Index
(names, titles and terms referring to dynastic leaderships, statist formations, power elites, their practices, historians and sources, and their modern study only)
Abbasids
116 –7
,
119
,
188
,
201
,
284
,
295
,
298
ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Yahyā al-Shaybānī al-Tabarī, Kamāl al-Dīn
288
ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Ibn Abī Fatḥ Muḥammad al-Fāsī, Sirāj al-Dīn
298
Abou-El-Haj, Rifa’at ‘Ali
89n
,
116 –7
,
117n
,
126 –7
Abrams, Philip
102
,
102n
Abū Bakr b. Muzhir (1428–88)
76
Abū Bakr Ṭihrānī Iṣfahānī (d. after 1481/2)
269n
,
271n
,
272
,
272n
,
277
,
277n
,
278n
Abu l-Ghayth b. Abī Numayy
294
Abu l-Khayr al-Naḥḥās (1412–59)
75
Abū Numayy:
see Muḥammad Abū Numayy
Abu l-Qāsim b. Ḥasan
297
Abu l-Qāsim Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Yamanī
295
Abū Saʿīd, Ilkhan (r. 1316–35)
267
,
290 –1
Abū Saʿid, Sulṭān (r. 1451/1459–69)
56
,
64
,
76
,
260n
,
277
Abu l-Suʿūd Ibn Ẓahīra
300
Al-Afḍal al-ʿAbbās (r. 1363–77)
292
Aḥmad b. Rashīd al-Yanbuʿī
290
Aḥmad b. Shaykh, al-Muẓaffar (r. 1421)
168
,
170n
,
172 –3
,
192
Aḥmad b. Īnāl, al-Muʾayyad (r. 1461)
168 –172
,
170n
,
174
,
185 –6
,
194 –5
Aḥmad Ibn Ẓahīra, Shihāb al-Dīn
288
,
297
Aḥmad-i Jām Zhinda Pīl
276
Aḥmad al-Jāzanī
300
Aḥmad al-Ṣāghānī, Shihāb al-Dīn
298
Aḥmad al-Ṭabarī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abu l-Faḍl
290 –1
Ahmed (son of Bayezid)
58
Ahmedi (d. 1412/3)
234
,
236 –9
,
236n–
7n
,
249
Aḥval-i Sultan Mehemmed
239
ʿAjlān b. Rumaytha
294 –7
,
297n
Akhlāṭī, Shaykh Ḥusayn
315
Alexander
213
,
236n
,
323 –4
,
323n
,
338
Algazi, Gadi
167
,
167n
,
182n
,
185
,
185n
ʿAlī b. Ḥasan
297
ʿAlī b. ʿInān
285
ʿAlī Muʾayyad Sabzawārī, Khwāja
268
Ali Paşa, Çandarlı
227
,
238
,
240 –9
,
246n
alms (ṣadaqa)
299
amān
321
,
336
amīr
7n
,
120
,
131
,
133
,
134n
,
164 –6
,
168
,
169n
,
172
,
172n
,
187
,
189
,
190n
,
194n
,
205
,
215
,
216n
,
218
,
260
,
266 –270
,
274
,
283
,
286
,
294
,
296
,
300
,
302
,
311 –2
,
314n
,
316
,
331 –2
,
336
Amīr Jalāl Khurāsānī
267
Amīr Masʿūd Wazwāʾī
267
Amīr Shaykh ʿAlī
268
Ankara, Battle of
238
,
240 –1
Anonymous Chronicles of the House of Osman
227
Anderson, Perry
94n
,
110
,
110n
appanage
36
,
38
,
40
,
43
,
47
,
64
,
121
Apellániz, Francisco
40n
,
43n
,
138
,
138 –9n
,
202n
,
308n
,
310
,
310 –1n
,
320
,
320n
,
327n
Aqbardī
205 –7
,
217
,
219
Aq Qoyunlu / Aqqoyunlu / Aqquyunlu
3 –4n
,
30n
,
34
,
36n
,
37
,
52
,
52n
,
56
,
61
,
78n
,
82n
,
127n
,
131 –2
,
131 –2n
Arabo-Islamic
81n
Arabo-Persian
30
,
35
,
81
Arabs
39
,
42
,
59
,
62
,
80
Aṣalbāy
205
,
207 –8
,
219
Al-Asʿardī, Fakhr al-Dīn ʿUthmān
309
ʿAşıḳpaşazāde
244 –5
,
245n
ʿAṣīl, Khwāja Tāj al-Din
267
ashrāf khāna-i khāssa
271
Atābak / atābak al-ʿasākir / atābakiyya
15
,
45
,
164 –6
,
164n
,
168 –75
,
168 –72n
,
177n
,
180 –1
,
183 –7
,
189
,
189 –91n
,
193
,
194n
,
195
,
205n
,
206
Awlād al-nās
209
,
217n
aʿyān-amīr system
134n
,
286
Ayalon, David
32n
,
127n
,
164 –6
,
164n
,
168n
,
169
,
174
,
180
,
182
,
209n
,
217n
,
330n
Ayyubids
122n
,
124
,
124n
,
168n
,
308
,
320n
,
327
Aʿẓam Shāh, Ghiyāth al-Dīn (r. 1390–1410)
298
Azbak al-Ẓāhirī
283
,
283n
,
286
,
300
,
302
babas:
see dervish şeyhs
Bahrāmī
275
Bahrām Gūr
275
Balaban
246 –7
Bālīcha
275
Banū l-Barizi
74
Banū Ḥasan
293
,
296
,
301
Banū l-Jīʿān
74 –5
Banū Kātib Jakam
74 –5
Banū Muzalliq
