 165n28, 169n43, 177, 191, 205–06, 208, 210, 219–20, 222–27, 233n52, 241, 261, 270, 655
Astronomical Diaries, Babylonian 253–54, 256, 259–60, 268–70, 329
Asurestan 444–45, 448, 452, 528, 602, 606–10, 615–16, 619
Athens 14, 89, 93, 126, 128–31, 133–39, 141, 144–45, 148n148, 178, 188–89, 194–95, 198–99, 202, 206, 209, 211, 220–21, 228–36, 238–41, 316, 384, 486
Acropolis of, sacked by Xerxes 133, 135n80
Atropates 285n43, 286–87, 292n78
Attambelus VII of Characene 386
Augustus Caesar 20, 369, 372–75, 409, 413n58, 418n77
Aurelian 445, 447
Aurelius, Marcus 388, 413n58
Autophradates 286–87, 297–98
Avars 589, 633n180, 634, 635n189, 636, 638–40, 645
Avesta 4, 11, 435n4, 654–55, 660–61
Avidius Cassius 389
axes 35, 41, 43, 45–47, 49, 51, 88, 193–94, 201, 210, 213, 655
Axum 608
Azerbaijan. see Adurbadegan, Media Atropatene
Babylon, city of 53, 57–59, 66, 70, 86, 97–98, 104, 108, 124, 127, 143, 157, 161, 171, 253–54, 256, 258–61, 267–69, 284, 286n46, 295n90, 299, 335, 343
Babylonia 17–19, 23, 47, 52–54, 56–59, 62, 64–68, 71, 86, 91–92, 94, 97, 107, 122–23, 126, 132, 144, 149, 157, 159, 169–70, 171n50, 202–03, 203n64, 223–24, 252–70, 284–85, 626, 655
Neo–Babylonian empire 70, 97, 103n91, 108, 121–23, 157, 159, 160, 162, 222–24, 226–27, 270, 655
Cyrus’ conquest of 84, 97–98, 121–22, 124, 157, 254, 256
revolts against Achaemenid empire 105, 107, 124, 132, 157, 255–56
in Seleucid empire 259, 268–69, 304, 307, 310, 312n37, 320n68, 322n84
in Arsacid empire 253–54, 259–60, 268–70, 329–30, 334–36, 341–43, 347–49, 352, 386–87, 389, 485, 499
Bactra, city of. see Balkh
Bactria 108, 121, 125, 135–36, 166–67, 288–91, 293, 295–96, 298n104, 306–07, 309–10, 313, 315, 320–21, 330, 490, 507n3. Tukharistan
Bactrian coin inscriptions 508n6, 511–12, 517, 518n61, 520–21, 532
Bactrian Documents 519–23, 526, 531, 533
Balkh (Bactra), city of 121, 126, 305, 507n3, 510, 514, 518–19, 522, 524, 526, 528
ballistic weapons 382, 457, 572
Barbalissus 443
Bardiya 121, 126, 164n24
Barsaentes 286, 288
Barsine 290, 292n79
battle
iconography of 7, 8n18, 12, 13n36, 21, 23, 40–41, 43–44, 68–69, 88, 100, 104, 193–94, 201, 206, 480, 486, 493, 496–500
terminology of 661
battle tactics
Elamite 53–54, 59, 67–68
Achaemenid 12, 13n35, 187–213, 283–84
Seleucid 304, 318
Arsacid 12n33, 349–50, 372, 376, 380, 382–83, 387 389–92
Sasanian 11, 12n34, 526–27, 575, 659
Hephthalite, against Sasanians 524, 526–27
ambush 198n48, 350, 371, 524, 526–27
concealed trenches as traps 526–27, 574
archery and 43, 45–46, 53–54, 187–90, 198, 213, 382–83
coordination of archers and spearmen 43, 187–88, 192–95. sparabara
use of defensive shield walls 195–96, 199, 204, 207n79, 213
Roman testudo 199, 371
coordination of infantry and cavalry 283–84, 318, 376, 457, 574, 657
cavalry charges 370–72, 479, 526–27, 529
chariots and 55–56, 60, 318
elephants and 320
feigned retreat 349, 369–70, 380, 524, 527
horse archery and 296, 350, 369–72, 376, 380, 383, 388, 456, 480, 527, 529
coordination of armoured cavalry and horse archers 369–72, 383, 390–92, 456, 575, 657
Behistun. see Bisotun
Belisarius 574–76, 578, 580, 582
Bessos 286–91, 293, 298n104
Bezabde 451–52
Bisotun 7, 11, 72–73, 87–88, 95, 101–07, 123, 126n37, 157, 160–61, 164n24, 166–67, 169n41, 255–56. Darius I
body armour. see armour
booty. see plunder
Boran 616–17, 643
Borsippa 57, 64, 253, 256n15, 260, 263
Boubares 227–28, 241
Boupares, satrap of Babylon 284
bow plot (bīt qašti) 254, 262–63. armies (recruitment), taxation (connected to military service)
bowmen. see archers
bows 12, 17–18, 34–35, 37–43, 46, 48–49, 51, 54–56, 60, 63–64, 70–73, 88–89, 100, 163, 188–94, 201, 203, 207–09, 265, 350, 371, 376, 382, 390, 495–96, 527, 575n87 
composite reflexed 34–35, 38–43, 46, 48–49, 51, 54–56, 58n128, 60, 63–64, 70, 72
double recurved 350, 495
duck–headed 64, 68–70, 72–73
ranges of 39, 43, 203–04
Parthian, Scythian. see double recurved 
arrows, archery, quivers
bridges 127, 132, 168, 379, 382, 386, 641. Hellespont, crossing by Xerxes
Byzantine Empire. see Roman Empire
Caesennius Paetus, L. 381–83
caliphs 644, 646–47
Callinicum
battle of 575, 614
city 547, 583, 611
Calpurnius Bibulus, M. 354
Cambyses II 84, 89, 97, 102–03, 108n116, 120–23, 126, 128, 149, 158–59, 177n76, 255, 264
camels 175–77, 225, 256, 390–91, 478
Caracalla 21, 390, 411, 418n76, 438
Carrhae
battle of 12n33, 20, 23, 330, 346–48, 350–52, 368–72, 376, 391–92, 658
city 440–41, 444–45, 448, 581
Carus 448, 569
Caspian Gates 577
Caspian Sea 290, 318, 321–22, 517, 570
Cassius Dio 367–71, 382, 391, 409, 418n77, 437, 461
Cassius Longinus, C. (1) 353–54
Cassius Longinus, C. (2) 378
cataphracts 318, 370–72, 376, 383, 391–92, 456, 492, 495, 657. clibanarii, cavalry
Caucasus 2, 16, 20, 23, 341, 375, 446, 449, 452, 540, 545, 546n41, 549n56, 550, 569, 577, 583, 574, 602, 604–05, 619, 634, 637–38, 640
cavalry 15, 20–21, 23, 296, 478–500, 574, 657–59
Achaemenid 146, 164–65, 166n31, 167, 169, 175, 195n35, 197, 198n48, 201n56, 202, 204n67, 207, 209, 212n103, 213, 266, 278, 283–84, 318, 478–82, 484, 486–98, 500
Arsacid 333, 343, 347–50, 352–53, 369–72, 376, 380, 382–83, 390–91, 478–80, 483, 485–86, 489, 492–97, 499–500, 657
Assyrian 62, 65, 68–69, 208n83, 498
Sasanian 449n89, 456–60, 478, 480, 485–86, 490, 492–99, 526–27, 529, 531, 575, 658–59
Seleucid 308, 310, 316, 318–19, 491–92, 657
cataphracts, horse archers
catapults. see ballistic weapons
Central Asia 1, 21, 100n75, 101, 121, 125n30, 127, 158, 179, 290–95, 306, 310n34, 315, 317–18, 332–35, 339–41, 348, 352–53, 387, 450, 482, 490, 506–34, 607, 609n53, 640. Eastern Iran
