Illustrations
1.1 Miniature tripods from Olympia, Olympia Archaeological Museum (photo: Troels Myrup Kristensen, by permission of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Elia, Archaeological Receipts Fund). 11
2.1 Pilgrims ascending Croagh Patrick, Ireland (photo: Richard Scriven). 36
2.2 Mount Kasios (Jebel Aqraa), from Seleucia Pieria (photo: Anna Collar). 42
2.3 Screenshot of the summit of Mount Kasios on Google Earth in April 2014 (photo: Maxar Technologies 2019/Anna Collar). 43
2.4 Screenshot of the landscape of Mount Kasios on Google Earth, from the north east (photo: 2017 Maxar Technologies/CNES/Airbus/Anna Collar). 49
2.5 Screenshot of the three potential routes from Bexa to the next valley up the mountain in Google Earth (photo: 2017 Maxar Technologies/CNES/Airbus/Anna Collar). 50
2.6 Screenshot of the path taken by Route 2 up the valley in Google Earth (photo: 2017 CNES/Airbus/DigitalGlobe/Anna Collar). 51
2.7 Screenshot of Route 2, looking up to the Temple of Zeus in Google Earth (photo: 2017 CNES/Airbus/DigitalGlobe/Anna Collar). 52
2.8 Screenshot of Route 2 from possible water tank to the Temple of Zeus in Google Earth (photo: 2017 DigitalGlobe/CNES/Airbus/Anna Collar). 52
2.9 Aerial view of the remains of the Monastery of St. Barlaam/location of the Temple of Zeus in Google Earth (photo: 2019 Maxar Technologies). 53
2.10 Screenshot of the path taken by Route 2 from the Temple of Zeus to the summit of Kasios in Google Earth (photo: 2017 DigitalGlobe/CNES/Airbus/Anna Collar). 54
2.11 Aerial view of terracing (possibly relating to monastic agriculture) in the valley between the Monastery of St. Barlaam and the summit of Kasios in Google Earth (photo: 2017 CNES/Airbus). 54
2.12 Screenshot showing the path and gradient of Route 2 to the summit of Kasios in Google Earth (photo: 2017 CNES/Airbus/DigitalGlobe/Anna Collar). 55
2.13 The path to the summit of Kasios in 2011 (photo: Ahmet Dertsiz). 55
2.14 Screenshot of the path of Route 2 past a possible water tank in Google Earth (photo: 2017 DigitalGlobe/Anna Collar). 56
2.15 Screenshot of the path of Route 2 to the southern flank of the mountain and the two possible enclosures in Google Earth (photo: 2017 CNES/Airbus/DigitalGlobe/Anna Collar). 57
2.16 Screenshot of the summit of Mount Kasios on Google Earth in August 2011 (photo: Maxar Technologies). 57
3.1 Schematic illustration of a braided network (M. Whiting). 64
3.2 Sketch map of Sinai showing approximate routes (M. Whiting, based on U. Dahari, Monastic settlements in South Sinai in the Byzantine period, 13, Plan 2). 78
4.1 Map of the sanctuary of Apollo at the end of the second century CE (after Bommelaer – Laroche 2015, pl. V; by permission of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund). 98
4.2 Bronze Tripod with “relief-decorated” legs (31 cm) (from Rolley 1977, No. 394, pl. XXXV, by permission of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund). 105
4.3 Bronze tripod leg, decorated with a ribbed motif (12,5 cm) (after Rolley 1977, No. 405, pl. XXXVII; by permission of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund). 106
4.4 Bronze tripod hammered leg with engraved decoration (10,5 cm) (after Rolley 1977, No. 483, pl. XLIX; by permission of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund). 107
4.5a Fragment of a helmet, Delphi Archaeological Museum, inv. 24904 (Neg. École Française d’Athènes 62078; by permission of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund). 108
4.5b Graphic reconstruction of the helmet (after Kilian 1977, 432, fig. 2; by permission of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund). 108
4.6 Bronze phiale, Delphi Archaeological Museum, inv. 4463, 17 cm (Neg. École Française d’Athènes 31235; by permission of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund). 109