17
,
306 –7
,
310 –2
–
4
,
316
Banū Muzhir
74
Barakāt b. Ḥasan
294
,
297
,
300
Barakāt b. Muḥammad
300
Barkey, Karen
73
,
73n
,
89n
,
129 –30
,
129n–
30n
,
138
,
141 –2
,
230
,
284
Barmakids
276
Barqūq, al-Ẓāhir (r. 1382–9, 1390–9)
161n
,
169
,
169n
,
307 –9
,
307n
,
315
,
327
Barsbāy, al-Ashraf (r. 1422–38)
3n –4n
,
31
,
66
,
74
,
127n
,
140
,
159
,
170
,
172 –5
,
172n
,
176n–
7n
,
184
,
189
,
190n
,
192 –3
,
285
,
309
,
312 –3
,
316
,
328n
Baybars, al-Ẓāhir (r. 1260–77)
163n
,
176n
,
284
,
293
,
297
Bayezid I (r. 1389–1402)
226n
,
230
,
236
,
238 –9
,
238n
,
240n –1n
,
243n
,
244
,
245n
,
246
,
247n
,
248 –9
,
248n
Bayezid ii (r. 1481–1512)
8 –9
,
31
,
52 –3
,
56
,
58
,
61
,
67
,
72 –3
,
220
Bedreddin, Şeyh
see Maḥmūd al-Simavī
Bembo, Lorenzo
319
,
319n
,
333
,
339n
,
343
Blickle, Peter
113 –4
,
114n
Blockmans, Wim
10n
,
109
,
109n
,
110 –1
,
110n–
1n
,
113
,
113n
,
114
Bourdieu, Pierre
4
,
4n
,
92 –4
,
92n
,
100
,
100n
,
123
,
129
,
139
,
167
,
179n
,
184n
,
186n
brokerage
75
,
129
,
286
,
332
,
347
Brunner, Otto
107 –8
,
114
Bulst, Neithard
109
,
109n
Burhān al-Dīn Ibn Ẓahīra
299
Cairo, Sultans/Sultanate of
9 –10
,
12
,
14 –5
,
28
,
31
,
32n
,
36n
,
53
,
57
,
61
,
64
,
66
,
68
,
73 –4
,
77 –8
,
115
,
140 –1
,
182
,
192
,
194
,
283 –7
,
290 –4
,
296 –8
,
301 –2
,
307 –8
,
310
,
313
,
315 –6
,
320
,
320n
,
322 –3
,
330
,
336
Çandarlı family
16
,
67
,
69
,
225 –41
,
231n–
2n
,
237n
,
243 –50
,
244n
,
246n
centralization
10
,
16
,
28
,
36
,
44
,
47
,
49n
,
92
,
106
,
108
,
121n
,
128
,
136
,
138n
,
202
,
224
,
226
,
228
,
230
,
230n
,
243 –4
,
248 –50
,
272
Chagatay(id)
10
,
30
,
63
,
132 –3
,
135n
,
259n
,
266
,
271
,
307
Chalkokondyles
250 –1
,
250n–
1n
Chamberlain, Michael
89n
,
115n
,
118
,
122 –4
,
122n
,
124n–
6n
,
125 –8
,
137
,
140
,
140n
,
175
,
176n
,
177
,
177n
,
179n–
81n
,
313
,
313n
Clifford, Winslow
89n
,
92n
,
122n
,
125n–
6n
,
175
,
177n–
9n
,
178 –9
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (d. 43 bce)
159 –61
,
161n
Circassians
6n
,
50n
,
65 –7
,
71
,
74 –6
,
138n
,
162n–
3n
,
164
,
166n
,
168n
,
172n
,
205
,
207
,
209n
,
217
,
307
,
307n
consul
160
,
161n
,
319
,
320n
,
325
,
329 –36
,
329n–
31n
,
338
,
345
Contarini, Carlo
319
,
319n
,
331n
,
332 –3
,
339n
,
343
cortesia
17
,
319
,
324
,
328
,
332
,
335 –8
,
337n
,
347
cottimo
329
,
332
,
341
,
346
Council of Twelve (Alexandria)
333 –4
,
333n
cursus honorum
15
,
160 –1
,
161n
,
163
,
166 –7
,
169n
,
186 –7
,
186n
custom (legal customs)
17
,
42 –3
,
53
,
119
,
136
,
321
,
326 –30
,
326n–
8n
,
337
,
338n
customs inspector (in Alexandria, chadi nadro della doana, nāẓir)
319
,
325
,
330 –6
,
339
,
344
dānişmends
228
darugha
269
,
269n
,
277
,
279
dār al-ḥarb
321
,
324n
,
326
Dastūr al-wuzarāʾ
275
Davies, Rees
102
,
102n
dawla
32n
,
95
,
140 –1
,
140n–
1n
,
172n
Dawlatshah Samarqandi (d. after 1487)
259n
,
263
,
263n
,
269n
defter
234
Delhi, Sultanate of / Delhi Sultanate
32n
,
266
,
266n
,
273
dervish şeyhs
231
devşirme
70
,
72
dhimmī
321 –2
,
326n
,
330
D’hulster, Kristof
5n
,
10n
,
139
,
139n
,
181n
,
186n
,
190n
,
202
,
202n
,
319n–
20n
diaspora
325
dihqān
257
discrimination (of Jews, Christians)
322
,
326
dīwān/divan
49
,
69
,
135n
,
257
,
261 –2
,
262n
,
274 –5
,
277
,
279
dīwān al-khāṣṣ
312
,
324n
,
331
Dolfin, Biagio
319
,
319n
,
330
,
330n–
1n
,
333
,
333n