Chaghaniyan 514, 531
Chandragupta Maurya 304, 320
chariots 43, 55–57, 59–60, 62, 65, 68–69, 91, 164, 171, 175n70, 208, 262, 266–67, 283–84, 318, 499n82, 654
charioteers 91, 171, 654
chess 458–59
China 1, 74, 329, 333n25, 401n5, 402n9, 447n78, 484, 494, 508, 509n16, 518, 525, 531, 570
Chionites. see Kidarites
Chios 128, 231, 239
Chogha Mish 36, 38–41
Chogha Zanbil 54n104, 55–56, 60–61
Chorienes. see Sisimithres
Christianity
adoption in Armenia 450
Sasanian empire and 9, 450, 511n26, 548, 581, 583, 585–86, 610, 625–26 
Arabs and 612n72, 613, 615
in diplomatic contexts 551
use in Heraclius’ propaganda 9, 625
influence on historiography 436–37, 542n16, 581, 625, 634n186
Chronicon Paschale 611, 622, 635n189, 643
Cilicia 126, 132, 146, 166n30, 173, 227, 278, 341, 353, 623–24
Cilician Gates, battle of the 370
civil wars. see dynastic conflict
clibanarii 483, 575. cataphracts, cavalry
coinage 3, 7, 21, 72–73, 88–90, 100, 121, 125, 127, 143–44, 323, 332, 335–37, 340n83, 342, 344, 347, 435n4, 436, 441, 484, 486, 494, 507–09, 512–14, 517–18, 520–23, 525–26, 528–32, 577, 631, 633
Constantinople 516, 548n50, 551n67, 556, 558, 568, 573, 575–76, 582, 584–86, 588–89, 611, 613, 618–20, 623–24, 626–27, 632–34, 636–40, 643, 645
Constantinus Porphyrogenitus 556–57, 559
Corbulo, Cn. Domitius 379–85, 411, 415
corselet. see armour, cuirass
Crassus, M. Licinius 12n33, 20, 330, 336n59, 338, 342, 346–53, 367–69, 372–73, 380, 384, 391–92
Croesus of Lydia 121
Ctesias 107, 121n10, 122n16, 123, 127, 131–33, 139n98, 255
Ctesiphon 343, 374, 377, 386–87, 389, 408, 437, 440, 444, 448, 452, 456, 569–70, 572–73, 575–80, 583, 603, 607n46, 609, 613, 617, 619, 620n109, 625–26, 641, 643
cuirass. see armour
Cunaxa, battle of 126n34, 139, 200, 202–06, 210, 212–13, 258
Cyaxares 227, 241
Cyprus 94, 122, 126, 132, 140–41, 173, 178, 229, 239, 256, 281, 633
Cyrus Cylinder 7, 18, 86, 91, 97–99, 124, 126, 223n5, 254–55
Cyrus I of Anshan, seal of 478, 489, 497
Cyrus II (‘the Great’) 1, 12n34, 84, 86, 91, 94, 97–98, 102, 108n116, 110, 120–24, 157–58, 165, 203, 205, 209, 220, 222, 227, 236–37, 238n70, 254–55, 265n50, 282n28, 298n102, 478, 655
Cyrus the Younger 126n34, 138–40, 158, 176, 204, 210, 258
daggers 41, 51, 69, 88–89, 189–90, 265. swords
Dahae 294, 318–19, 377
dahyāva 91, 93
Daiva inscription of Xerxes (XPh) 87n11, 96, 102, 105–06, 135
Damascus 290n71, 624, 627–28, 644, 647
Dara
battle of 12n34, 574
city 573, 576, 581, 587–88, 604, 610–11, 619–20
Darius I 1, 7, 10–11, 18–19, 72–73, 84, 87–110, 121n11, 123–32, 134, 143, 149, 157–58, 160–61, 164n24, 166, 169, 173–74, 191–92, 209, 220, 227–29, 241, 255–56, 258, 263–66, 270, 655–56
succession wars of 10–11, 124, 157–58, 161, 164n24, 167, 169
Darius II 90–91, 107, 137–39, 230–37, 258, 262n38
Darius III 20, 111, 125–26, 143n123, 145–47, 158, 164, 203, 207, 259, 276–91, 293, 296, 298n104, 299, 319, 493, 656–57
Darius, son of Artaxerxes II 258
Daskyleion 121, 135, 231, 280, 290
Dastgird 619, 641–42
Datames 141, 236n63, 257, 268
Datis 131, 133–34
Daylamites 499, 659
Delian League 136, 202, 220
Demetrius I, Seleucid king 314
Demetrius I of Bactria 320
Demetrius III, Seleucid king 334
Demetrius Poliorcetes 321
Denkard. see Avesta
deportation 23, 57, 107–08, 260–62, 351, 446, 454, 461, 510, 580, 583, 587, 603–04, 608
Dhu Qar, battle of 610, 615–18, 628
Dīnawarī 436, 509, 514–15, 531, 609n55, 612n73
Diocletian 448–49, 462, 541n12, 542n16
Diodotus I of Bactria 310
diplomacy 7, 13–14, 19, 21–22
Elamite 52–54, 56, 62, 68, 225–26
Assyrian 223–26
Median-Lydian 227
Achaemenid 13–14, 19, 109–10, 128–31, 136–40, 148, 220–22, 227–42
Arsacid 13, 21, 401–21
Sasanian 13–14, 22, 408, 410, 412, 441–42, 448–49, 451–53, 458–59, 462, 538–61, 566, 573, 576–79, 582, 584–85, 589, 602–04, 608, 615, 643–45
rules and rituals of 109–10, 407–14, 552–53, 556–60
conducted by non-state actors 414–19
alliances, embassies, peace, treaties
disease, epidemic 389, 583
Drangiana 121, 291–92, 294
dromedaries. see camels
Dura-Europos 389, 442–47, 456, 483–84, 486, 493, 495
Dvin 611, 619, 635
dynastic conflicts, internal
Achaemenid 10–11, 107, 124, 137, 139–40, 157–58, 161, 164n24, 169, 258
Arsacid 20, 333–36, 339–45, 373–78, 437–38
Sasanian 436, 462, 513–14, 530–31, 571–72, 588–89, 608–10, 616, 643, 659
Eanna 253, 255, 264–67
earth, in Achaemenid ideology 91–92, 98
earth and water, gifts of 19, 111, 127–28, 131, 220, 227–29, 240–41
Eastern Iran 21, 121, 290–95, 305–07, 309, 315–16, 318–21, 332–36, 339–41, 374, 377, 380, 387, 450, 482, 490, 506–34, 589n211, 602, 610, 656–57. Central Asia
Ebabbar 253, 255, 264–66
Ecbatana 107, 168, 264, 284, 286, 304–06, 308, 314, 335
Edessa 385, 387, 389, 438, 440, 444–45, 447n82, 572, 581, 583, 604, 619–20, 624, 632, 643
Egypt 2, 18, 22, 38n13, 71, 93n43, 94, 124, 206, 210, 225, 229, 259, 286, 316, 570, 606n42, 607n45, 615, 620
Achaemenid conquest of 100n75, 102–03, 108n116, 122–24, 157–58, 177, 187, 198, 219, 221, 264, 266
revolts against Achaemenids 102n85, 105, 132, 136, 140–41, 177, 200–02, 210–11, 220, 229, 235, 239–40, 256, 261, 266, 281
Achaemenid recruitment from 166, 171, 173, 202, 205, 210, 211n96 
Alexander’s conquest of 281–82
Ptolemaic 259, 304, 310, 315–16, 342
Sasanian conquest of 12n31, 589–90, 601, 622n117, 624, 626, 630–33, 645–47
Islamic conquest of 600, 644–47
Elam
kingdom of 1, 5–7, 17–18, 34–74, 157, 159, 160n6, 162, 190n12, 221–26, 655
in Achaemenid empire 94–95, 103, 106, 108, 124, 167, 319
Hellenistic Elymais 259, 269, 335–36
Elegeia 385, 388–89
elephantarch 321
