Subject Index
ʿAbbas I, Shah
antiquarian engagement under
272, 282, 299
and Firdausi, Shahnama manuscript (1605)
310–318, 311, 315, 320, 326, 333, 335
political and economic reforms of
272–273, 280, 303–304, 306–307
redevelopment of Isfahan
272, 274–275, 276, 277–280, 306–307, 317–318
and Reza ʿAbbasi
318–320, 323, 325, 326, 328, 333–334
spoliation of Persepolis under
304–305, 307–310, 312–315, 322–325, 334
Abraham
386–389, 397–398, 404–405, 410–411, 413, 414
Adad-Nerari (Adadnirari) III
151, 354
Adam (Adamos)
387, 390, 402, 404, 413–414, 419
Afrasiyab’s wife pleads with Kay Khusrau (Shahnama)
311, 316, 335
Ahmad Jalayir, Sultan
261, 292–293
Ainsworth, William Francis
176–177, 180, 181
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)
91–94
alan (also ṣalmu)
42–44, 46–47, 48n34, 51, 58, 60n90
Alexander the Great (Iskandar)
224, 252, 308, 323, 324, 335, 406
Allahverdi Khan
303–304, 306, 317
Amenhotep III
105
Anāhīd, goddess
259, 260
angels, fallen (Watchers)
346–353, 363–368, 370–372, 381, 388–390, 392–395
annals of Assyrian kings
50, 55–56, 126
Annius of Viterbo
411–412
Anubanini relief
241–243, 243, 263
Anum-hirbe’s relief
51–53, 61, 63, 64
Apion, Egyptian grammarian
383, 384
Apries, cartouche of
101, 103, 103–105
Aqqoyunlu period
284, 293, 296, 298n48, 300, 301
archaeophilia
2, 28
Ardaxšīr I
253, 254, 256
Ardaxšīr II (Ardashir II)
24, 27, 257
Arphaxad
390, 393, 397n69
Artaxerxes II
238
Artemis-Bubastis temple
191t, 192
Arundel, 14th Earl of (Thomas Howard)
280–282, 281, 328–331
Aššur (Ashur)
city of
48n33, 229
God
49, 51, 53, 54, 59
Land of
152
statue
151–152
Assurnasirpal II (Ashurnasirpal)
47, 48, 49, 60n89, 139, 141, 146, 354
Atlas. see Enoch
Auramazda
208, 231, 232
Bahram II
322, 323
Bamiyan buddhas
23–24
Bembo, Ambrosio
305, 306n79, 307n88
Berossos
Annius
412
Semiramis
239
theme of primordial knowledge
347, 349, 382, 385–386, 387, 394–395, 406
Black Obelisk
53, 57, 151
Bonaparte, Napoléon
96, 99–100
Boulliau, Ismael
423
Brahe, Tycho
409n17, 414, 423
Brisa reliefs (Wadi Sharabin)
353, 357–363, 359, 360, 365–367, 368–369
Cain
380, 381
Cainan (Kainan)
348–350, 381, 388–390, 393–396, 397n69, 405–406
calendar
of Hittite festivals
115
inscription of Miletos
406
origins of
380, 414
parapegma inscriptions
406–407
“Charonion”
163, 164–171, 169, 175–189, 179.
