Abbreviations
| ABD | Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by D.N. Freedman. 6 vols. New York, 1992 |
| AFO | Archiv für Orientforschung |
| ANET | Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Edited by J.B. Pritchard. 3rd ed. Princeton, 1969 |
| ANRW | Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Part 2, Principat. Edited by H. Temporini and W. Haase. Berlin, 1972– |
| BA | Biblical Archaeologist |
| BASOR | Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |
| Baumgarten, Studies | Baumgarten, J.M. Studies in Qumran Law. Leiden, 1977 |
| BHM | Bet Ha-Midrasch. Ed. A. Jellinek. 6 vols. 2nd edition. Jerusalem, 1967 (in Hebrew) |
| Bib | Biblica |
| BRev | Bible Review |
| CBQ | Catholic Biblical Quarterly |
| CRAI | Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres |
| DACL | Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie. Edited by F. Cabrol. 15 vols. Paris, 1907–1953 |
| DJD | Discoveries in the Judaean Desert |
| DSD | Dead Sea Discoveries |
| EDSS | Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Edited by L.H. Schiffman and J.C. VanderKam. 2 vols. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 |
| EJL | Early Judaism and Its Literature |
| EncJud | Encyclopaedia Judaica. 16 vols. Jerusalem, 1971–1972 |
| ERE | Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. Edited by J. Hastings. 13 vols. New York, 1908–1927. Reprint, 7 vols., 1951 |
| EstEcl | Estudios eclesiásticos |
| ExpTim | Expository Times |
| GCS | Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte |
| HTR | Harvard Theological Review |
| HUCA | Hebrew Union College Annual |
| IEJ | Israel Exploration Journal |
| IOS | Israel Oriental Studies |
| JAOS | Journal of the American Oriental Society |
| JBC | Jerome Biblical Commentary. Edited by R.E. Brown et al. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1968 |
| JBL | Journal of Biblical Literature |
| JE | The Jewish Encyclopedia. Edited by I. Singer. 12 vols. New York, 1901–1905 |
| JJS | Journal of Jewish Studies |
| JQR | Jewish Quarterly Review |
| JSIJ | Jewish Studies—An Internet Journal |
| JSJ | Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Periods |
| JSOT | Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |
| JSOTSup | Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series |
| LCL | Loeb Classical Library |
| MGWJ | Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums |
| NPNF2 | Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 2 |
| NTS | New Testament Studies |
| OTP | Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Edited by J.H. Charlesworth. 2 vols. New York, 1983, 1985 |
| OtSt | Oudtestamentische Studiën |
| PAAJR | Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research |
| PEQ | Palestine Exploration Quarterly |
| PL | Patrologia Latina [= Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Latina]. Edited by J.-P. Migne. 217 vols. Paris, 1844–1864 |
| PTSDSSP | Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls Project |
| PW | Pauly, A.F. Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. New edition: G. Wissowa. 68 vols. Munich, 1980 |
| PWSup | Supplement to PW |
| RAC | Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum. Edited by T. Kluser et al. Stuttgart, 1950– |
| RAr | Revue archéologique |
| RB | Revue biblique |
| REJ | Revue des études juives |
| RevQ | Revue de Qumrân |
| RHPR | Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses |
| RlA | Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Edited by E. Ebeling et al. Berlin, 1928–2018 |
| SC | Sources chrétiennes. Paris: Cerf, 1943– |
| SJLA | Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity |
| STDJ | Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah |
| TDNT | Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Edited by G. Kittel and G. Friedrich. Translated by G.W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids, 1964–1976 |
| ThWAT | Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament. Edited by G.J. Botterweck, H. Ringgren, and H.-J. Fabry. 10 vols. Stuttgart, 1973–2015 |
| TLZ | Theologische Literaturzeitung |
| VT | Vetus Testamentum |
| VTSup | Supplements to Vetus Testamentum |
| ZDMG | Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft |
| ZPE | Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |