Illustrations
1.1 Hendrick Goltzius, Portrait of Frederick de Vries, 1597. Engraving, 358 Ã 263 mm. British Museum, Londonâ6
2.1 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Title Plate from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.2 Ã 21 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-81)â30
2.2 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Mary and Joseph Arrive at the Inn (Capricorn in early to mid-winter) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.2 Ã 20.7 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-92)â35
2.3 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, The Angel Instructs Joseph to Flee, and the Flight into Egypt (Aquarius in mid- to late winter), from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.3 Ã 20.8 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-82)â35
2.4 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew (Pisces in late winter to early spring) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.3 Ã 20.7 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-83)â37
2.5 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard (Capricorn in early to mid-spring) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.1 Ã 20.7 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-85)â37
2.6 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Parable of the Sower (Aries [instead of Taurus] mid- to late spring) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.1 Ã 20.7 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-84)â40
2.7 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Christ and the Woman of Samaria (Gemini in late spring to early summer) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.1 Ã 20.8 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-86)â40
2.8 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, The Parable of the Rich Fool (Cancer in early to mid-summer) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.1 Ã 20.8 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-87)â43
2.9 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Parable of the Good Shepherd (Leo in mid- to late summer) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.1 Ã 20.8 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-88)â43
2.10 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Parable of the Plucking of the Ears of Corn (Virgo in later summer to early fall) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.1 Ã 20.7 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-89)â45
2.11 Adriaen Collaert after Has Bol, Parable of the Barren Fig Tree (Libra in early to mid-fall) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.4 Ã 20.6 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdamâ45
2.12 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Parable of the Unjust Husbandmen (Scorpio in mid- to late fall) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.3 Ã 20.6 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-91)â47
2.13 Adriaen Collaert after Hans Bol, Parable of the Kingdom of Heaven (Sagittarius in late fall to early winter) from the Emblemata Evangelica, 1585. Engraving, 15.1 Ã 20.6 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (RP-P-1978-91A)â47
3.1 Titian, portrait of Sannazaro, oil on canvas, 85,7 Ã 72,7 cm. Picture Gallery, Buckingham palace. Public domainâ91
3.2A Monte Stella (left), Monte Merola (middle), and Monte Tubenna (right), on the slopes of the hills and in the valleys woods with holm oaksâ97
3.2B Road map of San Mango with Monte Stella, Monte Merola and Monte Tubenna. https://opentopomap.org, Creative Commonsâ97
3.3 Slopes with a wood of holm oaks. Creative Commons: By Drow Male, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Quercus_ilex.001_-_Monfrague.JPGâ97
3.4A Authorâs portrait of Petrarch, in Canzoniere, MS Cologny-Genève, Bibliotheca Bodmeriana 130, f. 10v. Creative Commons, CC BY-NC 4.0, http://e-codices.unifr.ch/de/fmb/cb-0130/10vâ103
3.4B Authorâs portrait of Petrarch. Woodcut illustration to Petrarca, Canzoniere (Venice, Bernardino Stagnino: 1513), fol. 3 vâ104
3.4C Girolamo Santacroce (1502â1537), Bronze medal with portrait of Jacopo Sannazaro, recto. Creative Commons: âBy I, Sailko, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27784196ââ105
3.4D Bartolomeo Ammannati, Portrait bust on Sannazaroâs grave monument, S. Maria del Parto, Naples. Creative Commons 3.0: By Mentnafunangann, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33374693â105
3.4E Bartolomeo Ammannati, Apollo, Sculpture of Sannazaroâs grave monument, S. Maria del Parto, Naples. Creative Commons: âDi User:Mentnafunangann â File:Chiesa di Santa Maria del Parto a Mergellina 11.JPG and other files in the same category, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33374695ââ105
3.5A French illuminator, Shepherd/ poet Meliboeus meets his colleague Tityrus playing the flute, 1469. Illustration to Virgil, Eclogues, manuscript Dijon (Burgundy), Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 493, fol. 3 v, to the first Eclogue, incipit: âTityre, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi [â¦]ââ109
3.5B Master of the Vraie cronicque descoce, 15th century. The shepherds/poets Corydon and Alexis. Public domainâ110
3.5C âMelisaeusâ, i.e., Giovanni Pontano, second president of the humanist academy of Naples. Portrait medal by Adriano Fiorentino, bronze, 8.4 cm. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Robert Lehman Collection. Wikimedia commons. Public Domainâ111
3.6A Giulio Campagnola, Young shepherd seated in a landscape looking toward an old man in the lower right, buildings in the background and a tree and mountain at left (ca. 1515â1518), engraving, image 13.3 Ã 7.9 cm, sheet 13.8 Ã 8.3 cm. Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum, Public Domainâ112
3.6B The Virgilian shepherds venerating the mythical poet Daphnis at his grave in an Arcadian landscape. Grave inscription: âDaphnis ego in sylvisâ (âI am Daphnis in the woodsâ, Virgil, Eclogue 5, 43). Woodcut illustration to Virgilâs 5th Eclogue, in idem, Opera (Strassburg, Johann Grüninger: 1502). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daphnis_ego_in_sylvis.jpgâ115
3.7 Jacopo Sannazaroâs villa with Santa Maria del Parto at Mergellina. Detail of âLa fedelissima Città di Napoliâ. Etching by Alessandro Baratta and Nicolas Perrey (Naples: 1680). Naples, National Library. Public domainâ117
3.8A âS Vâ â âSepolcro di Virgilioâ (Sepulcrum Vergilii) â Virgilâs grave with a laurel tree above Sannazaroâs grave chapel âS.M.P.D.G.â (âSancta Maria Partus Dei Genetrixâ). Woodcut from Scipione Mazella: âSito et antichità della città di Pozzuoloâ (Naples: 1595). Public Domainâ119
3.8B Inscription on Sannazaroâs grave. Naples, Santa Maria del Parto. Wikimedia Commons: By Mentnafunangann â Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33354350â119
4.1 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Animal Chameleonâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 72â73â125
4.2 Andrea Alciato, Emblemes (Lyon, Macé Bonhomme for Guillaume Rouille: 1549) 77. https://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/facsimile.php?emb=FALb050â126
4.3 Conrad Gessner, Historia animalium, liber I. De quadrupedis oviparis (Zurich, Christopher Froschauer: 1554) 3. https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/pageview/2119268â127
4.4 Marcus Gheeraerts, Titleprint. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978)â129
4.5 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Animal Chameleonâ. Drawing, 9.5 Ã 11.3 cm. SKD, Kupfer Stichkabinet. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.â132
4.6 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Lion and the Foxâ. Drawing, 9.5 Ã 11.2 cm. SKD, Kupfer Stichkabinet. https://skd-online-collection.skd.museum/Details/Index/887449â133
4.7 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Lion and the Foxâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 20â134
4.8 Lancelot Blondeel, The Death of Marcus Licinius Crassus (1558). Oil on panel, 56.6 Ã 70.9 cm. Groeningemuseum Brugge â www.artinflanders.be â photographer Hugo Maertensâ136
4.9 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Fox and the Ravenâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 20â137
4.10 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Crow and the Sheepâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 38â138
4.11 Joannes van Doetecum (I) or Lucas van Doetecum after the Master of the Small Landscapes, Haycart on Village Road (1559â1561). Etching, 16.7 Ã 20.0 cm. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344299â139
4.12 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Lion and the Boarâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 134â140
4.13 Pieter Huys after Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Two Galleys Sailing Behind an Armed Three-Master with Phaeton and Jupiter in the Sky (1561â1565). Engraving, 26.1 Ã 34.3 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/383048â141
4.14 Marcus Gheeraerts, âJupiter and the Beeâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 20â142
4.15 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Elephant and the Dragonâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 90â143
4.16 Giovanni Battista Franco, Four Elephants, a Lion and a Boar. Copperplate print, 33.2 Ã 47.7 cm. Photo: Andreas Praefcke. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Franco_Elephants_lion_and_boar.jpgâ144
4.17 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Lion, the Donkey and the Foxâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 52â145
4.18 Lion Attacking a Horse. Sculpture. Capitoline Museums. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_attacking_a_horse,_probably_made_in_northern_Greece_or_Asia_Minor,_325%E2%80%93300_BC,_restored_in_Rome_in_1594,_Capitoline_Museums_(22169854685).jpgâ146
4.19 Marcus Gheeraerts, âThe Eagle and the Vixenâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 84â148
4.20 Marcus Gheeraerts, âJupiter and the Frogs demanding a Kingâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 36â149
4.21 Marcus Gheeraerts, âOf the Old Storkâ. Etched illustration to Eduard de Deneâs De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup â M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 48â153
5.1 Philips Galle, Temperantia after Pieter Bruegel, c. 1560. Engraving, 22.3 à 28.7 (plate). From the Series of Seven Virtues, published by Hieronymus Cock. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. RP-P-OB-7376. Image © Rijksmuseumâ159
5.1a Philips Galle, Temperantia after Pieter Bruegel, detailâ161
5.2 Limbourg Brothers, The Month of July with the Castle of Poitiers, 1411â1416. Miniature in Les très riches heures du duc de Berry. Chantilly, Musée Condé, Ms. 65, fol. 7v. Image © Musée Condéâ166
5.3 Master of the Getty Froissart, The Province of Flanders, 48 à 23 cm. Miniature (whole page) in Le trésor des histoires, Bruges, c. 1475â1480. London, British Library, Cotton MMS Augustus AV, fol. 345vâ167
5.4 Simon Marmion, The Firmament above the Earth, 44 à 30 cm. Miniature (whole page) in Le livre des sept âges du monde, atelier Jacquemart Pilavaine, Mons, c. 1455. Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium, ms. 9047, fol. 12â168
5.5 Master of Bellaert, The Earth, 1485. Woodcut in Bartholomaeus Anglicus, Van den proprieteyten der dinghen (Haarlem: 1485). Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Special Collections. Image © University of Amsterdamâ170
5.6 Joachim Patinir, The Penitence of Saint Jerome, ca. 1512â1515. Oil on wood, c. 119 à 152 cm. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image © Metropolitan Museumâ171
5.7 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with David and Bathsheba, 1535â1540. Oil on panel, 46.2 à 69.2 cm. Boston, Isabella Steward Gardner Museum, inv. no. P25w40, Image © Isabella Steward Gardner Museumâ175
5.8 Hans Vredeman de Vries, Lazarus before the Palace of the Rich Man, c. 1565â1570. Oil on panel, 42 à 66 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. SK-A-2390. Image © Rijksmuseumâ176
5.9 Johannes or Lucas van Doetecum after Pieter Bruegel, Milites Resquientes, 1555â1556. Etching and engraving, 32.5 à 44.2 cm (plate). Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. RP-P-OB-7363. Image © Rijksmuseumâ180
5.10 Bernard van Orley, The Month of September: Hunters at Groenendaal Priory, c. 1530. Pen and brush in brown, grey and red, 39 Ã 57 cm (design for the tapestry series The Hunts of Maximilian).Leiden, Leiden University Library / Print Room, inv. no. PK-T-2046â181
5.11 Pieter Bruegel, The Return of the Hunters, 1565. Oil on wood, 116,5 à 162 cm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gemäldegalerie, inv. no. 1838. Image © Kunsthistorisches Museumâ183
5.12 Pieter van der Heyden after Pieter Bruegel, Lent, 1570. Engraving, 22.8 à 28.7 cm (plate). Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. RP-P-1892-A-17338. Image © Rijksmuseumâ185
5.13 Pieter van der Heyden after Pieter Bruegel, Summer, 1570. Engraving, 22.5 à 28.5 cm (plate). Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. RP-P-1892-A-17339. Image © Rijksmuseumâ186
6.1 Jan van Goyen, Landscape with a Dilapidated Farmhouse, 1631. Oil on panel, 40 Ã 54 cm. The Hague, Mauritshuis Museumâ195
6.2 Paulus Potter, Cows in a Meadow near a Farm, 1653. Oil on canvas, 58 Ã 66.5 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseumâ196