“Weeping Woman”
Cambyses
195, 197–199, 202, 204, 207
Canobic Inscription
407, 422, 423–424
carpets, Safavid-era
280, 281, 328
Cassini, Jean-Dominique
402, 403, 409, 417, 423
Cedar Forest (forest of Marduk)
39, 48, 51, 353, 361, 366, 367–368
Çelebi, Kâtip
18, 173
Chaeremon of Alexandria
384–386
Chaldeans
352, 384, 390, 405– 406, 413–414, 416, 418
Chardin, Jean
305, 307–308, 323
Costard, George
402–403, 409, 417, 419–420, 423
Cybele relief (Mt. Sipylos)
178, 180
Cyrus
195, 199, 230n22, 309n94
Daniel
364–365, 372n73
Darius I
Bīsotūn
126, 210, 229, 231, 232, 234–246, 251, 264–266, 288
in Herodotus’ Histories
191t, 192, 193t, 195–199, 204–211, 213
Naqš-e Rostam reliefs
230–232, 233, 234, 256
royal residence, Persepolis
232, 296, 298, 300, 309, 323
royal residence, Susa
232
Van inscription
234–236, 235
Denon, Dominique Vivant
99–103, 101, 102, 103, 106
divination (astral)
346, 387–388, 390, 395, 396, 398
Elamites
Khuzistan, reliefs of
265–266
Ḵong-e Āždar, reliefs of
247–249, 248, 265
Kūl-e Farah, reliefs of
246–249, 266
Kūrangūn, reliefs of
230, 266
language
229, 234
Naqš-e Rostam, reliefs of
230, 255–256, 255
Pārsa, reliefs of
230–231, 235, 265–266
rock-cut monuments and inscriptions of
223, 225, 234, 236, 240, 254–256, 255, 266
sanctuaries of
230, 246–249, 264
Shutruk-Nahhunte, king of
61n92
valley of Izeh, reliefs of
246–249, 248, 265
Enoch (Atlas)
348, 365, 367, 381, 386, 388–389, 395–396, 398, 412
Estève, Pierre
418, 420–421, 423
Eupolemos (Ps-Eupolemos)
347, 386, 389
Farhād
and Shirin (Šīrīn) saga
3, 173, 260–261, 262, 285, 288–295, 291, 294, 323
free-standing statue
285–289, 287, 292, 293
Tarāš-e Farhād
232, 258–261, 259, 260
feast(ing)
123n14, 115, 139, 142n41, 144, 246, 263
Ferdowsi (Firdausi), Shahnama
260, 260, 284, 284n23, 290n32, 310–312, 311, 315, 316–318, 322, 324, 333
Flamsteed, John
417, 423
Flood, the
in Annius
412
in Berossos
382, 387, 406, 347, 349, 385, 394–395
Biblical
22, 349
in Book of Giants
368
in Book of Jubilees
348–350, 378–379, 386, 389
in Josephus
349–350, 368, 380, 386–388, 403–405, 407–408
in (Ps.-) Manetho
384–385, 415
in Malalas, John
391–393, 395
Mesopotamian myth
349
in Stillingfleet, Edward
415–416
in Symeon, Logothete
390–391
in Syncellus, George
394–396
universal
382, 388, 412, 416
in Whiston, William
419
folklore
161, 167, 172, 174
genitals
193t, 211–213
Gezbeli (Hanyeri) relief
116, 118, 120t, 122
giants
Brisa relief WBA
365–366, 368
mythology of
372, 392, 395n61, 396
offspring of Watchers
367, 392
relics of earlier empires
371–372
Sela‘ monument
351–352
Glycas, Michael
395, 397–398
Gotarzes I
240–241
Gotarzes II
242
Gotarzes relief, Sar-e Pol-e Zohāb
243–244, 245, 246
Gouvea, Antonio de
304–305, 308
Grelot, Guillaume-Joseph
240–241, 307n88
Hafez, Divan
318, 335
Hartapus (Kartapus)
Great King
128, 135–136, 146, 149, 153, 154
inscription(s)
131–137, 146, 149–151
relief
129, 130, 132–134, 138–139, 144–154
Hatip relief of Great King Kurunt(iy)a
118, 120t, 124, 124
Hattusili I
154
Hattusili III
124
Haydar Khwarazmi, Makhzan al-Asrar
318, 326–328, 327, 333, 335
Heathcote, Ralph
417, 419, 423
Hephaestus temple (Memphis)
191t, 192, 202–203, 205
Herakles (Hercules)
invention of astronomy
410
Pillars of
192n16, 194n17
temple, Tyre
192t, 194
Weary (Bīsotūn)
227, 237, 238, 240, 242–243, 264