Elephantine 140, 161n8, 166n31, 168n40, 170–71
elephants 310, 320–21, 527, 588, 656
embassies 14, 23, 62, 110, 128–29, 221–22, 225–26, 229, 231, 238–39, 401–02, 404n19, 408–09, 414–17, 420–21, 518, 524, 531, 546, 549, 553, 556–60, 566, 578, 580, 584, 588, 623n118, 624, 643. diplomacy
Emesa 416, 441n47, 443–44, 624, 627
envoys. see diplomacy, embassies
Esarhaddon 68–69, 97, 223n11, 224–26, 241
Eshnunna 48, 52–54
Euphrates River 2, 20, 53, 122–23, 176, 256, 258, 322, 343, 345, 347, 351, 377, 379, 381–86, 389–90, 403, 407, 411n48, 412, 414, 419–20, 437, 443, 447, 450–52, 461, 567, 575, 580–81, 587, 590, 619, 621–22, 627
Eurymedon, battle of 136, 202
Evagoras of Salamis 140–41, 239n74, 256
Ferdowsi, Shahnameh 3–4, 509n16, 513, 514, 528, 530–31, 556–57, 559, 607, 659
Firuzabad 7, 439, 485–56, 489, 492
fleets. see navies
foederati. see alliances
fortifications
architecture of 306–07, 316, 510
attacks on 36, 38, 211, 306, 343, 353, 382, 572, 587
battlefield 207
camp 199
repairs to 254
sieges 
fortress systems 11, 16, 23, 53, 65–66, 70, 122, 160n7, 176, 267, 308, 343, 443, 448–49, 451–52, 508–10, 517–18, 550–51, 570–71, 573, 575–76, 579, 605, 611, 627. garrisons, Great Wall of Gorgan
fortresses
as administrative and logistical centers 161n9, 162, 168–69, 171, 176–78
as strategic garrison sites 308–09, 317, 387, 390, 452, 508–10, 569, 572n56, 573, 582, 584
as bases of semi-autonomous rulers 291, 293–94
commanders of 66, 171, 317, 457–58
garrisons, phrourion
frataraka 309, 314, 317. Persis (Fars) in Seleucid period
frontier zones
Elamite, in Mesopotamia 58, 62–67
Achaemenid, Aegean 128–40
Achaemenid, eastern 122, 290–95
Seleucid, eastern 308
Arsacid, eastern 332, 335–36, 347, 351
Arsacid, Euphrates region 330, 345–52, 403, 407, 412–14, 418, 420, 451, 454–55, 461
Sasanian, eastern 506–34, 540n6, 607, 609
Sasanian, Euphrates region 540–41, 545–52, 556, 567–73, 576, 578, 587, 605
Sasanian, desert 603, 611, 614–18, 627–30, 644–45
Frontinus 370–71
fusion policy of Alexander III, alleged 280, 299
futūḥāt. see Islamic conquests
Gabinius, Aulus 338, 341–42, 345
Galerius 448, 462, 541, 554n77
Gallienus 444
Gandhara 121, 167, 295, 482, 506–09, 511–13, 515, 519–24
Ganzak 610, 636–37, 641, 643
garrisons 15, 54, 266
on Elamite–Assyrian frontier 62, 64–66
Achaemenid frontier 121–22, 128–29, 135, 138, 149, 160, 166, 168, 172, 228, 235, 278, 281
origin of soldiers in, Achaemenid period 160, 168–72
under Alexander 295, 299n108
Seleucid 306n13, 308, 315–16, 322
Arsacid 343, 351, 383, 390
Sasanian 510, 517, 569, 572n56, 632
fortresses, frontier zones, phrourion
Gaugamela, battle of 146, 164, 172, 179, 200, 202–03, 207–08, 212n103, 254, 259, 276, 283n30, 284, 285n40, 291n75, 293, 318–19, 656
generals, titles and duties of
‘turtan’, Elamite 66
krny/karanos, Achaemenid and Seleucid 179, 237, 314
rab ummu, in Achaemenid Babylonia 268
stratēgos, Seleucid 20, 238, 268, 295, 304, 310–13, 317n59, 322
‘general who is above the four generals’, Arsacid 268–69
artēštārān sālār, Sasanian 457–59
spāhbed, Sasanian 457–60, 529, 579, 586, 620n109, 659
aspbed (aswārān sālār), Sasanian 459, 659
George of Pisidia 633, 636n197, 637
Germanicus 413n58, 416
gerrha. see shields
Ghassanids 604, 612n72, 613n78, 629–30, 632
Gindaros, battle of 370–71
Gökturk khaganate. see Türk empire, Western
Gordian III 441, 446, 461
Gorgan 23, 517–18, 527, 529, 570. Hyrcania
Gorgo 516–17, 524, 526–27
Gotarzes I 334
Gotarzes II 378
Granikos River, battle of 145–46, 277–78, 280, 284n38
Great Satraps’ Revolt 141–42, 257, 290
Great Wall of Gorgan 5, 16, 23, 517–18, 570–71, 605
Greco–Bactrians 10, 310, 320, 330
Greece, Achaemenid invasions of 3–6, 10, 12–13, 93, 100, 105, 128–36, 148, 158, 167, 170–74, 176–78, 187–90, 193–201, 207–08, 220, 228–29, 656
Grumbates 450
guards, royal
Achaemenid 15, 104n100, 160–66, 188n5, 190, 196, 197n46, 199–200, 202–09, 656
Persians added to Alexander’s hetairoi 292n79, 296n91, 299
Arsacid 381
Sasanian 458–60, 574, 659
Immortals, mēlophoroi, Spear–Bearers
Gubaru (Gobryas) 122, 126
Gubaz 583–84
guides, Achaemenid 162, 166
Gupta Empire 513, 522. India
Gūzānu 265
Hadrian 388, 570
hadru 171, 262–63
Haft Tepe 56
Haftwād 438
hallinup 161, 167, 169
Hallutush–Inshushinak 67
halmarriš 161n9, 168. fortresses
halmarriš nuškip 161, 168. garrisons
Halule, battle of 67–68
Hammurabi 17, 52–54
Hanī b. Masʿūd 617
Hanni, kutur of Aiapir 71–72
Harbamišša, satrap of Areia 167
Hatra 387, 390, 403, 439–41, 445–47, 461, 484–85, 493
Hellespont, crossing by Xerxes 90, 152, 168
helmets 47, 55n106, 483, 487–91
Hephthalites 10, 21, 490, 506–07, 510n22, 511–12, 514–19, 522, 524–34, 555, 570–72, 584, 602–03, 605, 607, 658
Heraclius 9, 14n42, 22, 554n77, 589, 610, 613, 620–25, 628n144, 630–31, 633–45
Heraclius Constantine 639
Herodian 367, 390–91, 437, 456, 461
Herodotus 3n2, 10, 74, 84, 86, 89, 90, 93–94, 96, 107, 109, 111, 121n5, 122n16, 123, 126–30, 132–35, 144, 159, 163–68, 170–72, 174–78, 188–90, 194–99, 203, 205, 207–11, 220, 227–28, 319, 484, 574n77, 636n196
hetairoi, Macedonian 278–79, 285, 292n79, 299
Himyar 485, 492–93, 612
Hira 438, 440, 449, 614–17, 627–30. Lakhmids
hoplites 142, 162n12, 187–89, 193, 196–209, 211–13 
Hormizd III 513–14, 522–23, 525n90, 534
Hormizd IV 588, 608, 617n94
Hormizd–Ardashir 442–43, 446, 461
Hormzdagan, battle of 1, 439–40
horse archers 296, 318, 350, 369–72, 376, 382–83, 390–91, 456, 479–80, 485, 488, 495, 527, 529, 575, 657. cavalry
horsemen. see cavalry
Humban-menana III 67, 655
Humban-nikash I 64–65, 224