,
339 –41
,
343
,
345
Dolfin, Lorenzo
332
,
345
Domenico (Italian canon caster)
206
Dulkadirid/Dulkadirids
33
,
67
dynasty/dynastic
1
,
3
,
5
,
11 –6
,
27 –31
,
32n
,
33
,
35 –6
,
36n
,
40
,
47 –8
,
54n
,
55 –8
,
66 –8
,
71
,
73 –6
,
81
,
96n
,
106
,
112
,
115 –6
,
121 –2
,
122n
,
124n
,
125 –6
,
128
,
130 –2
,
134
,
134n
,
136
,
139 –40
,
142 –3
,
161n
,
169n
,
171
,
190n
,
202
,
204
,
212
,
220 –1
,
231 –2
,
243
,
257
,
259 –60
,
262 –70
,
266n–
7n
,
273
,
279
,
307
,
307n
,
313
Edebali, Şeyh
231
Elias, Norbert
110
,
110n
,
123
Escovitz, Joseph
287
,
288n
,
297n
Fakhr al-Dīn Ibn Sufayr/Sufeir (customs inspector)
319
Faraj Allāh (chief of the black slave rifle squadron in Egypt)
217
Faraj b. Barqūq, al-Nāṣir (r. 1399–1405, 1405–12)
220
,
297
,
307
,
311
,
315
Al-Fāsī, Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad (d. 1429)
287
,
287n
,
290
,
292 –3
,
293n–
4n
,
295 –6
,
295n–
8n
,
298 –9
Fatimids
320n
,
326
Faryūmadī
267
,
267n
Faṣīḥ Khwāfī, Ahmad (d. after 1441/2)
261 –2
,
275 –6
Firdawsi
240
Flach, Jacques
105
,
105n
Fletcher, Joseph
36
,
36n
,
39
,
39n
Flinterman, Willem
140n
,
211
,
212n
fondaco
319
,
326
,
329
,
329n
,
337
Foucault, Michel
101
,
101n
,
301n
freedom of movement
326
future trade/trading
326
,
333 –4
,
333n
,
337
galley
325
,
334
Garcin, Jean-Claude
60n
,
138
,
150n
,
162n–
3n
,
166n
,
209n
ġazā, ġazis (see also ghazi)
224 –5
,
225n
,
227
,
230
,
247
Gellner, Ernest
100 –1
,
101n
Genet, Jean-Philippe
11n
,
109 –14
,
109n
,
111n–
2n
Genoa/Genoese
246 –7
,
308
ghazi
122
,
229 –30
Ghurid/Ghurids
265 –6
,
273
Giddens, Anthony
99
,
99n
Giese, Friedrich
227
,
228n–
9n
,
234n–
6n
,
245n
Golden Horde
7n
Goldstone, Jack
91 –4
,
92n–
4n
,
96
,
96n
,
98
Guenée, Bernard
108 –9
,
108n
Ḥāfiẓ Rāzī, Khwāja Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad (d. 1422)
262 –4
,
272
,
277
ḥājib
45
,
168
,
187
,
190n
,
219
ḥākim / ḥukkām
266
,
274
,
274n
Haldon, John
91 –4
,
91n–
4n
,
96
,
96n
,
98
,
103
,
103n
Ḥanafī
283
,
298
,
314
,
314n
Ḥasan b. ʿAjlān (r. 1395–1426, with two interruptions)
285
,
294
,
297
,
299 –300
Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Ibn al-Muzalliq, Badr al-Dīn
312 –3
,
316
Ḥasan b. Shihāb Yazdī, Tāj al-Dīn
263
Has Murad Pasha (d. 1473)
73
Heclo, Hugh
185
,
185n
Hegel, G.W.F.
2
,
105 –7
,
123
Heywood, Colin
224n–
5n
,
225
,
229n–
30n
Ḥiḍrat Shāh Sanjān
276
Hintze, Otto
106 –8
,
107n
,
111
Holt, Peter M.
127n
,
162
,
205n
,
209
,
210n
household
28n
,
43 –6
,
49
,
67
,
69 –70
,
73 –4
,
77
,
91n
,
97
,
110
,
117 –8
,
123 –6
,
128
,
135
,
136n
,
138 –40
,
161n
,
165
,
169
,
180n
,
186 –8
,
190 –1
,
206
,
219
,
311
,
313 –4
,
323 –4
Ḥumayḍa b. Abī Numayy
260n
,
291
,
294
Ḥusayn Bayqara, Sultan (r. 1469–1506)
56
,
135
,
135n
Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad (d. 1349)
293
,
293n
Ibn Fahd, ʿIzz al-Din ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. ʿUmar (d. 1516)
283
,
283n
,
299n–
300n
,
300
Ibn Fahd, Najm al-Dīn ʿUmar b. Muḥammad (d. 1480)
287
,
287n
,
295n
,
297n
,
299n
,
300
,
300n
Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (d. 1449)
173
,
173n
Ibn al-Ḥimṣī (d. 1527)
205n
,
207n
,
209
,
209n
,
217
,
217n
Ibn Iyās (d. 1524)
176n
,
194n
,
201
,
201n
,
203
,
203n–
4n
,
205
,
205n–
9n
,
207 –9
,
212 –3
,
212n–
3n
,
215
,
215n–
7n
,
218 –21
,
219n–
21n
,
306n
,