hieroglyphs
Anatolian (AH)
115, 117–123, 119t–121t, 131–137, 132–134, 139, 149–151, 178
as talismans
163
Egyptian
6–7, 21, 81, 91, 100, 102, 103–104, 103, 104
in Book of Sothis
385
Hipparchus
411, 423
historiography
Babylonian
354n26
Classical
265
of Early modern European science
22
euhemeristic
394
Hellenistic
394
modern
265
Persian
284n22, 301, 303n68, 304, 305n76, 307
pre-Islamic Iranian
223–227
Hittite reliefs
114–115, 125–126, 250, 251
Howard, Thomas. see Arundel, 14th Earl of
Husraw II. see Khusrau II
Ibn Khaldun
29
iconoclasm
18, 23–28, 289, 305, 308, 325, 333–334
Imam Quli Khan
303–308
Iskandar, (Timurid) Sultan
293, 300
İvriz relief
10n22, 16–18, 16, 17, 148, 149, 173n26
Jalayirid period
282, 284, 288n26, 292, 295, 310
Jamshid
296, 298, 299–300, 316n106
Justinian
164
Kaʿba-ye Zardošt inscriptions, Naqš-e Rostam
229, 233, 253
Kamnaskires III
249
Kamnaskires IV
249
Kamnaskires-Orodes
249
Karabel A rock relief
5, 8, 21, 116, 121t, 173, 201, 206, 368
Karabur reliefs
7, 148n56
Kartīr
227–228, 228, 266n83
Kay Khusrau
306n79, 311, 312, 316–317, 335
Kayanid dynasty
224, 236, 243, 252–257, 260, 265, 317
Kelishin, Urartian-Assyrian stela
24, 25
Khusrau II (Husraw; Khusrau Parviz; Khusraw Xosrow)
Khusrau va Shirin (Šīrīn) Saga
freestanding royal statue, Ṭāq-e Bostān
285–289, 287
mentioned in writing by later kings
300, 301
relief, Ṭāq-e Bostān
258–261, 258–259, 285–289, 286
Sasanian king
126, 174, 258, 260, 275, 285, 318
in 17th century Persian poetic works
275–276, 277, 285, 318, 319, 321, 333, 335
Tarāš-e Farhād, Bīsotūn
232, 258–259, 259, 260
Khusrau va Shirin (Šīrīn) Saga
Aqqoyunlu period
293
before Neẓāmī Ganjavī reimagination
261
Gaznavid and Seljuq period
284
Jalayirid period
261, 284, 292–295
Neẓāmī Ganjavī
260–261, 275–276, 277, 285, 290, 291, 295, 319, 320–322, 321, 335
pre-Islamic tales of
326
Qazvini, Zakariya
288–289, 290, 293, 294
Seljuqs period
284
Timurid period
284, 293–295
Kilamuwa, king
146–147, 147
Kurds
24–25
Kurunt(iy)a, Great King
118, 124, 124
Lahoud, Émile (President of Lebanon)
11, 127
Lalande, Jérôme
421–422, 423
Leios, talisman of
164–165, 168
Lepsius, Karl Richard
96–99, 98, 100–103, 106
lion(s)
Brisa (WBC), Nebuchadnezzar fighting a
360, 360, 362–363, 369
bull combats in Berlin Shahnama
317n110
Hagr el-Merwa
77, 78, 79, 80
hunts in Assyrian art
362
Nizami, Khusrau fights the
319, 320, 322–323,
Sar Mashhad relief, Bahram II slays a
322, 323
statue at Fasılar
120t
statue(s) at Persepolis
234, 308
Wadi es-Saba (WS1), king fighting a
357, 357
living-rock monuments, definition
69
Long, Roger
421, 423
Lullubi rock-reliefs
223, 225, 236, 240, 243–246, 244, 245, 251
magician
166–168
Malalas, John
162, 164–168, 171, 173–175, 176n37, 181–182, 391–396
(ps.-) Manetho
384–386, 394–395, 415–416, 418–419
mathematics
405, 410–411, 413–414, 422
Memnon
191t, 201
Mentuhotep II
106
Merquly Arsacid relief (Iraqi Kurdistan)
250
Meton of Athens
407, 411
Mirza Salman Jaberi’s inscription at Persepolis
302–303
Mithradates II
240
Mitrates
240, 243
Montucla, Jean Etienne
418, 421, 423, 424
Moses
22, 87n64, 386, 392, 410
Muʾin Musavvir, Shahnama
318, 323, 324, 335
muraqqaʿ (Persian album)
325
Muwatalli II
123–124, 124
Mytens, Daniel
280, 281, 328, 331
mythology
Aramaic-Levantine