Huns 21, 450, 506–34, 540, 545, 548n49, 550, 555, 561, 569n27, 570–71, 660. Kidarites, Alkhans, Nezaks, Hephthalites
Hypatius 572n59, 573, 576
Hyrcania 282, 286–87, 289, 319, 322, 380, 415, 517. Gorgan
Hyspaosines of Mesene 259
Iberia 375–76, 379–80, 440, 446, 449, 452–53, 461–62, 543
Ibn AÊ¿tham al-Kufi 629
ideology, royal and imperial 7–10
Elamite 60, 73
Achaemenid 7, 84–111
Seleucid 311
Arsacid 7, 344
Sasanian 9–10, 446, 658
ilku 171, 262–64. armies (recruitment of), taxation (connected to military service)
Immortals 15, 163–66, 176, 188n5, 190, 196, 197n46, 199n51, 200, 202–09, 574, 656. guards, royal
infantry
in Early Dynastic Mesopotamia 43, 45, 210
Elamite 59
Assyrian 65
Achaemenid 19, 23, 164, 167, 172, 187–213, 264, 283–84, 318, 478, 482, 488–89
Greek. see hoplites, peltasts
Macedonian. see phalanx
Seleucid 304, 318
Roman 347, 349–50, 369, 380, 383, 390, 449n89. legions
Armenian 352
Iberian and Albanian 376
limited presence in Arsacid battle tactics 382, 456
Sasanian 456–57, 459, 480, 499, 574, 658
Arab 499
armies, archers, guards, Spear–Bearers, Immortals, cavalry
Inaros 136, 202
India 93, 124–25, 158, 166n32, 169n41, 176, 288, 295–98, 320–22, 459, 512–13, 519n68, 522, 569n25, 586n184, 606–07, 656, 661
Indo-Parthians 435n4
Indo-Sakas 486
Intaphernes 109, 256
International Relations (IR), theories of 19, 21–22, 400–05, 538–39
interstate relations. see diplomacy, International Relations 
Ionia 121, 128–130, 135–40, 146, 178, 198, 201, 231–33, 237–38, 261
Ionian Revolt 108, 129–31, 171n50, 198, 213, 229
Iphikrates 206, 211–12, 240
Iranian soldiers, Macedonian and Seleucid recruitment of 295–97, 299, 315, 317–19
Ipsos, battle of 318, 320
Iraq. see Mesopotamia
Islamic conquests 2, 4, 17, 22, 454, 530n118, 600–02, 613, 616–17, 621n114, 628–29, 644–47, 659–60
Issos, battle of 146, 200, 202–03, 206, 208, 212n103, 278, 281, 283, 284n38, 285n40, 286n45
Iyās b. Qābiṣah 615–16
Jafnids 575, 586, 579, 604n28, 613n78, 630n150
javelin-throwers 201, 206–07, 209, 212–13, 284n36, 319, 657. peltasts
mounted javelin-throwers 283n35, 288, 296, 391, 493
Javukha 521–22
Jerusalem 226, 263, 610, 612n70, 622n117, 624–25, 627–30
Jovian 452, 462, 541, 556, 559n99
Juan Veh 619–20
Julian 21, 452–53, 459, 462, 493, 541, 542n16, 559n99, 569
Justin I 573–74
Justin II 22, 585–87
Justinian 554n77, 555, 574–85, 590, 602n9, 604, 609, 614
Ka’ba-ye Zardusht inscription (ŠKZ) 7, 436, 441–44, 446, 449, 455, 457–61. Shapur I
Kabulistan 512, 514
Kadagistan 519–21, 524
Kamnaskires I of Elymais 259
Kamnaskires III of Elymais 335
Kamnaskires IV of Elymais 336
kāra 161, 164n24, 656
kardakes 172, 188n5, 202–03, 206–07, 209
Karen family 378, 440, 530–31, 533
Karkiš, satrap of Karmania
katoikia 308–09
Kautilya 11
Kavad I 16, 22, 514n40, 525, 528–32, 534, 566, 571–72, 575–76, 581, 602, 605, 609, 614, 617, 622, 658
Kavad II Shiroye 14n42, 554n77, 589, 642–43
Khazars 640
Khingila 512–13, 519, 521
Khorream. see Shahrwaraz
Khosrow I 16, 22, 517, 525, 529–30, 533, 554n77, 555, 559, 573–74, 575n87, 576–90, 602n9, 603–06, 608, 611, 614, 622, 624, 628, 631n155, 658
Khosrow II 2, 9, 17, 22, 588–89, 601, 603n15, 608–611, 615, 617–29, 632, 634–36, 639–45, 647, 659–60
Khosrow III of Armenia 544
Khurasan 506, 507n5, 509n16, 510, 517n55, 523, 528–30, 533n135, 534, 607
Khushnawaz. see Akhshunwar
Khuzistan 453, 461, 602, 606
Khuzistan, Chronicle of 437, 611, 615, 626–27
Kidarites 21, 450, 508–09, 512–13, 515–16, 518–20, 523–24, 526, 529, 532–34
King’s Peace. see peace
Kul–e Farah 63–64, 71–72
Kunchas 516
Kushan Empire 9–10, 454, 484, 494, 507–08, 532, 658
Kushano–Sasanians 486, 490, 507
Kushmayhan 509, 526, 528
Labienus, Q. 368, 370, 372, 391
Lagash 45, 51
Lakhmids 438, 449, 575, 585, 604, 610, 612–15, 627–29, 645. Hira
lances. see spears
‘Last Great War of Antiquity’ 600–01, 618–47. Khosrow II
Lazica 573, 576, 582–84, 604
leg coverings 480, 490–92
legions, Roman 2, 304, 349–50, 366–69, 372, 380–84, 386–89, 391, 443, 446
Lie, in Achaemenid ideology 87, 101–03, 109
lin huttip 161, 167–69
logistics 11, 18, 121, 133, 146–47, 159, 168, 174–79, 197n46, 266, 285, 306n13, 319, 322, 350, 369, 371, 381, 387–88, 392, 524–25, 627, 629, 631, 636, 639  
Lucullus, L. Licinius 408n38, 413n58
Lydia 84, 93–94, 108n116, 109, 121, 130, 135–37, 143, 149, 157, 176n73, 219, 227, 230–31
Macedon
kingdom, before Alexander III 127, 130, 144–45, 178, 200, 204n70, 210–13, 220, 227–28, 241, 277–79
conquests and empire under Alexander III 1, 17, 19, 145–47, 158, 179, 187–88, 202–03, 208, 213, 276–300, 496, 656–57
‘Macedonian’ settlements in Seleucid empire 315–16
maces 35–36, 493, 655
Macrinus 390, 438
Maecenas 409
Magnesia, battle of 314, 318–20
Mahuye 506, 520n118
Malene, battle of 198n48, 213
Mamikonean family 453, 544
Marakanda 293, 306. Samarkand
Marathon, battle of 12n34, 84, 125n32, 131, 133–34, 189–90, 195, 198, 201, 204, 209, 213
Mardin 609, 620
Mardonios 130, 133, 171, 178, 189n7, 195n39, 199, 228
Marduk 57, 59, 86, 97–98
Margiana 121, 124, 305, 307, 335
Mari 39n20, 43–45, 46n58, 52–54
Marw 506, 509, 517n55, 526, 528–29, 530n118
Marw al-RÅ«d 510, 528
marzbāns 453, 460–61, 506, 509, 530n118, 557, 586, 628, 659
Masistios 197
Maurice 11, 480, 588–89, 609–10, 618–19, 621
Mazaios 281, 284–85, 290, 292n79, 296n91, 297n101
Mazakes 281–82, 284, 286
Mazares 121
Mazdakites 531n123, 571, 576, 605n36
Mebarsapes, king of Adiabene 386
Mebodes 559
Mecca 612, 630
Media 10, 66, 84, 92, 94–96, 103, 121, 124, 127, 138, 146, 157, 161, 167–68, 190, 221–22, 225, 227, 284–88, 292n78, 304, 306–08, 310, 312–14, 318–19, 333, 335–36, 339, 341–43, 368, 371–72, 374, 383, 438–39, 492, 655–56