312n–
3n
Ibn Jamāʿa, ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (d. 1366)
295
,
295n
Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d. 1406)
29n
,
54n
,
90
,
94 –6
,
95n
,
98
,
104
,
112
,
139
Ibn al-Muzalliq, Badr al-Dīn
see Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī
Ibn al-Muzalliq, Shams al-Dīn
see Muḥammad b. ʿAlī
Ibn al-Muzalliq, Shams al-Dīn
see Muḥammad b. Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī
Ibn al-Shiḥna (d. 1515)
209
,
210n
,
215n
Ibn al-Shuqayf
294 –5
,
295n
Ibn Taghrībirdī (d. 1470)
159 –62
,
160n
,
167
,
168n–
70n
,
171
,
171n–
3n
,
173
,
176n
,
179n
,
180
,
187
,
187n
,
189
,
189n
,
194n–
5n
Ibn Ṭūlūn (d. 1546)
207n
,
209
,
209n
,
218n–
9n
Ibn Ẓahīra
287 –8
,
297 –300
,
298n
İbrahim, Çandarlı
230
,
239
,
241
,
247
Ibrahim Beg Karamanoglu (r. ca. 1423–64)
33
Ilkhans / Ilkhanids
265 –8
,
284
,
290 –1
,
294
,
301
,
307
ʿImrān b. Thābit al-Fihrī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn Abū Muhammad
288
,
290
Īnāl, al-Ashraf (r. 1453–61)
45
,
66
,
168 –71
,
170n
,
174
,
183 –6
,
189
,
194
Inalcik, Halil
40n
,
44n
,
47n–
8n
,
126n
,
128n
,
224
,
224n
,
226
,
226n
,
230
,
230n
,
233n
,
236n
inheritance
326
Injuids
266
iqṭāʿ
43 –4
,
47
,
119
,
181
,
183
,
215
,
258
,
293
,
308
,
310
Isfizārī
274 –6
,
274n
,
276n
Iskandar Qara Qoyunlu (r. 1420–38)
34
Iskandar b. ʿUmar Shaykh (d. 1415)
262 –4
Islamic empire, world (dar al-islam, al-mamlaka al-islamiyya)
6
,
116
,
292
,
321 –3
,
324n
,
335
Ismāʿīl Shāh Ṣafavī (r. 1501–24)
78
Italians
325
ius naufragiis
326
Jāhān Shāh Qara Qoyunlu (r. 1439–67) (Jahanshah Qaraqoyunlu)
34
,
36n
,
37
,
42
,
56
,
61
,
64
,
76
Jalāl al-Dīn Majd al-Mulk, Qāḍī
273
Jalāl Islām
274
,
277
Jalayirids
267
Jāmiʿ-i mufīdī
263
,
263n
Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh-i ḥasanī
263
Jamshīd Qārin Ghūrī
269
Jānibak
205
,
208
,
217
,
219
Jānibak al-Ẓāhirī
298
Jānim
205
,
208
,
217
,
219
Jān Bulāṭ, al-Ashraf (r. 1500–1)
208
Jānibak al-Ṣūfī (d. 1437)
172
,
174
,
190
janissary/janissaries
68 –70
,
72
,
233
Jaqmaq, al-Ẓāhir (r. 1438–53)
31
,
37
,
45
,
66
,
140
,
159 –64
,
168 –70
,
170n–
2n
,
172
,
174
,
180 –1
,
183 –4
,
187 –8
,
189n
,
192 –3
,
312
Jarākisa
65
Jem Sultan
8 –10
,
9n
,
58
Jews
325
julbān
65
,
190
Junābādī
274
jurisdiction
326
justice
52 –3
,
53n
,
74
,
77
,
80 –1
,
80n
,
114
,
138n
,
235n
,
236
,
313
,
333
,
336
,
338
Jūzjānī, Qāḍī Minhāj al-Dīn b. Sirāj al-Dīn (d. after 1265)
273
,
273n
,
274
,
277 –8
kabīr al-tujjār
311
,
316
Kafadar, Cemal
31n
,
68n
,
128 –9
,
128n–
9n
,
142
,
224n–
5n
,
225
,
227n–
8n
,
228
,
233n
,
235n
,
246
kallawta cap
213 –4
,
216
Kaldellis, Anthony
251
Kantorowicz, Ernst
107
,
107n
Kanun Name
52
kapıkuları
68 –9
,
71 –3
Kara Halil (Hayreddin), Çandarlı
227 –8
,
231 –7
,
239
,
248
,
250 –1
Karamanid/Karamanids
33
,
56
,
58
,
61
,
63
,
228
,
235 –6
Karīmī, Karīmiyya
292 –3
,
308 –9
,
308n–
9n
Kār-Kiyā
270
Kartids
262
,
265
,
267
kātib (scribe)
49 –52
,
54
,
59
,
73
,
75 –6
al-Kaylānī, Sham al-Dīn Dāʾūd b. ʿAlī
309
khādim al-ḥaramayn
232
Khalīl b. Qalāwūn, al-Ashraf (r. 1290–3) 214, 221
Khalīl
201
kharāj
42
al-Kharrūbī, Zakī al-Dīn
291 –2
,
292n
khawāja/khawājakiyya
308 –11
,
309n
khushdashiyya
161n
,
186
,
205
Khushqadam, al-Ẓāhir (r. 1461–7)
45
,
66
,
168 –9
,
170n
,
171
,
194
Khwandamir (d. 1539/40)
259n–
60n
,
275