346–348, 352–353, 363–364, 368, 372
Babylonian
45, 347, 353, 368
geo-
30n64
Greek
165, 173, 347, 391
Hurro-Hittite
117–118
Jewish
372
Levantine
353–354, 363, 368, 370
Mesopotamian
349, 353–354, 367–368
of giants
372
of Ṭāq-e Bostān
295
of the Watchers
346–348, 364, 368, 370–372
Nabonidus (Nabunaid)
47n26, 351, 352, 364
Naram-Sin
43–44n16, 45, 61n92
Narseh, king of kings
228n14, 256–257, 257, 266
Nebuchadnezzar II
11, 351, 353–362, 364, 355, 366–368, 371
Neferhotep I
106
Neẓāmī Ganjavī (Nizami), Khamsa
Haft Paykar
284
Iskandernama
284
Khusrau va Shirin (Šīrīn)
260–261, 275, 277, 284–285, 290–295, 294, 319, 320–322, 321, 333, 335
Layla va Majnun
284
Makhzan al-Asrar
278, 284, 300
Noah
348–349, 387, 388, 405, 410, 412
Nuqtavi sect
306, 309, 334
Oannes
382, 384, 394
Oebares
191t, 199
Osiris
74
patriarchs
386, 387n24, 390n40, 405, 416–417, 418, 421–422
Pausanias
180n45, 418
performance
at Persepolis
274, 296, 299–301
embodied
7, 31
of carving a rock relief/inscription
79, 83, 93, 98, 236, 242
ritual
28, 31n66, 46n33, 254, 362
Persian Wars
188, 195, 196, 209, 210
personhood of an image
41–43, 61n92, 64n101, 299
Philo of Byblos
347, 349, 372
Phoenicians
alphabet transmission
22, 383, 386
depicted on Bronze Band N, Balawat Gate C
52
and Pillars of Heracles
194n17
receivers and transmitters of astrological knowledge
386, 389, 415, 418
as record-keepers
383
Piazza Navona obelisk
71, 108
Plato (Eflatun)
173, 309n93
Polydore Vergil
411, 412–413
Prometheus
347, 410
Ps.-Eupolemos
347, 386, 389
Psammetik II (Psammetichus)
103–105, 104
Ptolemy, Claudius
407, 408, 411, 422–424
Qazvini, Zakariya
288–293, 290, 294
Rabbana Arsacid relief (Iraqi Kurdistan)
250
Ramesses II
11, 69, 78–80, 94n88, 213n79, 356
Regiomontanus
410–411
Reza ʿAbbasi
275–276, 277, 318–328, 319, 321, 327, 333–335
Riccioli, Giovanni Battista
408–409, 417
Roshanak (Shahnama)
323, 324, 335
Rustam (hero)
316–317, 323, 333
Šābuhr I
228, 229, 253–256, 266n83
Šābuhr II
257
Šābuhr III
257, 258, 258
Saite Dynasty
103–105
Sakā. see Scythians
ṣalam bēlūtiya (image of my lordship)
50–51
ṣalam bunnannīya
48
ṣalam gešrutiya (image of my great power)
152
ṣalam šarrūtiya (image of my kingship)
43, 48n33–34, 48, 49, 51, 152
ṣalmu (alan)
42–44, 46–47, 48n34, 51, 58, 60n90
Samos I relief
250–251
sanctuary
arsacid
240, 249–250
Bīsotūn
237, 240–243, 264
city of Akhetaten
94
Elamite
230, 246–249, 264
(Neo-)Assyrian
44, 264
open-air
178, 246, 247, 249
Saint Simeon (Samandağ)
174
water
230, 264
Yazılıkaya
117
Sargon II
62, 250n58
Sargon of Akkad, Sargon the Great
47n26, 154, 354
Scythia and Scythians (Sakā)
193t, 196–197, 200, 204, 205, 207–208, 212
Sela‘ monument
351–352, 352
Semiramis
22, 203, 237, 239, 243, 253
Sennacherib relief
Malthai
26
Nineve
142, 143, 251
Serug
388, 392, 394n56
Sesostris
5, 8, 173, 189, 191t–193t, 195–210, 211–212, 214, 419
Setau, viceroy
78–80, 84
Seth
descendants of (Sethites)
350, 381, 390, 402–407, 410, 412–413, 419–422
Egyptian king by the name of
418–419
knowledge of the heavens
381, 390, 392–396, 398, 403–404, 414
stelae (columns) of the Sethites
387, 391–394, 396, 403, 413–416, 419–422
Shalmaneser III
Assur statue of
151–152
Balawat Gate
45, 49–56, 52, 56, 61, 144, 144, 151, 361, 362
Black Obelisk (Nimrud) with inscription of
53, 57, 151
campaigns of