Media Atropatene 287n52, 335, 440, 610
Medina 600, 612, 630, 644–46
Medisers. see alliances (between Achaemenids and Greeks)
Megabazos, envoy of Artaxerxes I 229–30
Megabazos, general of Darius I 227–29
Megabyzos 136–37, 202
Melitene 385, 587–88
mēlophoroi 164–65, 203, 207. guards, royal
Memnon of Rhodes 277–78, 290n71
Menander Protector 545n32, 553, 558n95, 584, 602n9, 608, 612
mercenaries 15, 54
Greek, in Achaemenid army 16, 142–43, 172–73, 176n72, 200, 207, 210–11, 277, 281, 656
Dahae, in Seleucid army 319
Dahae and Saka, in Arsacid army 377
Sarmatian, in Arsacid army 375–76
Kidarite and Hephthalite, in Sasanian army 531
alliances
Mesene 416–17, 447. Spasinou Charax
Mešik. see Peroz-Shapur
Mesopotamia 1–2, 5, 16–18, 20, 34, 39, 41–43, 47–54, 56–58, 62, 65–70, 86–89, 98, 104, 107, 179, 221–23, 229, 252–70, 283, 306–07, 309n30, 317, 322, 333, 335–39, 341–42, 346–52, 366–67, 369–70, 377–78, 384–87, 389–90, 416–17, 437, 440–41, 443–45, 447–52, 454, 457, 461–62, 479, 542–43, 545–46, 548, 551, 556, 567, 569–71, 573, 575, 580–82, 587, 589, 602–03, 606, 607n46, 609, 611, 621, 625, 637, 641 Babylonia, Euphrates River, Tigris River
messengers, Achaemenid 158, 162–63
Meyam 519–24, 532
Miletos 129, 135, 189, 220, 232, 235–36, 278
military manuals, Sasanian. see Artēštārestān
military titles, Sasanian 457–61. generals
Miltiades 131
mints 100, 121, 125, 308n25, 340n83, 344, 441, 509, 512–13, 520, 528–29, 633. coinage
Misikhe. see Peroz-Shapur
Mithra 654–55
Mithrenes 280–81, 284, 297n101
Mithridates I 310n34, 333, 344n100
Mithridates II 330–38, 340, 344n100
Mithridates III 334, 336n59, 337
Mithridates IV 20, 336–45, 347
Mithridates of Armenia 375, 378
Molon 310, 312–13, 318, 320, 323n86
Monaeses 381, 383, 411n48
Monobazus 381
monumental art, military iconography in
Sumerian 41
Akkadian 88
Assyrian 68, 104, 196, 208, 485, 499n82
Elamite 60, 63–64, 71–72
Lydian 481, 488
Achaemenid 1, 7, 72–73, 88, 96, 99–100, 102n84, 104, 163–64, 166n30, 190–94, 204–05, 207–08, 212, 256, 492
Arsacid 482–85, 489, 492
Sasanian 1, 8, 436, 439, 441, 446, 461, 484, 486, 497–99, 658
Moses Khorenatsʿi 436, 440n40, 550n61
mounted archers. see horse archers
Muhammad 600, 612n73, 616n90, 630, 647
mules 68–68, 176–77, 319, 478, 525
Murašû archive 253, 258, 261, 263, 268
Musa 373, 418n76
Muthanna al–Haritha 646
Mykale, battle of 190, 194, 196, 199, 201–02, 204, 207, 213
Mytilene 122, 279n10
Nabarzanes 286–90, 291n74, 298n104
Nabonidus 97–98, 122, 255, 265n50
Nabopolassar 70, 226–27
nakharars 453, 543–45. Armenia
Naqš-e Rostam 1, 7, 8n18, 73, 87–90, 96, 98–100, 102, 105, 123, 132, 157, 209, 436, 441, 446, 485, 492, 658 
Naram-Sin 46–47, 88, 104, 210, 223n6
Narseh 7, 10, 410, 436, 448–49, 458, 462, 541, 554n77, 567–68. Paikuli
navarch 321
navies 23, 67, 130, 133, 138–39, 146, 172–74, 177–78, 198, 210, 211n96, 229, 231–33, 235–36, 238, 240, 277, 282, 321–23, 386, 452, 582, 623–24, 633, 639, 656
Naxos 134, 178
Nebuchadnezzar I 57, 59
Nebuchadnezzar II 261, 263, 267
Nebuchadnezzar III and IV, rebels against Achaemenids 124, 157, 255–56
Nectanebo II 141
Nero 20, 379, 381, 383–85, 408, 411, 413n58, 415, 418n77
Nezak Ṭarkhan 506, 533n135 
Nezaks 21, 506–07, 533
Nicetas 620, 623
Nicopolis 620
Nihavand, battle of 499
Nika Riot 576
Nineveh, battle of 641, 644
Nippur 48, 51, 57–58, 68, 108n116, 253, 263
Nisibis 386–87, 390–91, 438, 440–41, 444–45, 447, 449–52, 454, 457, 460n158, 462, 541–43, 547, 569, 573, 576, 582, 587, 609, 611, 619–20, 630
noble families, East Iranian, as political force 333, 336, 339–40, 345, 353, 420, 530–31. Karen family, Suren family
numbers, exaggerated in sources 3, 12, 62, 63n147, 165, 172, 174, 202, 283, 636 
Numerianus 448
numismatic evidence. see coinage
Odaenathus of Palmyra 443–44
Ohrmazd. see Ahuramazda
Opis 53, 97, 122, 254, 265
Ornodapates 353–54
Orodes I 334–35, 336n59
Orodes II 20, 336–37, 339–54
Orodes of Armenia 375–76
Oroites 166, 236n63
orosangai (royal benefactors) 110
Osaces 353–54
Osrhoene 347, 352n140, 378, 385, 389, 437, 440
Osroes 384, 386, 388
Oxyartes 287n52, 293–96
Oxyathres 296
Oxydates 286, 288, 292n78, 298
Pabag 436–37, 438n22, 460n158
Pacorus 353–54, 368, 372, 391
Pahlavi dynasty 4, 6
Paikuli, inscription of Narseh at 7, 410, 436, 448n87, 458, 460
Palmyra 416–17, 443, 445, 446n77, 447, 484–85, 493–94, 499
Pap 453
Parthamasiris 384–85
Parthia, region of 124, 125n32, 164n24, 165, 282, 286–87, 289, 308, 310, 313, 315
Parthian empire. see Arsacid empire
Parthian nobility. see noble families (East Iranian, as political force)
Parthmaspates 387
Pasargadae 139, 655
Patrokles 321
Pax Persica 85, 95, 98
Payava, tomb of 484, 488, 491, 497
peace. treaties, diplomacy
ideal of in Achaemenid period 97–100, 102–03, 105–06
Peace of Epilykos 230
Peace of Kallias 14, 136–37, 148n148, 221, 230, 236
King’s Peace 140, 239–40
Peloponnesian War 19, 136–39, 230–37
peltasts 201, 203, 204n67, 206, 211
Pelusium 198, 211
Peroz 21, 506–07, 513–19, 522–30, 532, 534, 570–71, 658
Peroz, general of Kavad I 574
Peroz-Shapur (Anbar) 441, 443, 627
Persepolis 73, 88–90, 92, 96, 99–100, 102, 123, 125, 127, 143n123, 146, 163, 165n25, 166n32, 168, 169n41, 190–94, 196, 204–05, 207–08, 212, 256, 286, 295n90, 304, 492, 656
Persepolis Fortification Archive 15, 18, 126n42, 127, 159–70, 175–77, 179, 223n5, 261, 262n36
Persian Gulf 70, 93, 305, 309, 311, 321–23, 386–87, 416, 438–39, 447, 606–07
Persian Wars. see Greece, Achaemenid invasions of
Persis (Fars) in Seleucid period 305, 308–09, 313–15, 317, 322–23
