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Postbiotics: what are they?

In: Beneficial Microbes
Authors:
M.L. Chikindas Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Department of General Hygiene, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Street 8, Building. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia

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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7265-4562
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L.S. Sichel Stellar Biotics, LLC, 22 Paris Avenue, Suite 209, Rockleigh, NJ 07647, USA

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1683-9703
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I.V. Popov Institute of Live Science, Don State Technical University, Gagarina Sq., 1, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-8731
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J.R. Tagg BLIS Technologies, PO Box 2208, South Dunedin, Dunedin 9044, New Zealand

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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-6579
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X. Lu Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Yip Kit Chuen Building, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong

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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6072-4412
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O.V. Mitrokhin Department of General Hygiene, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Street 8, Building. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6403-0423
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S.D. Todorov Department of General Hygiene, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Street 8, Building. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia
ProBacLab, Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Food Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
CISAS – Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6377-3305
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Abstract

Although several internationally recognised scientific groups and non-governmental organisations have attempted to define ‘postbiotics,’ there remains no consensus. Leading experts have highlighted persistent problems of terminological inconsistency, lack of standardisation, and unclear boundaries between related concepts. What is needed is a comprehensive analysis that integrates existing definitions with considerations of manufacturing processes, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. Ultimately, progress requires harmonisation of terminology to ensure comparability across studies and to provide a solid foundation for both academic and industry development.

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