,
275n
,
277n
Khwarazmshāhs
265 –6
,
273
Korkud (son of Bayezid)
58
kul
63
,
68 –72
,
74
,
225
,
232
Kurdish
30
,
39
,
42
Kurtbāy al-Aḥmar
206 –7
,
218
Lapidus, Ira
89n
,
115
,
117 –20
,
118n–
9n
,
122 –6
,
125n
,
128
,
137
,
137n
,
177n
laqab
67n
,
212
,
309
Lecuppre-Desjardin, Élodie
114
,
114n
Levanoni, Amalia
65n
,
67n
,
162 –4
,
162n–
4n
,
168n
,
172n
,
211
,
211n
,
215n
,
314n
Loiseau, Julien
11n
,
30n
,
127n
,
138
,
138n
,
140n
,
162n
,
202
,
202n
,
209n
,
324n
Lowry, Heath
73
,
73n
,
128n
,
129
,
129n
,
225n
Maḥmūd al-Simavī, Badr al-Dīn (Shaykh Badr al-Dīn)
315
malik / mulūk
266
Malik Ḥusayn Simnānī
275
,
277
Malik-i Zūzan
276
Mamluk/s
1n
,
4n–
5n
,
5
,
10
,
10n
,
13 –7
,
27n
,
31n
,
32
,
37n
,
45n
,
50
,
54n–
5n
,
64
,
65n
,
75n–
6n
,
88n
,
118
,
121
,
124
,
127n
,
137 –9
,
137n–
41n
,
141 –2
,
159
,
159n
,
161n
,
162 –3
,
162n–
9n
,
166
,
169
,
172n
,
174 –5
,
174n
,
176n
,
178 –9
,
178n
,
180n–
1n
,
182 –8
,
186n
,
190
,
202 –3
,
202n–
3n
,
209
,
209n
,
211n
,
213
,
215n
,
216
,
217n
,
220 –1
,
220n
,
232
,
283
,
285 –6
,
286n
,
298
,
306 –7
,
307n–
9n
,
312n
,
314
,
314n–
5n
,
320 –1
,
320n
,
323 –4
,
323n
,
326n
,
329n
,
337
,
337n
mamlūk
11
,
16
,
31
,
283
,
329 –30
,
32
,
57
,
63
,
65 –7
,
70 –1
,
74 –5
,
75n
,
115
,
161n–
3n
,
162 –4
,
167 –8
,
169n–
70n
,
171
,
185 –7
,
190n
,
201 –6
,
209 –10
,
212
,
212n
,
215
,
216n–
7n
,
217 –9
,
221
Mamlukization
1n
,
5n
,
10n
,
15
,
17
,
27n
,
32n
,
55n
,
88n
,
101n
,
139
,
139n–
41n
,
159n
,
174
,
177n
,
185 –6
,
186n
,
188
,
188n
,
202
,
202n
,
286
,
320
,
320n
Mamlukologist/s
28
,
89
,
115
,
162 –4
,
166n
,
174 –5
,
177
,
188
Mann, Michael
4
,
91
,
91n
,
93n–
4n
,
98n–
9n
,
110
,
113
Manz, Beatrice
3n–
4n
,
7n
,
11n
,
16
,
38
,
38n
,
52
,
64n
,
77
,
82n
,
132 –6
,
132n–
5n
,
142
,
259n–
60n
,
264n–
72n
,
274n–
5n
,
278n
manzaria (also tome, tuma, i.e. food expenses)
328
Al-Maqrīzī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī (d. 1442)
170n
,
176n
,
194n–
5n
,
214n
,
295n
,
311n–
2n
,
320n
Marʿashī
269 –70
,
269n
Marʿashī sayyids of Mazandaran
267 –8
Maravall, José Antonio
107
,
107n
Marx, Karl
1
,
106
,
109
Mesih Pasha (d. 1501)
73
Michiel, Angelo
319
,
319n
,
325n
,
333
,
333n
,
339
,
343
Michiel, Polo (Paolo)
319
,
319n
,
331
,
333
,
333n
,
339
,
342 –3
,
345
military patronage state
120 –1
,
121n–
2n
,
124 –6
,
125n
,
130
,
135
,
135n
,
137
,
140
,
140n
,
180n
,
313
,
313n
miri
47
Miṣirbāy
207 –8
Mitchell, Timothy
101 –3
,
101n–
2n
,
140
,
140n
,
144
Mitteis, Heinrich
105
,
105n
Mongol/Mongols
6
,
7n–
8n
,
29 –30
,
30n
,
35
,
80n
,
82
,
120 –1
,
124
,
136n
,
137
,
236
,
264 –6
,
265n–
6n
,
269
,
273 –7
,
284
,
325
Moore, Barrington
109
,
109n
Mortel, Richard
75n
,
284n
,
286n
,
293
,
293n–
5n
,
308n–
10n
,
309 –10
Mubārak b. ʿUṭayfa
293
Mughāmis b. Rumaytha
294
,
295
Muḥammad Abū Numayy (r. 1254–1301)
284
,
291
,
293
,
294
Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Salām Tūlakī, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn
273
Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Ibn al-Muzalliq, Shams al-Dīn
306
,
311 –3
Muḥammad b. Barakāt
299
,
300
Muḥammad b. Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Ibn al-Muzalliq, Shams al-Dīn
306
,
312 –3
,
316
Muḥammad b. Qalāwūn, al-Nāṣir (r. 1293–4, 1299–1309, 1310–41)
86
,
140n
,
145
,
148
,
203 –4
,