Petra 582, 584
phalanx, Macedonian 187, 200, 208, 210–11, 284, 304, 657. infantry, spear (sarissa)
Pharandzem 453
Pharasmanes of Iberia 375, 379
Pharnabazos 138, 231, 233, 235–38, 240, 290
Phasis 584
Philip the Arab 441, 446, 461
Philip II of Macedon 144–45, 200, 204n70, 210–13, 277–79, 286
Phocas 589, 618–19, 621, 624
Phoenicia 122, 141, 144, 173, 235, 283n30
Phraaspa 372
Phraates I 344n100
Phraates II 333
Phraates III 335–39, 344, 408n38
Phraates IV 345, 354, 372–73, 376, 378, 418
Phraates V 354, 373–74, 420n84
Phrasaortes 285–86, 297n101, 298n102
Phrataphernes 286–87, 289–90, 293n79, 296
phrourion 308–09
phylakē 266, 314
Pissouthnes 137, 230, 236n63
Plague of Justinian 583. disease, epidemic
Plataia, battle of 84, 125n32, 134–35, 189–90, 194–96, 199, 201, 204, 207–09, 213
plunder 59, 63n147, 97, 104, 226, 257, 260, 281, 284, 298n102, 380, 387, 389–90, 443–44, 452, 522, 570, 580, 588, 603, 626, 634, 637, 641, 646
Plutarch 110, 137, 294n83, 321, 342, 346, 353, 367, 370–71, 391
political science. see International Relations
Pomaxathres 353
Pompey 338, 341, 413n58
priest king 40–41
prisoners 41n26, 63n147, 104, 107–08, 261, 262n36, 351, 441, 511, 522, 530, 580, 587n191, 604. deportation, slaves
Procopius 516–17, 524, 527–29, 531, 544n31, 548, 550, 551n64, 558n95, 571–78, 581, 583, 605n36, 611, 614–15, 629
Proculus 573
Ptolemaic empire. see Egypt (Ptolemaic) 
punishment, in Achaemenid ideology 106–09
Puzur-Inshushinak 47–48
Qābūs b. al-Mundhir III 586, 614–15. Lakhmids, Hira
Quietus, Lusius 386–87
quivers 34, 36, 46n60, 47, 55n106, 56, 58, 60, 63–64, 70n183, 71–72, 189–91, 201, 208n83, 265, 268n61, 479, 495–96
gorytoi 479, 495
bows, arrows, arrowheads
Qunduz 510, 518, 520–22
Quraysh 630
Raphia, battle of 314–19
Rayy (Rhagae) 305, 509
Razaunda 256–58
rebellions. see revolts
reliefs. see monumental art
religious ideology, war and 8–9, 86–87, 91–92, 97–99, 105–06, 583, 625, 642, 646, 658, 660–61. Christianity, Zoroastrianism
revolts
against Assyrian empire 66, 70, 227
depiction in Achaemenid ideology 84, 88, 90, 103–06
Achaemenid responses to 10, 85, 104–10, 149
against Cyrus II 121
at the succession of Darius I 10–11, 124, 157–58, 161, 164n24, 167, 169
Babylonian, against Achaemenids 105, 107, 124, 132, 157, 255–56
Egyptian, against Achaemenids 102n85, 105, 132, 136, 140–41, 177, 200–02, 210–11, 220, 229, 235, 239–40, 256, 261, 266, 281
Sidonian, against Achaemenids 108, 141, 261
Cypriote, against Achaemenids 140–41, 173, 239n74
Ionian Revolt 108, 129–31, 171n50, 198, 213, 229
satrapal, against Achaemenids 137, 141–42, 230–31, 236, 241, 257, 286, 290
rebellion of Cyrus the Younger 126n34, 139–40, 176, 200, 202–06, 210, 212–13, 238n70, 258
against Athens 231–32
Iranian, against Alexander III 288–89, 293, 295–98
against Seleucids 309–10, 312, 340
against Arsacids 333, 335–36, 340, 354, 374, 376, 378, 415
against Trajan 387
of Pabag and Ardashir I 437–39
Arab, against Sasanians 449, 454, 617–18
Armenian, against Sasanians 453, 510–11, 586
rebellion of Wahram Čobin 588–89, 608–10, 616
rewards, in Achaemenid ideology 106, 109–10
Rhadamistus 379, 381
Rhandeia 383–85
Rhoxane 292n79, 293–94, 299n108
rituals, pre-battle 660–61
road networks
Elamite 47
Achaemenid 18, 126–27, 158, 162–63, 176, 264
Seleucid 314
Arsacid 343, 385
Sasanian 611, 620, 633, 641
‘Silk Road’ 446–47
Roman Empire 2–6, 9, 11–14, 17, 20–22, 330–31, 335, 337–39, 341–42, 345–53, 366–92, 401–21, 435–38, 440–55, 458–59, 461–62, 484–86, 493–94, 496, 511, 516, 538–61, 566–90, 601–04, 607n45, 608–16, 618–47, 657–59
Royal Road. see road network
royal warrior. see kingship, ideology of
Rufinus 572–73, 576
ṣāb šarri 254, 262–64
Saint Sergius, shrine of 610, 625, 632
Saka 101, 121, 125n32, 189, 332–33, 340n83, 377, 456. Scythians
Salamis, battle of 84, 133, 174, 188
šalup 160–62, 166–68, 170n47, 175–76
Samarkand 306, 508, 512, 528n103, 531. Marakanda
Samos 122, 128
Samosata 452
Sardis 12n34, 93, 100, 121, 130, 135, 143, 164, 166, 168, 178, 199n51, 237–38, 278, 280, 481, 488
Sargon of Akkad 46, 89
Sargon II of Assyria 64–66, 94, 97–98, 177, 224
sarissai 187–88, 200, 208, 210–11, 212n103, 283n35, 284. spears
Sarmatians 375–76
Sasanian empire 1–2, 4–13, 15–17, 21–23, 329, 402n8, 407–08, 410, 412–13, 419n81, 420n83, 435–62, 478, 480, 484–86, 489–90, 492–99, 506–34, 538–61, 566–90, 600–647, 658–60
Satala, battle of 448, 462
Satibarzanes 288–89, 291n75, 295n90, 298
Satow, Ernest 400–03, 421
satraps 19–20, 120, 122, 125n32, 126, 129, 136–38, 140–42, 144–47, 158, 162, 165–67, 169, 171, 188n5, 202, 230–32, 235–37, 238n70, 241, 257, 259, 268–69, 277–82, 284–99, 304, 309–10, 312–13, 317, 323, 340, 377, 417, 460, 657
scale armour. see armour
Schøyen Copper Scroll 513, 521–23, 532
Scythians 93n43, 101, 106, 109, 124, 127–28, 129, 143, 149, 223, 227, 229, 284, 291n75, 296, 485, 490–41, 493, 495–96, 656
sea, in Achaemenid ideology 92–94
seals, battle scenes on. see battle (iconography of)
Sebeos, Pseudo- 611, 623n118, 634n186, 635n189
Seiles 308–09
Seleucia on the Tigris 259, 269, 342–43, 351–52, 387, 389, 457
Seleucia Pieria 581, 604
Seleucid empire 2, 5n11, 17, 20, 23, 158, 179, 259, 268–70, 304–24, 329–30, 334, 340, 348, 457, 491–92, 657
Seleucus I 2, 304–05, 308, 315, 318, 320–21
Seleucus II 305n4, 309n27, 318, 322
Seleucus III 312–13
Seleucus IV 316
Sennacherib 66–69, 208n83, 226, 255
Septimius Severus 389–90, 437, 569
Severus Alexander 440, 445n69, 456
Shahin 620, 623, 625, 633n180, 637, 640
Shahnameh. see Ferdowsi
Shahrwaraz 616n92, 619, 620n109, 624–29, 631, 633, 636–43