48–52, 56, 57, 151
constructed Fort Shalmaneser at Nimrud
47–48
erected his image at Mt. Atalur
51, 53, 61, 63
erecting image of his kingship
41–59, 63–64, 126–127, 144, 151–152
and Kızıldağ relief
146–152, 154
reliefs at source of the Tigris (Dibni Çay)
53–59, 58 58, 63, 126, 144
royal memorial act in Lebanon
50, 63, 354
statue at Nimrud
151–152
visit to the Mediterranean Sea
49, 50, 58, 63
Shamshi-Adad
51, 354
Shelah
390, 396
Shirin (Šīrīn). see Khusrau va Shirin (Šīrīn)
Shiruya’s murder of Khusrau (Khusrau va Shirin)
320, 321, 325, 335
Sicard, Claude
88–91
Simeon the Stylite the Younger, Saint
174
Smerdis
198–199, 204, 207
Sohrab, Tahmina mourns death of (Shahnama)
323, 333, 335n7
Solomon
284n23, 296n44, 298, 300, 302n63, 303n69, 331
Solon
381–382
sphinx
176, 177, 177
spoliation
ancient spolia as apotropaic or talismanic
323–325
by Yaʿqub Khan, governor of Fars
303
of Achaemenid columns and reliefs by Buyid monarchs
298, 309
of Persepolis
274, 298, 304–305, 307–310, 312–315, 322–325, 333–334
spolia in Carchemish
11n24
study of
10, 30n63, 165, 173
Stillingfleet, Edward
414–416, 418
Tahmina mourns her son Sohrab (Shahnama)
323, 333, 335
talisman
3, 162–171, 174, 181–182, 325
Tarhuntassa, kingdom of
123–125, 131, 153
Tarhunza(s), Storm-God
16, 17, 18, 148, 149
Tarkasnawa, king of Mira
8.
Karabel rock relief
Thracians
193t, 196, 197
Throne of Kızıldağ. see Hartapus relief
throne-platform supporters
311, 312–316, 313, 314, 315, 333
Tiglath-pileser I
images and inscriptions of
51, 64, 127
reached the Mediterranean Sea
50
relief at head of Tigris
15, 54, 58–59, 58, 63, 126
relief on Mt Lebanon
50, 63, 124, 125
Tiglath-pileser III
erected his image in Tikrakki
62–63
relief from Nimrud Central palace
142
royal inscriptions
45–46, 59
Timurid period
282, 284, 292–295, 300–301, 303, 310, 325
tomb
Achaemenid Naqš-e Rostam
230, 232, 233, 252–253, 312
Darius I (Naqš-e Rostam)
230, 232, 233, 234, 236, 256
of Egyptian princesses near Charonion
176
at Hegra
29
of Osiris
98
of Semiramis’ generals or lovers
203
Urartian
235
tree motif
Assyrian stylized (“the Sacred Tree”)
361
on Balawat Gate C, Bronze Band Na
52, 143, 361, 362
on Brisa, Eastern relief
360–363, 359, 365, 366–367, 369
in Book of Daniel
364–366, 368
in Gilgamesh myth
353, 367–368
on Imamkulu monument
120t
in Jewish apocalyptic literature
363–370
in palace of Assurnasirpal II (Nimrud), apotropaic
60n89
Tukulti-Ninurta (I)
127
Tuthaliya IV
137
Tuthmosis I
77, 78, 79–84
Tuthmosis II
76n24
Tuthmosis III
76n24, 78, 79–84
Tuthmosis IV
101n100, 105
Tuwana dynasty
16, 17, 148–149, 149
Tuwati, (dynasty of) Great King
150–151.
see Wasusarma, Great King
Urartian-Assyrian stela at Kelishin
24, 25
Uriel (angel)
395–396, 398
Vologases (Walaxš)
242
Wahnām son of Tatrus
256
Wahrām I rock relief, Bishapur
256, 257
Wahrām II
227, 228n14, 233, 254–256, 255
Wahrām III
256
Walaxš (Vologases)
242
Warpalawa(s), King of Tuwana relief
16–18, 17, 148, 149
Wasusarma, Great King
135–136, 146, 150–151, 154
Watchers (fallen angels)
346–353, 363–368, 370–372, 381, 388–390, 392–395
“Weeping Woman”
170–172, 174.
Charonion
Weidler, Johann Friedrich
417–418, 419, 423
Whiston, William
410n23, 418–419
Xerxes I
194t, 195, 196, 210, 234–236
Xisuthrus
382, 394
Xosrow II. see Khusrau II
Yalqut Shimˁoni
369