4.7 Treasury-house of the Athenians in the sanctuary of Apollo (photo: Hélène Aurigny). 111
6.1 Pandocheion, Deir Sem’an (photo: Troels Myrup Kristensen). 150
6.2 Theveste/Tébessa. Overview of pilgrimage basilica dedicated to St. Crispina (photo: Robin M. Jensen). 152
6.3 Theveste/Tébessa. Possible stables and guest chambers (as interpreted by Christern) (photo: Robin M. Jensen). 154
7.1 Asclepieion at Corinth. Thesauros: θ below altar. Temple 15 m. long (after Kaminski 1991, 115). 180
7.2 Serapeion at Delos. Thesauros: θ above and between altar and cella (after Kaminski 1991, 116). 180
7.3 The cult room for Artemis at Messene. Thesauros: no. 3 beside trapeza (after Kaminski 1991, 116). 181
7.4 Thesauros in the temple of the Egyptian gods, Thera. Size in cm. The inscription (IG xii.3 443), reads, Διοκλῆς καὶ οἱ Βασι[λ]ισταὶ τὸν / θησαυρὸν Σαράπι Ἴσι Ἀνούβι (after Kaminski 1991, 96). 181
7.5 Thesauros in the centre of the agora on Thasos. Size in cm (after Kaminski 1991, 164). 182
9.1 Market stall in the new Coptic monastery at Abu Mena (photo: Troels Myrup Kristensen). 211
9.2 Shampoo and other products for sale in the new Coptic monastery at Abu Mena (photo: Troels Myrup Kristensen). 211
9.3 Souvenirs for sale near the House of the Virgin Mary at Bülbüldağı near Ephesos (photo: Troels Myrup Kristensen). 212
9.4 Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, Corinth. Note the concentration of postholes west of the central steps, possibly used to erect stalls (after Bookidis and Stroud 1997, plan 5, artist: D. Peck, courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Corinth Excavations). 216
9.5 Location of the sanctuary of Zeus Baitokaike (map by Niels Bargfeldt). 218
9.6a–c Development of the sanctuary of Zeus Baitokaike, as reconstructed by Klaus Freyberger (map by Niels Bargfeldt, after Freyberger 2009, Plan 4–6). 219
10.1 Map of Egypt showing location of monasteries that are discussed in the chapter (by author). 231
10.2 The archaeological remains of Deir al-Bala‛izah. View towards west (photo: author). 233
10.3 The archaeological remains of the Monastery of Anba Hadra. View towards south (photo: author). 235
10.4 Overview of the fifth century White Monastery church. View towards northeast (photo: author). 237
10.5 Plan of the Monastery of Anba Hadra near Aswan. Note the division between the public eastern part (right) and the private western part (left) (after Monneret de Villlard 1927, fig. 176). 246
11.1 Map of pilgrimage sanctuaries distributing pilgrim’s eulogia and specific eulogia containers (by author). 261
11.2 Holy Sepulchre ampulla (so-called Monza-Bobbio ampullae type), sixth century CE (Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Collection/Washington DC, BZ 1948.18). 263
11.3 St. Menas ampullae, made of terracotta, sixth century CE (Walters Arts Museum/Baltimore, 48.2541, purchased in 1987). 265
11.4 Token of St. Simeon Stylites the Elder, made of terracotta, sixth century CE (Walters Arts Museum/Baltimore, 48.1939, purchased in 1946). 266
13.1 Location and layout of the ancient port and adjacent area. Image sources: the map on the left was generated through Google Earth; the archaeological plan on the right is Plan 1 in Bruneau and Ducat 19833 with my overlays. By “zones of commercial activity,” I indicate zones of likely commercial activity: while the precise lieux d’échange at Delos remain a source of debate, I ground my designations in Hasenohr’s (2012) cautious overview of the evidence for the sites marked in orange. 339
13.2 Bulbulia et al.’s cooperative ecology model, modified (after Bulbulia et al. 2013, Fig. 6.1. I have added the red lines). 345
13.3 Bayesian trust on oath. Bayes’s Theorem: xy / [xy + z(1-x)], where x = prior probability, y = probability conditional on hypothesis being false, and z = probability conditional on hypothesis being true. 347