Shapur I 1, 7, 8n18, 10, 21, 436–39, 441–47, 449, 461–62, 492, 554n77, 567–68, 601n5
Shapur II 21, 449–54, 456–57, 459–60, 462, 508–09, 512, 541–44, 556, 559n99, 567–68,
Shapur III 453, 512, 543–44
Sharpalakan 637
Shaybanids 616–18, 646
shields 43, 65, 67, 163, 187–97, 199–201, 204–08, 210–13, 263, 283, 369, 457, 493–94, 497, 575n87
gerrha 191n16, 196–97, 203–05, 207, 209. sparabara
Shimashki 48–49, 55n105
Shirin 9, 610
Shiroye. see Kavad II
Shulgi 48
Shutrukid dynasty 57–60
Shutruk-Nahhunte I 57
Shutruk-Nahhunte II 65–67
Sidon 108, 141, 261, 279n12, 284, 285n40, 497
sieges 2, 12, 17, 43, 46n58, 49, 51, 53–54, 62, 66, 70, 130, 133, 145, 178, 196, 208, 226, 259, 293–94, 306–07, 343–44, 348, 380–82, 387, 440, 443–44, 451, 453, 457, 572, 575, 581, 583, 587, 619, 623n118, 626–27, 629, 636, 638–40
Silaces 347, 350, 352–53
Sinatruces 333–35, 340
Singara 386, 450–52, 541–42
Sinnaces 376
Sintashta Culture 654
Sippar 54, 58–59, 67, 97, 225, 253, 256n15, 257, 264, 267
Sisimithres 291, 293–94
Siwe-palar-huppak 52, 54
Siyavuxš 572–73, 576
slaves 166, 176n73, 316, 479, 604. prisoners
slingers 36, 49, 206, 317, 319, 370, 371n31, 380
social classes and military service
‘elites’ as Achaemenid guards 165
šalup 160–62, 166–68, 170n47, 175–76
libap 166–67, 168n38, 170n47, 175
serfs and farmers 262–67
āzādān 457, 478
wuzurgān 457, 478, 541
nobles 372, 478–80, 510, 657
Sogdia(na) 93, 121, 290–91, 293–96, 306–07, 321, 486, 489, 506–09, 511–12, 515–16, 518, 523–26, 528, 531–33, 585, 607
‘sovereignty’, limits of in ancient imperial contexts 403–04, 407, 413–14, 419–21
spāh. see armies, Sasanian
sparabara formation 187–89, 191–96, 199–201, 204–05, 208, 213. battle tactics
Sparta 13n38, 19, 109, 121, 129, 131, 136–41, 189, 194–96, 199, 202n62, 211, 213, 229–40
Spasinou Charax (Antioch) 322–23, 417, 447. Mesene
Spear-Bearers, Achaemenid 160n6, 161–66, 168–69, 175. guards, royal
spears 47, 49, 265, 655
as Achaemenid royal weapon 88–89, 100, 209
as symbol of Achaemenid conquest 1, 99–100, 157
thrusting spears, as infantry weapons 12, 19, 43, 65–66, 100, 162n12, 163–64, 189–95, 197–08, 201, 204–13, 457
lances, as cavalry weapons 283, 371, 456, 479–80, 483, 486, 489, 493, 496, 499–500, 575n87
javelins (throwing-spears) 36, 41, 49, 201, 206–07, 209, 212–13, 283n35, 284n36, 319, 390–91, 493, 655
length of 189, 195, 197, 205, 210–12, 483, 486, 493, 496–97, 499–500
sarissai, Spear–Bearers
spearheads 36, 41, 45, 210
Spitamenes 294, 296n91
spoils. see plunder
Strabo 90, 132n68, 319, 321–22, 406
standing army. see royal guards
stratēgos. see generals
strategy
Elamite 52–54, 56–59, 62, 64–70
Achaemenid 10–11, 120–50, 158, 229–40, 277
Arsacid 349–52, 381–83
Sasanian 11, 439–40, 442–47, 449–54, 516–17, 526–29, 540–43, 550, 569–71, 575–76, 586, 608, 615–17, 619–30, 632–34, 638–39, 646–47
Roman 372, 374–78, 384–87, 569, 576, 634–41
Strouthas 238
Sukhra 530
Sukkalmahs (Elamite ‘emperors’) 17, 52–54
Sumer 39, 42, 45, 48–49
supply. see logistics
Suren family 20, 339–40, 348, 353, 392, 457, 459
Surena, Arsacid general 340, 342–43, 348–53, 369, 392, 457
Surena, Sasanian general 452, 459
Susa 35–37, 39–43, 45–47, 49–51, 55–61, 63–64, 67, 69–72, 88, 96, 99–100, 102, 108–09, 124, 127, 135, 143n123, 160n6, 162–63, 165n25, 168–69, 176, 190, 192, 208, 212, 223n6, 226, 240, 261, 284, 285n43, 286, 292n79, 295n90, 299n108, 304–06, 311, 316–17, 335–36, 404n19
swords 55n106, 63, 109, 190n15, 193–94, 201, 208n83, 209, 211–13, 283, 483, 493–96, 500, 527, 575n87. daggers
Syria 2, 122, 132, 136–37, 141, 259, 281, 310–12, 320, 323, 330, 333, 338, 341–42, 345–49, 351–54, 372, 377, 381, 383, 387–88, 417, 442–49, 494, 567, 570, 580–81, 587, 589–90, 600, 604, 606, 608–09, 611–15, 618, 622–27, 629–30, 632–33, 641, 643–45
Syrian Wars (Seleucid–Egyptian) 259, 310
Ṭabarī 435n4, 436, 438–39, 449, 452, 455, 457, 459–60, 509n16, 514, 518, 522–24, 527–28, 605n36, 607, 612n73, 614–15, 617–18, 630
Tacitus 367, 375–77, 380, 383, 406n29, 408, 415–16
tactics. see battle tactics
Ṭalaqan 510, 514, 521–22
Taq-e Bostan 7, 483–86, 489, 494, 499
taššup 160–62, 166, 168–70, 175
taxation, connected to military service 262–67
Teispid dynasty 120, 656. Cyrus II, Cambyses II, Achaemenid empire
temples
as contributors to military recruitment 171, 265–67
as sites of diplomatic display 239
destruction or plunder of 130, 135, 145, 298n102, 636
donations of plunder to 509
storage of military equipment at 60–61
Teumman 68–69
Thebarmais. see Ādur–i Gushnasp
Thebes 110, 178, 187n4, 211, 221, 239–40
Themistokles 135
Theodosiopolis 587, 602, 611, 620, 635–36
Theodosius I 453, 543, 544n30, 546n41, 568–69
Theodosius II 544n31, 546, 548, 559n100
Theodosius, son of Maurice 618–19, 621
Theophanes 611, 634–37, 640n224
Thermopylai, battle of 84, 133–35, 189–90, 195, 196n40, 198–99, 213, 319
Thucydides 14, 202n60, 231, 233, 235n57, 236, 405
thorax. see armour, cuirass
tiaras 488–89
Tiberius 375–76, 413n58, 416
Tiflis 640
Tiglath-Pileser III 64, 224
Tigranes II of Armenia 334–35, 337, 339
Tigranes VI of Armenia 381
Tigranocerta 349n126, 379–81, 383
Tigris River 48, 53, 54, 59n132, 67, 97, 108, 256, 259, 265, 267, 269, 314, 320, 322, 337, 343, 349, 377, 381, 386–88, 447, 450, 641
Tiribazos 238, 258n21
Tiridates I of Armenia 379–81, 383, 385, 408n34, 411, 420n84
Tiridates III of Armenia. see Trdat III
Tiridates I, Arsacid king of Parthia 373, 375
Tiridates II, Arsacid king of Parthia 376–77
Tissaphernes 137–38, 139n94, 144, 202n62, 231–38
Tithraustes 238
