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The Crucifixion Imagined in Stone Sculpture of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
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This is first full account of the most portrayed figural subject in Anglo-Saxon sculpture: the Crucifixion. It brings together in a single volume a record of every known stone depiction related to the Crucifixion from the pre-Conquest kingdoms, from South West Scotland to the tip of Cornwall, each illustrated along with contemporary manuscript images and ivory carvings. It is an analytical study based on fieldwork over several decades with the objective of providing a central resource for scholars who may not have direct access to the dispersed and fragmentary material.
Elizabeth Coatsworth, Ph.D., is a former lecturer at Manchester Metropolitan University. She has published extensively on the Anglo-Saxon period including the Western Yorkshire volume of the Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture (OUP, 2008) and The Art of the Anglo-Saxon Goldsmith (Bodell & Brewer, 2002).
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Colour Plates
List of Black-and-White Plates
List of Tables
About the Author
Part 1 The Historical Context
Introduction
1 The Crucifixion in History
1 Biblical Sources for the Iconography of the Crucifixion of Christ
2 Elements in Crucifixion Scenes Not Derived from the Four Gospel Accounts of the Event
3 The Importance of Context
2 Crucifixion Iconography before the Anglo-Saxons
1 The Early Development of Images Which Represented the Crucifixion Symbolically: the Origins of the Chi-Rho, the crux gemmata, and Other Crosses without Christ but with Other Figures, or Symbols of Christ or His Passion
2 The Crucifixion Represented by the Figure of the Lamb on the Cross
3 The Iconography of the Crucified Christ
4 Factors Influencing the Development of Christ Crucified before the Fourth Century
5 Non-Christian Representations of Crucifixion
6 The Earliest Surviving Christian Images of the Crucifixion
7 The Earliest Crucifixion Images in Which Christ Appears Clearly Clothed, in a Loincloth or Robed
Part 2 Symbolic Crucifixions
Introduction
3 Symbolic Crucifixions with neither the Figure of Christ nor the Lamb
1 An Empty Cross Alone or a Group of Three Empty Crosses (Sometimes Called a Calvary), Signifying Calvary/Golgotha, the Site of the Crucifixion, and by Extension the Crucifixion Itself
2 Cross without Christ or the Lamb Accompanied by Figures or Symbols (Other than the Crosses of the Thieves), Pertaining to the Person of Christ
3 A Cross with Fivefold Elements (Symbolising the Five Wounds of Christ)
4 Empty Cross Accompanied by Symbols of the Four Evangelists or Other Beasts
5 Empty Cross Accompanied by the Figures of John and Mary
4 The Tree(s) and the Cross
1 The Tree of Life in Seventh- to Early Ninth-Century Northumbria: Sculpture, Metalwork and Embroidery
2 The Tree of Life in Viking Age Sculpture in the North
3 The Trees of Life and of the Knowledge of Good and Evil in Late Pre-Conquest England: Sculpture, Manuscripts, Metalwork and Embroidery
5 Scenes in Which Christ Crucified Is Represented by the Lamb
Part 3 The Crucified Christ in Anglo-Saxon Art
Introduction
1 The Iconography of the Figure of Christ
2 Figures (Other than Christ) and Other Elements Found in Crucifixion Scene
3 Distribution of Monument Types and Other Media Carrying the Iconography of the Crucifixion with Christ on the Cross to the End of the Period
6 The Earliest Anglo-Saxon Crucifixion Scenes with the Figure of Christ, from the Seventh to the Early Ninth Century
1 The Robed Christ in Seventh- to Ninth-Century England
2 The Earliest Crucifixion Scenes in England, in Which Christ Wears the Loincloth
3 The Distribution of the Iconography of the Crucifixion to the Mid-ninth Century
7 The Living Christ on the Cross: Christ (Type Ci) from the Mid-ninth Century to the End of the Period
1 The Return of the Robed Christ in Crucifixion Iconography
2 Distribution of Group Scenes with the Type C1 Crucifixion
3 Group Scenes with Christ of Type C1: with the Spear-Bearer and Sponge-Bearer, either as Lone Witnesses or with Other Figures and Symbols
4 Group Scenes with Christ of Type C1. B: without Spear- and Sponge-Bearers: with Evangelists, or the Paired St John the Evangelist and the Virgin Mary, as Principal Witnesses