6.3 Meindert Hobbema, Wooded Landscape with Strollers in a Village, 1665. Oil on canvas, 93 Ã 128 cm. Washington, National Gallery of Artâ197
6.4 Boëtius à Bolswert, after Abraham Bloemaert, Farm Cottage, 1613. Etching, 15.4 à 24.4 cm. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Artâ199
6.5 Jan van Goyen, Dune Landscape with Cottage and Figures, 1629. Oil on panel, 48 Ã 70.5 cm. Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemiszaâ199
6.6 Pieter Molijn, Landscape with Open Gate, ca. 1630â1635. Oil on panel, 33.5 Ã 48 cm. Washington, National Gallery of Artâ200
6.7 Salomon van Ruysdael, Landscape with Sandy Road, 1628. Oil on panel, 28.5 Ã 39.5 cm. Pasadena (CA), Norton Simon Museumâ201
6.8 Adriaen Brouwer, The Bitter Draught, ca. 1636â1638. Oil on panel, 47.5 à 35.5 cm. Frankfurt, Städel Museumâ202
6.9 Jan van Goyen, Cottage on a Heath, ca. 1630â1635. Oil on panel, 40 Ã 60.5 cm. London, National Galleryâ203
6.10 Salomon van Ruysdael, Road in the Dunes, 1631. Oil on panel, 56 Ã 86.5 cm. Budapest, Museum of Fine Artsâ205
6.11 Jan van Goyen, Landscape with a Dilapidated Fence, ca. 1630â1635. Oil on panel, 36.5 Ã 54 cm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museumâ206
7.1 Jacob van Ruisdael, Panorama of Amsterdam, Its Harbor, and the IJ, c. 1670. Oil on canvas, 41.5 Ã 40.7 cm. London, National Gallery, on loan from a private collectionâ210
7.2 Jacob van Ruisdael, Panoramic View of the Northern Part of Amsterdam and the IJ, c. 1665. Drawing with black chalk and gray wash, 86 Ã 152 mm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. Public domainâ211
7.3 Cornelis Anthonisz., Birdâs Eye View on Amsterdam, 1544. Etching, 100.7 Ã 109.3 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. Public domainâ212
7.4 Claes Jansz. Visscher, View on Amsterdam As Seen From the IJ, 1611. Etching and engraving, 62.8 Ã 171.7 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. Public domainâ212
7.5 Jacob van Ruisdael, View on the IJ on a Stormy Day, c. 1660. Oil on canvas, 107 Ã 125 cm. Worcester: Worcester Art Museum. Public domainâ213
7.6 Jurriaan Pool, Inauguration of the new Town Hall, 1655. Silver, 7 Ã 7 cm. Amsterdam, Amsterdam Museum. Public domainâ214
7.7 Gerrit Adriaensz Berckheyde, The Dam in Amsterdam, 1660. Oil on canvas, 70 Ã 110 cm. Antwerp: Royal Museum of Fine Arts. Public domainâ215
7.8 Jacob van Ruisdael, Winter View of the Hekelveld, c. 1665. Oil on canvas, 49.5 Ã 65 cm. Scotland, Private Collection. Public domainâ215
7.9 Jacob van Ruisdael, The Dam Square, c. 1670. Oil on canvas, 52 Ã 65 cm. Berlin, GemaÌldegalerie. Public domainâ216
7.10 Marble floor of the Citizensâ Hall in the Former Town Hall of Amsterdam, now Royal Palace. Photo: Benning & Gladkova. Image © Stichting Koninklijk Paleis Amsterdamâ220
7.11 Elias Noski, Engraved Stone with Huygensâ Laudatory Poem, 1660. Black marble, 100 Ã 90 cm. Amsterdam, Amsterdam Museum. Public domainâ224
7.12 Jacob van Ruisdael, Landscape with a Ruined Castle and a Village Church, 1665â72. Oil on canvas, 109 Ã 146 cm. London, National Gallery. Public domainâ227
7.13 Gerrit Adriaensz. Berckheyde, View of the Golden Bend in the Herengracht, 1671â1672. Oil on panel, 42.5 Ã 57.5 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. Public domainâ229
7.14 Pieter Jansz. Saenredam, The Old Town Hall of Amsterdam, 1657. Oil on panel, 65.5 Ã 84.5 cm. Amsterdam, Amsterdam Museum. Public domainâ230
7.15 Jacob van Ruisdael, Interior of the Oude Kerk, c. 1670. Drawing, 482 Ã 415 mm. Paris, Ãcole des Beaux-Arts. Public domainâ231
8.1 Jacob Isaaksz van Ruisdael, The Jewish Cemetery, 1654 or 1655. Oil on canvas, 142.2 Ã 189.2 cm. Gift of Julius H. Haass in memory of his brother Dr. Ernest W. Haass, 26.1. Detroit Institute of Artsâ234
8.2 Jacob van Ruisdael, Jewish Cemetery, 1654/1655. Oil on canvas, 84 à 95 cm., Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresdenâ235
8.3 Jacob Isaaksz van Ruisdael, The Jewish Cemetery, detail, 1654 or 1655. Oil on canvas, 142.2 Ã 189.2 cm. Gift of Julius H. Haass in memory of his brother Dr. Ernest W. Haass, 26.1. Detroit Institute of Artsâ237
8.4 Jacob van Ruisdael, Two Watermills and an Open Sluice, 1653. Oil on canvas, 66 Ã 84.5 cm. J. Paul Getty Museumâ239
8.5 Jacob van Ruisdael and Thomas de Keyser, The Arrival of Cornelis de Graeff and Members of his Family at Soestdijk, his Country Estate, c. 1660. Oil on canvas, 118.4 cm à 170.5 cm. Dublin, Courtesy of National Gallery of Irelandâ242