trade 14, 52–53, 67n163, 127–29, 131, 142n116, 143–44, 219, 267, 321–22, 414, 417–18, 439–40, 446–47, 526, 543, 545, 547, 585, 586n184, 569n25, 602n9
Trajan 20, 366, 384–87, 389
Trdat III of Armenia 436, 448, 350
treaties 13–14, 62, 69n176, 317, 320, 401, 421. alliance, diplomacy, peace
between Elam and Assyria 68, 225–26, 241
between Achaemenids and Athens 14, 19, 136–37, 148n148, 221, 230, 236, 240
between Achaemenids and Sparta 137–40, 229–40
between Seleucids and client rulers 319
between Seleucids and Arsacids 319
between Arsacids and Armenia 338–39
between Arsacids and Rome 13, 383–85, 401, 405, 407, 412–14, 421
between Sasanians and Armenia 453
between Sasanians and Kidarites 509
between Sasanians and Hephthalites 525–27
between Sasanians and Rome 13, 22, 412, 441–42, 448–49, 451–53, 458–59, 462, 538, 540–56, 559–60, 566, 573, 576–79, 582, 584–85, 589, 602–04, 608, 615, 643–45
duration of 548, 554–55
tribute 87, 92, 96, 126–30, 133–35, 138–39, 143, 147–48, 176n74, 225, 228, 231, 256, 282, 285n41, 295n90, 323, 441, 509, 511–12, 529, 531, 533, 568, 572, 577, 581, 583, 585–89, 611, 638
triremes 172–74. navies 
‘True Cross’, captured by Khosrow II 9, 610, 625, 642–43
Tukharistan 506–08, 510–12, 514–29, 531–34
Turan 570n38, 571
Türk empire, Western 9, 402n9, 490, 496, 520n72, 533, 584–85, 586n188, 587n191, 589, 607, 609–10, 637–38, 640, 660 
Unapa, son of Udana 167
universal rule (oikoumēne), in Achaemenid ideology 93–94, 110
Upper Satrapies, Seleucid 304–24
Ur III 48–49, 67n163
Urartu 157, 177, 210n92, 489. Armenia
Urtak 68–69, 225–26, 241
usurpation. see dynastic conflicts, internal
Vahyazdata 157, 169
Valens 453, 459, 543, 544n30, 566
Valerian 444, 446, 461
Vandals 550n62, 555, 578
Vardanes 378
vengeance, in Achaemenid ideology 106–09, 131, 133, 147, 149
Ventidius, P. 370–72
Verethraghna. see Wahram
Verus, Lucius 388, 569
Vespasian 409
Vitellius, L. 410, 413n58
Vologases I 379, 381–83, 408
Vologases II 388
Vologases III 388
Vologases IV 390
Vologases VI 437–38
Vonones 374, 420n84
Vultures, Stele of the 45, 206
Wahram II 436, 448
Wahram V Gur 453, 509–11, 513, 525–28, 548, 570, 628
Wahram VI Čobin 588–89, 609–10, 616, 632
Wahram (Verethraghna) 481, 660–61
Walash 528–31, 534, 551
walls. see fortifications, Great Wall of Gorgan
warlords, role in Sasanian imperial collapse 645–47, 659
worldview. see ideology
xenia, diplomatic 404–05
Xenophon 4, 94, 122n16, 126, 165, 171–72, 191n16, 194n34, 202–05, 209–12, 239, 264n46, 486, 488, 490–91, 493–94
Xerxes 8, 10, 15, 18–19, 84, 87n11, 89–91, 93–94, 96, 102, 105–06, 109–11, 124, 127n44, 128, 130n60, 131–36, 143n124, 146n137, 148–49, 158, 163–65, 167–68, 170–78, 188–89, 191, 196, 198–99, 201–03, 210–11, 220, 228–29, 232, 252, 255, 258, 315
Xerxes of Sophene 315
xwarrah. see ideology
Yazdgird I 510n20, 511, 538, 545–48, 556n85
Yazdgird II 9, 510–11, 513, 515, 517, 522, 524, 527, 550, 570
Yazdgird III 506
Yazdgushasp 556
Yazdin 9, 625–26, 642
Zabergan 578, 580, 583
Zabulistan 512
Zamasp 531, 534
Zarmihr 530–31
Zeno 524–25
Zenobia of Palmyra 445
Zoroastrianism 9, 581, 583, 630–31, 654–55, 660–61

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Brill’s Companion to War in the Ancient Iranian Empires

Reihe:  Brill's Companions to Classical Studies, Band: 9 und  Brill's Companions to Classical Studies: Warfare in the Ancient Mediterranean World, Band: 9
Cover Brill’s Companion to War in the Ancient Iranian Empires
ISBN:
9789004710771
Verleger:
Brill
Print-Publikationsdatum:
10 Oct 2024
  • Fachgebiete
    • Klassische Altertumswissenschaften
      • Frühgeschichte
    • Geschichte
      • Kriegsgeschichte
    • Nahost- und Islamwissenschaften
      • Iranistik & Peristik
Front Matter
Preliminary Material
Copyright Page
Preface
Figures and Maps
Notes on Names and Abbreviations
Notes on Contributors
Maps
Chapter 1 War and Peace in Ancient Iran: Ideologies, Structures, and Practice
Chapter 2 Like a Raining Cloud: Archery as the Pillar of Elamite Warfare
Chapter 3 War and Ideology in Achaemenid Persia
Chapter 4 The Grand Strategy of Achaemenid Persia, 539–331 BCE
Chapter 5 The Achaemenid Military System and Its Campaign Logistics
Chapter 6 The Persian Way of War: Infantry Tactics in the Achaemenid Empire
Chapter 7 Achaemenid Diplomacy in Historical Perspective
Chapter 8 Impact of Empire: Aspects of Warfare in Babylonia, Achaemenid to Parthian Periods
Chapter 9 Alexander and the Iranian Satraps in War and Peace
Chapter 10 The Military Organisation of the Upper Satrapies Under the Seleucids
Chapter 11 Patricide, Fratricide, and Betrayal: the Role of Parthia in the First War with Rome
Chapter 12 The Arsacids vs. Rome (First to Third Centuries CE): Observations on Parthian Tactics and Warfare
Chapter 13 Parthia, Rome, and the Horizons of Ancient Diplomacy
Chapter 14 Early Sasanian Expansion and Military Institutions
Chapter 15 Cavalry Arms and Armour from the Achaemenids to the Sasanians: Iconography and Methods of Reconstruction
Chapter 16 Peroz and the Hephthalites … and the Kidarites, Alkhans, and Sasanians: Warfare, Diplomacy, and the Complexity of the Sasanian East in the Fifth Century
Chapter 17 Persian-Roman Diplomacy in the Fifth Century
Chapter 18 Kavad I, Khosrow I, and the Wars with the Roman Empire
Chapter 19 The First Great War of the Middle Ages: the Sasanian Conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean (602–630 CE) as a Background to the Islamic Futūḥāt
Chapter 20 Epilogue: the Evolution of the Ancient Iranian Army
Back Matter
Index

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