5 Group Scenes with Christ of Type C1, with Accompanying Figures and/or Symbols, but without either the Spear- and Sponge-Bearers or St John the Evangelist and the Virgin Mary
6 Scenes with Christ of Type C1 in Which Christ Appears Alone, without Supporting Figures
8 Truly Man and Truly God
1 Group Scenes with Type C2 or C3, whether Alone or with Other Figures and Symbols
9 The Crucifixion in Anglo-Saxon England
Colour Plates
Map of Original Locations of Anglo-Saxon Depictions of the Crucifixion in Stone
Black-and-White Plates
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgements
List of Colour Plates
List of Black-and-White Plates
List of Tables
About the Author
Part 1 The Historical Context
Introduction
1 The Crucifixion in History
1 Biblical Sources for the Iconography of the Crucifixion of Christ
2 Elements in Crucifixion Scenes Not Derived from the Four Gospel Accounts of the Event
3 The Importance of Context
2 Crucifixion Iconography before the Anglo-Saxons
1 The Early Development of Images Which Represented the Crucifixion Symbolically: the Origins of the Chi-Rho, the crux gemmata, and Other Crosses without Christ but with Other Figures, or Symbols of Christ or His Passion
2 The Crucifixion Represented by the Figure of the Lamb on the Cross
3 The Iconography of the Crucified Christ
4 Factors Influencing the Development of Christ Crucified before the Fourth Century
5 Non-Christian Representations of Crucifixion
6 The Earliest Surviving Christian Images of the Crucifixion
7 The Earliest Crucifixion Images in Which Christ Appears Clearly Clothed, in a Loincloth or Robed
Part 2 Symbolic Crucifixions
Introduction
3 Symbolic Crucifixions with neither the Figure of Christ nor the Lamb
1 An Empty Cross Alone or a Group of Three Empty Crosses (Sometimes Called a Calvary), Signifying Calvary/Golgotha, the Site of the Crucifixion, and by Extension the Crucifixion Itself
2 Cross without Christ or the Lamb Accompanied by Figures or Symbols (Other than the Crosses of the Thieves), Pertaining to the Person of Christ
3 A Cross with Fivefold Elements (Symbolising the Five Wounds of Christ)
4 Empty Cross Accompanied by Symbols of the Four Evangelists or Other Beasts
5 Empty Cross Accompanied by the Figures of John and Mary
4 The Tree(s) and the Cross
1 The Tree of Life in Seventh- to Early Ninth-Century Northumbria: Sculpture, Metalwork and Embroidery
2 The Tree of Life in Viking Age Sculpture in the North
3 The Trees of Life and of the Knowledge of Good and Evil in Late Pre-Conquest England: Sculpture, Manuscripts, Metalwork and Embroidery
5 Scenes in Which Christ Crucified Is Represented by the Lamb
Part 3 The Crucified Christ in Anglo-Saxon Art
Introduction
1 The Iconography of the Figure of Christ
2 Figures (Other than Christ) and Other Elements Found in Crucifixion Scene
3 Distribution of Monument Types and Other Media Carrying the Iconography of the Crucifixion with Christ on the Cross to the End of the Period
6 The Earliest Anglo-Saxon Crucifixion Scenes with the Figure of Christ, from the Seventh to the Early Ninth Century
1 The Robed Christ in Seventh- to Ninth-Century England
2 The Earliest Crucifixion Scenes in England, in Which Christ Wears the Loincloth
3 The Distribution of the Iconography of the Crucifixion to the Mid-ninth Century
7 The Living Christ on the Cross: Christ (Type Ci) from the Mid-ninth Century to the End of the Period
1 The Return of the Robed Christ in Crucifixion Iconography
2 Distribution of Group Scenes with the Type C1 Crucifixion
3 Group Scenes with Christ of Type C1: with the Spear-Bearer and Sponge-Bearer, either as Lone Witnesses or with Other Figures and Symbols
4 Group Scenes with Christ of Type C1. B: without Spear- and Sponge-Bearers: with Evangelists, or the Paired St John the Evangelist and the Virgin Mary, as Principal Witnesses
5 Group Scenes with Christ of Type C1, with Accompanying Figures and/or Symbols, but without either the Spear- and Sponge-Bearers or St John the Evangelist and the Virgin Mary
6 Scenes with Christ of Type C1 in Which Christ Appears Alone, without Supporting Figures
8 Truly Man and Truly God
1 Group Scenes with Type C2 or C3, whether Alone or with Other Figures and Symbols
9 The Crucifixion in Anglo-Saxon England
Colour Plates
Map of Original Locations of Anglo-Saxon Depictions of the Crucifixion in Stone
Black-and-White Plates
Bibliography
Index
Art historians, archaeologists, Anglo-Saxon specialists, history of religion specialists, art, sculpture, Christianity, early church in England, students, academic libraries.