211 –2
,
212n
,
213 –6
,
220
,
222
,
287
,
290 –2
,
294 –5
Muḥammad b. Qāytbāy, al-Nāṣir (r. 1496–8)
15
,
66
,
201
,
203 –13
,
215
,
217 –21
Muḥammad b. Sayyidī Aḥmad Shīrāzī, Khwāja Shams al-Dīn
277
Muhammad b. Ṭaṭar, al-Ṣāliḥ (r. 1421–2)
172 –3
,
176n
,
192
Muḥammad Ibn Ẓahīra, Jamāl al-Dīn
297
,
299
Muḥammad Khudābanda Öljeytü, Ilkhan (r. 1304–16)
290
Muḥammad Khwāfī, Majd al-Dīn (d. 1494)
77 –8
Muḥammad Māyizhnābādī, Majd al-Dīn
275
Muḥammad al-Nuwayrī, ʿIzz al-Din
288
,
297 –8
Muḥammad al-Nuwayrī, Kamāl al-Dīn Abu l-Faḍl
288
,
296
,
298
Muḥammad Qumī
270
Muḥammad al-Ṭabarī, Jamāl al-Dīn
288
,
290
Muḥammad al-Tabarī, Kamāl al-Dīn Abū l-Faḍl
288
,
291
Muḥibb al-Dīn Ibn Ẓahīra
298
Muʿizz al-Ansāb
263
,
263n
,
279
Al-Mujāhid ʿAli (1321–63)
290
,
295
Mujmal-i Faṣīḥī
261
,
262n
,
263
,
263n
,
268n
,
269n
,
271n
,
280
Murād (r. 1362–89)
225
,
226n
,
228 –9
,
232 –5
,
237
,
249
,
250
Murād (r. 1421–44, 1446–51)
31
,
37
,
56
,
67
,
232
,
239
Musa, emir
239
,
243 –5
Al-Mustaʿīn (r. 1406–14 [caliph]; r. 1412 [sultan])
162n
,
169
,
192
Al-Muʿtaḍid (r. 1352–62)
176n
,
295
Al-Mutawakkil (r. 1479–97)
201
Muzaffarids
266 –7
Al-Muẓaffar Yūsuf (r. 1250–95)
290
Muzalliq family
see Banu Muzalliq, Ibn al-Muzalliq
Nasawī, Shihāb al-Dīn Muḥammad (d. 1249/50)
265
,
273
,
280
naqīb
267
nāẓir al-khāṣṣ
76
niẓām al-mulk
172 –5
,
172n
,
177n
,
190n
,
192 –4
Niẓām al-Mulk Khwāfī, Qiwām al-Dīn
275
al-Nuwayrī
287
oikumene (oikomene)
323
Orhan Gazi (r. 1324–62)
225
,
232
,
233n
Osman Gazi (r. ca. 1299–1324)
71
,
225
,
227 –8
,
231 –2
,
233n
,
235
Osmanlı
71
Ottoman/Ottomans/Ottoman Empire
3
,
5 –9
,
11 –4
,
16
,
28 –9
,
31 –5
,
37 –9
,
42 –3
,
46 –8
,
50
,
52 –3
,
55 –8
,
61
,
63 –4
,
67 –74
,
76
,
78 –80
,
115 –7
,
122
,
126 –30
,
137 –8
,
41 –2
,
181n
,
202 –3
,
213
,
217 –8
,
220 –1
,
224 –40
,
243 –51
,
293
,
299
,
309n
,
314 –5
Pahlawān Mahdī Kūsūyī
268
paper (Venetian)
331
Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci (fl. 1310–47)
327
,
347
pepper (incl. sultan’s pepper)
326 –8
,
327n
,
331 –5
,
333n
,
346
Perso-Iranian
77
Perso-Islamic
35
,
41
,
57
,
82
,
128
,
134n
,
136
Petrus Martyr Anglerius
208n
,
210
Petry, Carl
3n
,
11n
,
19
,
44n
,
85
,
152
,
163n
,
199
,
223
,
288
,
304
,
351
Pīr-Aḥmad Khwāfī, Ghiyāth al-Dīn (d. 1453)
77 –8
Pirenne, Henri
105 –6
,
114
Polybius of Megalopolis (ca. 200–118 bce)
95 –6
,
98
,
104
Post, Gaines
108
Powicke, Frederick
106
precious metal (bullion, see also gold, silver, copper)
325 –6
,
326n
,
329n
privileges
311
,
321 –2
,
323n
,
326 –30
,
326n
,
329n
,
335n
,
336 –7
qabīla
275
qāḍī
79
,
231 –2
,
235 –6
,
260
,
273 –4
,
277 –8
,
306
,
313
,
316
qāḍī ʿaskar
232
Qāḍī Aḥmad Ṣāʿidī
278
Qāḍī Shams al-Din Muḥammad of Zuzan
276
Qait
205
Qalāwūn, al-Manṣūr (r. 1279–90)
163n
,
169n
,
176n
,
203
,
212
,
284
,
307
Qalāwūnids
140n
,
169
,
169n
,
188
,
212n
,
314n
al-Qalqāshandī (d. 1418)
168n
,
215
,
215n
,
293
,
309n
,
311
Qānṣūh/Qanṣawh, al-Ẓāhir (r. 1498–1500)
205 –8
,
208n
,
210
,
219 –20
Qānṣūh/Qanṣawh al-Khamsamīya
206
,
209 –10
,
212n
,
213
,
215
,
217 –9
Qānṣūh/Qanṣawh al-Ghawrī (r. 1501–16)
3n
,
31
,
45
,
66 –7
,
140
,
181n
,
208
,
210
,
214
,
221
,
285n
Qānṣūh/Qanṣawh b. Sulṭān Jarkass
219
Qarā Qoyunlu / Qaraqoyunlu
33 –4
,
36n
,
37
,
56
,
61
Qarā Yūsuf (d. 1420)
33 –4
Qāytbāy, al-Ashraf (r. 1468–96)
3n
,
9
,
9n
,
31
,
66
,