8.6 Jacob van Ruisdael, The Portuguese-Jewish Cemetery at Ouderkerk on the Amstel, c. 1654. Black chalk and pen with gray wash, 19.2 Ã 28.3 cm. Haarlem, Teylers Museumâ249
8.7 Jacob van Ruisdael, The Portuguese-Jewish Cemetery at Ouderkerk on the Amstel, c. 1654. Black chalk and pen with gray wash, 19 Ã 28.3 cm. Haarlem, Teylers Museumâ250
10.1 Plan of the gardens of Versailles revealing the face of Mickey Mouse. Front cover of Lafcadio Mortimer, Miqué ou les oreilles de Dieu, Montorgueil, Collection Pansémiotique, 1993. Photo: BNF/Gallicaâ295
10.2 Sphinx, Sacro Bosco, Bomarzo, ca. 1560â1584. Photo: Wikimedia Commonsâ296
10.3 Pirro Ligorio, The Education of Hippolytus, in Life of Hippolytus / Virbius, fol. 6r, ca. 1568. Pen and brown ink, with brown and gray wash, over black chalk, on paper, 324 Ã 222 mm. New York, The Morgan Library and Museum, inv. 2006.22. Photo: The Morgan Library and Museumâ303
10.4 Attributed to Matthias Greuter, The Garden of the Jesuit Noviciate of SantâAndrea al Quirinale, Rome, in Louis Richeome, Peinture spirituelle [â¦], (Lyon, Pierre Rigaud: 1611). Photo: Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyonâ306
10.5 Sébastien Leclerc, Plan of the Labyrinth of Versailles, from Charles Perrault and Isaac de Benserade, Labyrinthe de Versailles (Paris, LâImprimerie Royale: 1677). Etching, 21.5 à 14.7 cm. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. 31.77.30. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Artâ309
10.6 Jacopo Zucchi, The Fox and the Crow (Aesopâs Fables), detail from the Studiolo of Cardinal Ferdinando deâ Medici in the gardens of the Villa Medici, Rome, 1577, fresco. Photo: Wikimedia Commonsâ311
10.7 Plan of the Gardens of the Villa Manin at Passariano, ca. 1720â1730 (photomontage after Palazzo degli Ecc[ellentissi]mi N.N. H.H. Conti Manini, nel Locco di Perseriano nel Friuli, Eighteenth century, Udine, Biblioteca Civica, Fondo Manin). Photo: After Francesca Venuto, La villa di Passariano. Dimora e destino dei nobili Manin, Passariano di Codroipo (Udine), Associazione fra le pro loco del Friuli Venezia Giulia, 2001â313
10.8 Deleitando ensena [it delights and instructs], emblem in Diego de Saavedra Fajardo, Idea principis christiano, politici, centum symbolis expressa (Bruxelles, Ioannes Mommartius, suis et Francisci Vivieni sumptibus: 1649) 31, symbola politica, symbolum V. Photo: Wikimedia Commonsâ314
10.9 Mario Bettini, Apiariorum philosophiae mathematicae [â¦] (Venetiis, Baleonius: 1655). Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek, call number 2 Math 12. Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothekâ316
10.10 Franc-Antoine de la Porte, Jardinage de façon nouvelle dédié à très haute et très illustre princesse Marie de Médicis (Paris: 1616). Engraving, 41 à 35 cm, BNF, Paris. Photo: BNFâ317
10.11 Stefano della Bella, The Young Duke Cosimo III drawing in the Garden of Villa Medici, 1656. Etching from Six grandes vues, dont quatre de Rome et deux de la Campagne romaine, 31.1 Ã 27.7 cm, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. 2012.136.535.1. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Artâ319
11.1 Anonymous, Fête Champêtre at the Court of Philip the Good of Burgundy (Dijon: Musée des Beaux Arts inv. No. 3981) © Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijonâ328
11.2 Simon Bening (workshop), March, The Golf Book, c. 1530. Illuminated manuscript, 130 à 95 mm (London: British Library ms. Add. 24098, fol. 20 v) © The British Library Boardâ338
11.3 Goswijn van der Weyden, attr. Fifteen Mysteries and the Virgin of the Rosary, c. 1520. Oil on panel, detail: 25.1 à 53.3 cm (New York City: The Metropolitan Museum of Art No. 1987.290.3a-p) © The Metropolitan Museum of Artâ342
11.4 Jean Hennecart, Foliant de Yonnal presents his book to Rudolf of Denmark, in Guillebert or Hugh de Lannoy (attr.), Instruction dâun jeune prince, c. 1470, manuscript illumination (Paris: Bibliothèque de lâArsenal ms. 5104, fol. 14 r) © BnFâ345
11.5 Master of the Life of Joseph, Portraits of Philip the Fair and Joanna of Castile from the Zierikzee Triptych, c. 1505â1506. Oil on panel, @ 125 à 47 cm each (Brussels: Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium inv. 2405, 2406) © Royal Museum of Fine Arts Belgium [RMFAB], Brussels/photo: RMFABâ347
11.6 Anonymous Parisian illuminator, frontispiece for Guillaume de Nangis, Chronique Abrégée, c. 1470, manuscript illumination (Bibliothèque Nationale de France ms. Fr. 2598, fol. 1 r). © BnFâ350
