In The Seal Hunt: Cultures, Economies and Legal Regimes, Nikolas Sellheim offers a deep analysis of the seal hunt worldwide. He engages on a journey from the northern to the southern hemisphere and explores how the seal hunt has shaped cultures all over the world up to this day. By analysing the different national and international regimes dealing with the seal hunt, Sellheim shows how the perception of the seal and the seal hunt has changed over time and space. Focusing on the European Union and the World Trade Organization, the volume offers an account on how opposition towards the seal hunt has found its way onto the international spheres of governance and trade.
Nikolas Sellheim, LL.D. (2016), University of Lapland, is postdoctoral researcher at the Polar Cooperation Research Centre, Kobe University, Japan. He has published extensively on the seal hunt, Arctic governance and Arctic social sciences.
Preface Acknowledgements
1 Introduction
â1Where are we on Seals?
â2Seals and Humans: A Troubled Relationship?
â3A Brief Introduction to Seals
â4The Characters of Law
ââ4.1âLaw and Knowledge
ââ4.2âLaw as Expression
ââ4.3âAre Objectivity and Expression in Law Adversaries?
5 A Short Explanation of the Content of the Book
2 Cultures and Economies
â1Introduction
â2The Northern Hemisphere
ââ2.1âNorthern Atlantic Ocean
âââ2.1.1. Eastern Canadian Seal Hunts
âââ2.1.2. Iceland
ââ2.2âInuit Seal Hunts in the Davis Strait
âââ2.2.1 Historical Overview
ââ2.3âNorth Pacific
âââ2.3.1. The Pribilof Islands
âââ2.3.2. The Bering Sea and Bering Strait
ââ2.4âSea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan
âââ2.4.1. Historical Overview
âââ2.4.2. Contemporary Issues
ââ2.5âJan Mayen, Barents Sea and White Sea
ââ2.6âBaltic Sea and North Sea
âââ2.6.1. Historical Overview
âââ2.6.2. Contemporary Issues
ââ2.7âLake Sealing
â3The Southern Hemisphere
ââ3.1âSouth Georgia
âââ3.1.1. Historical Overview
âââ3.1.2. Contemporary Issues
ââ3.2âSouth America
ââ3.3âBass Strait, New Zealand and Macquarie Island
âââ3.3.1. Historical Overview
âââ3.3.2. Contemporary Issues
ââ3.4âSouth, Southwest and Southeast Africa
â4Conclusion
3 Legal Regimes
â1Introduction
â2Defunct Multilateral Regimes
ââ2.1âThe North Atlantic
âââ2.1.1 The Jan Mayen Seal Fishery Treaty, 1875
âââ2.1.2 Finnish-Soviet Sealing Regimes in the Northeast Atlantic, 1922â1944
âââ2.1.3 International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 1949â1978
âââ2.1.4 Agreement on Measures for Regulating the Catch and Conserving Stocks of Seals in the Northeastern Part of the Atlantic Ocean, 1957
âââ2.1.5 Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of Norway on Sealing and the Conservation of the Seal Stocks in the Northwest Atlantic, 1971
âââ2.2âThe Bering Sea Fur Seal Regimes until 1984
âââ2.2.1 The 1911 Fur Seal Convention
âââ2.2.2 The 1957 Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals
ââ2.3âLake Sealing
â3Current Multilateral Regimes
âââ3.1âInternational Legal Regimes
âââ3.1.1 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos), 1982
âââ3.1.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (cites), 1979
âââ3.1.3 Convention on Migratory Species (cms, Bonn Convention), 1979
âââ3.1.4 Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Habitats (Bern Convention), 1979
âââ3.1.5 Convention on Biological Diversity (cbd), 1992
âââ3.2âInternational Organisations and Regional Regimes
âââ3.2.1 Atlantic Ocean
âââ3.2.2 Baltic Sea
âââ3.2.3 Mediterranean Sea
âââ3.2.4 Antarctica
ââ3.3 A Short Discussion on Bi- and Multilateral Agreements
â4National Legislation
ââ4.1âNorthern Hemisphere
âââ4.1.1 Canada
âââ4.1.2 United States
âââ4.1.3 Russia
âââ4.1.4 Norway
âââ4.1.5 Iceland
âââ4.1.6 Denmark / Greenland
âââ4.1.7 Sweden
âââ4.1.8 Finland
âââ4.1.9 Estonia
âââ4.1.10 Japan
âââ4.2âSouthern Hemisphere
âââ4.2.1 Falkland Islands and South Georgia
âââ4.2.2 Namibia and South Africa
âââ4.2.3 Uruguay
âââ4.2.4 Argentina
âââ4.2.5 Peru
âââ4.2.6 Chile
âââ4.2.7 Ecuador
âââ4.2.8 Australia
âââ4.2.9 New Zealand
âââ4.3âA Short Discussion on National Legislation
â5Conclusion
4 The European Union and the Seal Hunt
â1Introduction
â2The Seal Pups Directive 1983
â3The EU Seal Regime
ââ3.1âThe Drafting History of the EU Seal Regime
âââ3.1.1 The Declaration of the European Parliament
âââ3.1.2 The Seal Hunt and the Council of Europe
âââ3.1.3 The European Food Safety Authority
âââ3.1.4 cowi
âââ3.1.5 The Legislative Proposal
âââ3.1.6 The imco Report
âââ3.1.7 Banning the Trade in Seal Products
âââ3.2âAdjudicating the Seal Regime
ââ3.3âProblems, Politics and Protests
âââ3.3.1 Stakeholders
âââ3.3.2 The Effects of the EU Seal Regime
4 Conclusion
5 Public Morality, International Trade Law and the Seal Hunt
â1Introduction
â2The Blurry Concept of âPublic Moralityâ
â3International Trade Law and the âMoral Concernâ
ââ3.1âThe Emerging âMoral Exceptionâ in International Trade Law
ââ3.2âThe âMoral Concernâ and the Trade in Seal Products
â4Animal Welfare as a European Moral Standard
â5An Inner-European View on Public Morality
â6Conclusion
6 Concluding Thoughts
Bibliography Literature Cited Legislation, Policy-Documents and Case-Law Cited
Index
All interested in the histories and contemporary statuses of cultures and legal regimes surrounding the hunt for seals worldwide, and anyone with a wider interest in the European Union, international trade law, indigenous and local rights.