140
,
169
,
181n
,
184
,
194 –5
,
201 –6
,
208 –11
,
212n
,
217n
,
220
,
299
,
306
,
313
Qipchaq Turkic
65
quartum (import tax of 25%)
327
,
327n
Qurqumās/Qurqmās (d. 1438)
159 –64
,
167
,
180
,
184
,
187 –8
,
190
,
193
,
285
Qushun-i Jānbāz
264
Ramaḍānid/Ramaḍānids
33
Ranikuh
270
Rasūlids
284
,
290
,
292 –6
,
324
rawk
215
Roman
71
,
95
,
105 –6
,
108 –9
,
159 –63
,
161n
,
163n
,
166
,
167n
,
181n
,
324
,
336n
,
339
Rumaytha b. Abī Numayy
291
,
294 –5
ṣadr
262 –3
Al-Sakhāwī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad (d.1497)
287
,
287n
,
295n
,
297n–
8n
,
311
,
312n
Salghurid/Salghurids
266
Ṣāliḥ b. Muḥammad b. Qalāwūn, al-Ṣāliḥ (r. 1351–4)
295
Al-Sallāmī, Majd al-Dīn
309
Sāmānid/Sāmānids
257
,
264
,
264n
Sanad b. Rumaytha
294 –6
Sarbadār/Sarbadārids
266 –8
,
267n–
8n
sardār / sardārān
271
sayyid
126n
,
267 –8
,
276
Sayyid ʿAlī Jurjānī
263
Sayyid Latīf-Allāh Kāshī
267
Sayyid Riḍā Kiyā
268
Sayyid Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn Junābādī
274
Scheidel, Walter
89n
,
90 –1
,
90n–
1n
,
99 –100
,
99n–
101n
,
103n–
4n
,
104
,
144
,
144n
Schramm, Percy
107
,
107n
Scott, James
301
,
301n
Selīm (r. 1512–20)
27
,
32
,
58
,
67
,
69
Seljuk/Seljuks; Seljukid/Seljukids
278
,
313
,
125
,
257
,
259
,
264 –5
Şentürk, Recep
178 –9
,
178n
,
182
shādd al-shirābkhāna
206
Shāh b. Maḥmūd al-Khaljī, Ghiyāth al-Dīn (r. 1469–1501)
299
Shāh Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī
263
Shāh Rukh / Shāhrukh (r. 1409–47)
31
,
34
,
36n
,
38
,
56
,
64
,
76 –7
,
133
,
259n–
60n
,
262 –3
,
267
,
269 –72
,
274 –5
,
278
shari‘a
116
,
119
,
136
,
224
al-Shaybānī
287 –8
Shaykh, al-Muʾayyad (r. 1412–21)
74
,
168
,
170n
,
173
,
310 –1
,
316
,
319
,
330
Shaykh Badr al-Dīn
see Badr al-Dīn Maḥmūd al-Simavī
Sievert, Henning
163n
,
164 –5
,
165n
,
170n–
1n
,
177n
,
179
,
179n
,
205n
Sigismund, king of Romans (r. 1387–1437)
336
sipahi
43
,
47
,
68
Skocpol, Theda
102n
,
109
,
109n
Sopracasa, Alessio
326n–
9n
soyurghal
43
,
47
,
48n
staple
328
state formation
93
Steinmetz, George
93
,
93n–
4n
,
98n
Strayer, Joseph
92
,
92n
,
107 –8
,
108n
,
111
Subtelny, Maria
46n
,
77n
,
135 –6
,
135n–
6n
Sufi/Sufism
62n
,
82n
,
134n
,
230 –1
,
234
,
259
,
259n
,
261
,
263
,
276
,
315
Sulṭān Abū Saʿīd (r. 1451/1459–69)
56
,
64
,
76
,
260n
,
277
Sulṭān Muḥammad
270
Sultan’s pepper
327n
,
328
,
331 –4
Süleyman, emir
238 –49
,
248n
sürgün
63
al-Ṭabarī
287 –8
,
290 –1
,
294
Tadhkirat al-Shuʿarāʾ
263
Taeschner, Franz
229
,
229n
,
233
,
233n
Taghrī Birdī
211
,
211n
Ṭāhirids
299
Tāj al-Dīn Ḥasan Yazdī
see Ḥasan b. Shihāb Yazdī
Tajik/Tajiks
14
,
73
,
77 –8
,
80
,
131
,
136
,
257
,
272
,
274
,
277
takhfīfa ṣaghīra
213
tanistry/tanistric
36 –9
,
36n
,
40
,
64
,
66
,
69
,
76
,
161n
tariff
see tax
Tārīkh-i Yazd
263
,
263n
Tārīkh-i jadīd-i Yazd
263
,
263n
Ṭaṭar, al-Ẓāhir (r. 1421)
173 –4
,
172n
,
176n
,
190n
,
192 –3
tax, taxation
42 –4
,
48 –9
,
52
,
60
,
70
,
74
,
77
,
80
,
100
,
108 –9
,
111 –4
,
119
,
224
,
230
,
233 –4
,
242
,
249
,
301
,
308
,
311
,
316
,
322
,
326 –9
,
326n–
7n
,
329n
,
332
,
335
,
338n
tax farming
42
,
44
,
48
,
70
Temür (r. 1370–1405)
4
,
6 –10
,
12
,
14
,
16
,
27
,
29 –31
,
33 –4
,
37
,
40 –1
,
57
,
63 –5
,
68
,
76
,
81
,
125
,
132 –4
,
259n
,
262
,
262n
,
265 –72
,
274 –5
Thaqaba b. Rumaytha
294 –6
Ṭihrānī
269n
,
271n–
2n
,
272
,
277
,
277n–
8n
Tilly, Charles