11.7 Remy de Puys, Liedric and Ganymede/Joshua: La Triumphante et solennelle entrée faicte sur le nouvel et joyeux advènement de très hault, très puissant et très excellent prince Monsieur Charles, prince des Hespaignes [â¦] en la ville de Bruges, lâan 1515, le XVIIIe jour dâavril après Pasques [â¦] (Paris, Gilles de Gourmont: c. 1515), fol. 8r. © Source gallica.bnf.fr / BnFâ356
11.8 Remy de Puys, Emperor Charles V as Orpheus: La Triumphante et solennelle entrée faicte sur le nouvel et joyeux advènement de très hault, très puissant et très excellent prince Monsieur Charles, prince des Hespaignes [â¦] en la ville de Bruges, lâan 1515, le XVIIIe jour dâavril après Pasques [â¦] (Paris, Gilles de Gourmont: c. 1515), fol. 25r. © Source gallica.bnf.fr / BnFâ358
12.1 Giovanni Battista Falda, View of the Papal Garden on the Quirinal Hill. Etching, 23.5 Ã 41.27 cm. From Li Giardini di Roma (Rome, Giovanni Giacomo De Rossi: ca. 1676â1683). Collection of Vincent J. Buonanno (artwork in the public domain; photograph provided by Digital Production Services, Brown University Library, Providence, RI)â368
12.2 Giovanni Battista Falda, Plan of the Papal Garden on the Quirinal Hill. Etching, 26.04 Ã 41.27 cm. From Li Giardini di Roma, (Rome, Giovanni Giacomo De Rossi: ca. 1676â1683). Collection of Vincent J. Buonanno (artwork in the public domain; photograph provided by Digital Production Services, Brown University Library, Providence, RI)â368
12.3 Giovanni Battista Falda, Nuova pianta et alzata della città di Roma con tutte le strade piazze et edificii (Rome, Giovanni Giacomo De Rossi: 1676). Etching and engraving, 155 à 157 cm. Collection of Vincent J. Buonanno (artwork in the public domain; photograph provided by Digital Production Services, Brown University Library, Providence, RI)â369
12.4 Giovanni Battista Falda, Nuova pianta et alzata della città di Roma con tutte le strade piazze et edificii (Rome, Giovanni Giacomo De Rossi: 1676). Etching and engraving, 155 à 157 cm. Detail of Cardinal Nerliâs Garden. Collection of Vincent J. Buonanno (artwork in the public domain; photograph provided by Digital Production Services, Brown University Library, Providence, RI)â370
12.5 Jacob Ferdinand Voet, Cardinal Francesco Nerli (1636â1708), 1673. Oil on canvas, 130 à 92.5 cm. Dedication on the letter âA [â¦] E.mo et R.mo Sig. Cardinale Nerli/Romaâ. Public domain. Image © Wikimedia Commonsâ371
12.6 Giovanni Battista Falda, Cardinal Nerliâs villa, 1677. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (890145). Public Domain. Image © Getty Research Instituteâ374
12.7 Map of Rome. From Rodolfo Amedeo Lanciani, Forma Urbis Romae (Rome, 1901), plate 23. Bibliotheca Hertziana â Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rome, Dg 155-4930/4 gr raro. Detail of the Esquiline region. Public domain. Image © Bibliotheca Hertzianaâ377
12.8 Francesco Aquila, Clio, 1704. Etching. From Raccolta di statue antiche e moderne (Rome, Domenico De Rossi: 1704), plate cxii. Bibliotheca Hertziana â Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rome, Do 105â3040/a gr raro. Public domain. Image © Bibliotheca Hertzianaâ379
12.9 Pirro Ligorio, Tower of Maecenas. Woodcut. From Effigies antiquae Romae ex vestigiis aedificiorum ruinis testimonio veterum auctorum fide: numismatum monumentis, aeneis, plumbaeis, saxeis, tiglinisque (Rome, Apud Caroli Losi: 1773 [orig. Michele and Francesco Tramezzino, 1561]), plate 2. Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University, G6714 .R 7 L53 1773 FOLIO. Public domain. Image © Emory University Digital Library Publications Programâ380
12.10 Giovanni Battista Falda, Cardinal Nerliâs villa, 1677. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (890145). Detail from the lower right side with author and date. Public Domain. Image © Getty Research Instituteâ381
12.11 Giovanni Battista Falda, Cardinal Nerliâs villa, 1677. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (890145). Detail of the cardinal walking his garden paths. Public Domain. Image © Getty Research Instituteâ383
12.12 Giacomo Cantelli, Il Regno di Navarra, 1690. 58 à 44 cm. From G.G. De Rossi (ed.), Mercurio Geografico overo Guida Geografica in tutte le parti del Mondo (Rome, Giovanni Giacomo De Rossi: 1690). The David Rumsey Collection, www.davidrumsey.com. Public Domain. Image © David Rumsey Map Collectionâ388
12.13 Giacomo Cantelli, Il Regno di Navarra, 1690. 58 à 44 cm. From G.G. De Rossi (ed.), Mercurio Geografico overo Guida Geografica in tutte le parti del Mondo (Rome, Giovanni Giacomo De Rossi: 1690). The David Rumsey Collection, www.davidrumsey.com. Detail of the dedicatory cartouche. Public Domain. Image © David Rumsey Map Collectionâ389
