This book contains the proceedings of the scientific one-day workshop held during the 28th World Charolais Congress. The workshop's main objective was the evaluation of extensive cattle husbandry production systems and the conserva-tion and optimal use of the local hardy breeds of cattle are now well recognised as playing an important role in areas of the world where livestock production is more difficult. Extensive production systems of suckling cows should be given priority in these marginal regions. The optimal management of cattle under extensive grazing conditions has still to be discovered, or at least rediscovered, in each particular case and in relation to the specific natural resources and human factors present. For Europe and the Mediterranean basin, the main problem of the extensive beef sector is resisting the pressure from countries known for their low costs and inexpensive means of production. To succeed, viable economic results which are also socially acceptable need to be achieved. This implies better farming structures, lower production costs, a critical analysis of the necessary inputs, economic feeding policies and an optimal valorisation of the products marketed