28n–
9n
,
54n
,
90 –1
,
91n
,
99 –100
,
100n
,
104
,
108 –13
,
111n–
3n
,
125
,
127
,
144
,
175n
timar
43
,
47
,
68
timariot
43
Timurids
5
,
5n–
7n
,
12 –4
,
16
,
28 –32
,
34 –5
,
36n
,
37 –9
,
41n
,
42 –3
,
46
,
46n
,
47 –8
,
50 –1
,
55 –8
,
61
,
62n
,
63 –4
,
76 –8
,
77n
,
82n
,
89
,
115
,
121 –2
,
126 –7
,
126n
,
130
,
132 –7
,
134n–
6n
,
142
,
249
,
257
,
259n–
60n
,
262 –5
,
264n
,
267 –70
,
272
,
274 –5
,
277
,
279
,
310
,
315n
tiyul
43
tovachi
263
,
271
tribute
42
,
48
,
60
,
321 –2
,
327n
,
336
Tuman Bāy
208
tümen
263
,
271 –2
Turks/Turkish
14
,
29 –30
,
32
,
32n
,
33
,
35
,
37 –8
,
42 –3
,
46
,
48 –50
,
52
,
55
,
61
,
63 –5
,
67 –73
,
76 –8
,
80
,
131
,
136
,
213
,
224
,
226
,
251
,
257
,
259n
,
307n
,
314
Turkmen
3n
,
12 –4
,
28 –30
,
30n
,
32 –5
,
36n
,
37 –9
,
42 –3
,
47 –8
,
55 –9
,
61 –4
,
62n
,
76 –8
,
89
,
115
,
126 –7
,
126n
,
130
,
134
,
137
,
142
,
217
,
266
Turko-Circassian/Turko-Circassians
67
,
71
,
74 –6
Turko-Mongol/Turko-Mongols
6 –8
,
7n
,
14
,
27
,
30
,
35 –44
,
46 –9
,
51
,
54 –9
,
54n
,
62 –6
,
78 –9
,
81
,
116 –7
,
120
,
130 –2
,
135 –6
,
142
Turko-Ottoman/Turko-Ottomans
71
,
73
,
76
ulka
43
Ullmann, Walter
114
,
114n
Umur of Aydın
247
ʿushr
326
ustādār
76
,
138n
,
176
,
206
,
330
ʿUtayfa b. Abī Numayy
290
,
294
ʿUthmān Beg Qarā Yülük (d. 1435)
34
ʿUthmān b. Jaqmaq, al-Manṣūr (r. 1453)
170
,
170n–
1n
,
192
Uzun Ḥasan (r. 1457–78)
34 –5
,
36n
,
37
,
42
,
52 –3
,
56
,
61
,
64
,
76
,
132
Uzunçarşılı, İ. H.
231
,
231n–
2n
,
233
,
237
,
237n
,
246n
Van Steenbergen, Jo
5
,
5n
,
10n
,
27
,
31n
,
32n
,
37
,
45n
,
55n
,
82n
,
88
,
101n
,
139 –40
,
139n–
41n
,
163n
,
174n
,
175
,
176n–
7n
,
180n
,
185
,
186n
,
188n
,
190
,
190n
,
202
,
202n
,
211
,
212n
,
307n
,
313
,
314n
,
319n–
20n
,
320
,
323
Vaughan, Richard
105
,
105n
vaqf/ vakıf
see
waqf
Venice (also Serenissima) / Venetians
17 –8
,
138
,
308
,
308n
,
319 –39
,
320n–
1n
,
323n
,
329n–
31n
,
336n
,
344 –5
vizier
49
,
69
,
72
,
206
,
224 –9
,
231 –3
,
233n
,
237 –40
,
243
,
245
,
249
,
259n
,
262 –4
,
263n
,
266
,
271 –2
,
274 –8
voce (voxe) del piper
332
,
340 –2
Von Below, Georg
105
,
105n
Von Gierke, Otto
107
,
107n
,
113
Von Harff, Arnold
204
,
210
,
210n
Von Ranke, Leopold
104
waqf
44 –7
,
45n–
6n
,
233n
,
271
,
311
waqfiyya
46
,
246
,
246
,
314
waqf-ization
44 –5
,
45n
,
48
,
57
Watts, John
5n
,
11n
,
81n
,
102
,
102n–
3n
,
114
,
114n
,
213n
Weber, Max
1
,
4
,
29n
,
54n
,
90 –2
,
91n
,
96 –8
,
96n–
8n
,
100
,
100n
,
104
,
104n
,
106 –7
,
109 –11
,
115
,
118 –9
,
129
,
135n–
6n
,
186n
White, Harrison
182
Wiet, Gaston
162 –3
,
162n
,
292n
,
327n
wine
210
,
224
,
228
,
235
,
242 –3
,
245 –7
,
247n
,
249
Wing, Patrick
5n
,
11n
,
17
,
27n
,
55n
,
59
,
60n
,
139
,
139n
,
185
,
186n
,
202
,
202n
,
286n
,
306
,
312n
,
323n
Wittek, Paul
126n
,
128n
,
224 –7
,
224n
,
229 –30
,
229n–
30n
,
233
,
233n
,
235 –7
,
248
,
251
Wittfogel, Karl
97 –8
,
97n
Woods, John
3n–
4n
,
30n
,
36n
,
52n
,
78n
,
82n
,
130 –4
,
131n–
2n
,
134n
,
136
,
142
Yaḥyā al-Ashqar (d. 1469)
76
Yāʿqūb
201
Yāqūt (d. 1229)
265
yaya
233
yeniçeri
see Janissary/Janissaries
Yūsuf b. Barsbāy, al-ʿAzīz (r. 1438)
169 –70
,
172n
,
176n
,
192
Yūsuf b. Kātib Jakam, Jamāl al-Dīn (1416–58)
76
zakāt
271
Zaydī
290
,
293 –6
,
293n
,
295n
,
302
Zemechia (< jāmakiyya)
17
,
319
,
325
,
329 –31
,
330n
,
334 –8
,
335n
,
340