13.1 Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with Saint John on Patmos, painted 1640. Oil on canvas, 100.3 Ã 136.4 cm. The Art Institute of Chicago. Creative Commons Zeroâ392
13.2 Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with Saint Matthew, painted 1640. Oil on canvas, 99 à 135 cm. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerie. Image © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gemäldegalerieâ393
13.3 Jean Lemaire, Artists Sketching among Antique Ruins, painted ca. 1630. Oil on canvas, 97.8 à 73 cm. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Image © Victoria and Albert Museum, Londonâ399
13.4 Sebastiano Serlio (engraver and designer). Woodcut illustration, ca. 1545. Frontispiece of the Italian Libro primo dâarchitettura; Il secondo libro dâarchitettura di perspectiva (Venice, Sessa: 1560), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, public domainâ400
13.5 Sebastiano Serlio (engraver and designer), Cityscape. Woodcut illustration, ca. 1545. Libro primo dâarchitettura[;] Il secondo libro dâarchitettura di perspectiva (Venice, Sessa: 1560), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, public domainâ403
13.6 Nicolas Poussin, Plague of Ashdod, painted 1628â1630. Oil on canvas, 148 à 198 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Mathieu Rabeauâ404
13.7 Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with the Ashes of Phocion, painted in 1648. Oil on canvas, 116.5 Ã 178.5 cm. Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. Courtesy National Museums Liverpoolâ405
13.8 Nicolas Poussin, The Triumph of David, painted 1630â1639. Oil on canvas, 118.4 à 148.3 cm. Dulwich Picture Gallery, London. Image © Trustees of Dulwich Picture Galleryâ410
13.9 Nicolas Poussin, Rest on the Flight into Egypt, painted 1655. Oil on canvas, 105 à 145 cm, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Image © Hermitage Museum/Bridgeman Artâ412
13.10 Nicolas Poussin, Massacre of the Innocents, painted ca. 1625â1629. Oil on canvas, 118 à 179 cm. Musée Condé, Chantilly. Photo © Josse / Bridgeman Imagesâ413
13.11 Nicolas Poussin, Et in Arcadia ego, painted c. 1637â1638. Oil on canvas, 87 à 120 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Image © Musée du Louvre / RMN / Angèle Dequierâ415
14.1 Reclining female figure, Sacro Bosco, Bomarzo. Photo: Luke Morganâ423
14.2 Giambologna, Fata Morgana, private collection. Photo: Wikimedia Commons / Public Domainâ425
14.3 Giambologna, Appennino, 1579. Villa Medici (now Demidoff), Pratolino. Photo: Luke Morganâ428
14.4 Salomon de Caus, Problem 23, from Book I, Les Raisons des forces mouvantes (Paris, Charles Sevetre: 1624). Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.â431
14.5 Frontispiece: Robert Greene, The Honorable Historie of Frier Bacon, and Frier Bongay (London, Elizabeth Allde: 1630). Photo: Wikimedia Commons / Public Domainâ437
14.6 Giovanni Guerra, Dining Grotto, Pratolino, Albertina 37214, Viennaâ443
14.7 Giovanni Fontana, âThe Artificial Resurrection of the Deadâ. From Giovanni Fontana, Bellicorum instrumentorum liber, Cod. Icon. 242, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, 1420â1440â448
16.1 Albrecht Dürer, Christ in Limbo. Woodcut, 44.1 à 30.3 cm, part of the Great Passion, 1510â481
16.2 Robert Clarke, Christiad (1670). Engraved title pageâ487
17.1 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with penitent saint Jerome. Oil on wood, 75.7 à 105.8 cm. Namur, Musée des arts anciens du namurois. Detail, right part with penitent Jerome in prayer. Image © Musée des arts anciens du namuroisâ508
17.2 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with penitent saint Jerome. Oil on wood, 75.7 à 105.8 cm. Namur, Musée des arts anciens du namurois. Image © Musée des arts anciens du namuroisâ518
17.3 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with the preaching of John the Baptist. Oil on wood, 86 à 120.5 cm. Bruxelles, Musées royaux des beaux-arts. Image © Musées royaux des beaux-artsâ519
17.4 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with penitent saint Jerome. Oil on wood, 75.7 à 105.8 cm. Namur, Musée des arts anciens du namurois. Detail, left part with spring and animals. Image © Musée des arts anciens du namuroisâ522
17.5 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with penitent saint Jerome. Oil on wood, 75.7 à 105.8 cm. Namur, Musée des arts anciens du namurois. Detail, upper right part with celestial radiance. Image © Musée des arts anciens du namuroisâ523
17.6 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with penitent saint Jerome. Oil on wood, 75.7 à 105.8 cm. Namur, Musée des arts anciens du namurois. Detail, blooming plants at the saintâs right. Image © Musée des arts anciens du namuroisâ526
17.7 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with penitent saint Jerome. Oil on wood, 75.7 à 105.8 cm. Namur, Musée des arts anciens du namurois. Detail, grotto with saint Jerome and the owl. Image © Musée des arts anciens du namuroisâ528
17.8 Herri met de Bles and Lambert van Noort, Landscape with penitent saint Jerome. Oil on wood, 116.7 à 81.6 cm. Namur, Musée des arts anciens du namurois. Image © Musée des arts anciens du namuroisâ531
17.9 Herri met de Bles and Lambert van Noort, Landscape with penitent saint Jerome. Oil on wood, 116.7 à 81.6 cm. Namur, Musée des arts anciens du namurois. Detail, Saint Jeromeâs hand and stone of penitence with the monogram âLVNâ. Image © Musée des arts anciens du namuroisâ532
17.10 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with the preaching of John the Baptist. Oil on wood, 86 à 120.5 cm. Bruxelles, Musées royaux des beaux-arts. Detail central part. Image © Musées royaux des beaux-artsâ534
17.11 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with the preaching of John the Baptist. Oil on wood, 86 à 120.5 cm., Bruxelles, Musées royaux des beaux-arts. Detail blind man and his guide. Image © Musées royaux des beaux-artsâ535
17.12 Herri met de Bles, Landscape with the preaching of John the Baptist. Oil on wood, 86 à 120.5 cm., Bruxelles, Musées royaux des beaux-arts. Detail owl attacked by birds. Image © Musées royaux des beaux-artsâ537
18.1 Hans Vredeman de Vries, Scenographiae, plate 13 (Hollstein 43): Left, trees with two deer; right, palace courtyard with fountain, 1560. Engraving, 20.5 Ã 25.8 cm. Image at https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?q=Scenographiae&v=&s=&ii=3&p=1. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdamâ560
18.2 Hans Vredeman de Vries, Theatrum Vitae Humanae, âRuyneâ, 1577. Engraving, 21.0 Ã 27.4 cm. Image at https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search/objects?q=Theatrum+vitae+humanae&p=1&ps=12&st=Objects&ii=4#/RP-P-1939-329,4. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdamâ562
18.3 Hans Vredeman de Vries, Scenographiae, plate 18 (Hollstein 48): Interior of a hall, cross-vault decorated with grotesques, 1560. Engraving, 20.8 Ã 25.7 cm. Image at https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?q=Scenographiae&v=&s=&ii=3&p=1. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdamâ563
18.4 Hans Vredeman de Vries, Scenographiae, plate 16 (Hollstein 46): Left, a loggia, the vault supported by satyr terms; right, view of a garden in front of a palace, 1560. Engraving, 20.8 Ã 25.6 cm. Image at https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?q=Scenographiae&v=&s=&ii=3&p=1. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdamâ565
18.5 Hans Vredeman de Vries, Scenographiae, plate 7 (Hollstein 37): Interior giving a view into a second room with chimney (centre) and a courtyard (right); with decorated chimney on the left, supported by male terms, 1560. Engraving, 21 Ã 26 cm. Image at https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?q=Scenographiae&v=&s=&ii=3&p=1. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdamâ566
18.6 Hans Vredeman de Vries, Caryatidum, plate 7 (Hollstein 230): Six female terms, the left one encased in strapwork, the two on the right with spiraled legs, 1565? Engraving, 16.1 Ã 23.7 cm. Image at https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search#!?q=Caryatidum. Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Artâ567
18.7 Hans Vredeman de Vries, Scenographiae, plate 2 (Hollstein 32): Interior of a church, in the far background a statue on a pedestal, the pedestals of the columns decorated with moresques, 1560. Engraving, 21 Ã 25.6 cm. Image at https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?q=Scenographiae&v=&s=&ii=3&p=1. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdamâ568
18.8 Hans Vredeman de Vries, Scenographiae, plate 4 (Hollstein 34): View into a hall with columns of the Tuscan order placed on pedestals, 1560. Engraving, 21.1 Ã 25.5 cm. Image at https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?q=Scenographiae&v=&s=&ii=3&p=1. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdamâ570