0.1 Encounter between Jews and Greeks (“The Elephant Mosaic Panel” in the Synagogue at Huqoq, Galilee, early 5th century CE; photo credit: Jim Haberman, © Jodi Magness) 18
1.1 Baal stele, Louvre AO15775. (Drawing of the author after O. Keel, Die Welt der altorientalischen Bildsymbolik und das Alte Testament, Neukirchen 192, fig. 291) 29
1.2 Palette depicting the victorious Egyptian King Narmer. Author’s rendering 32
1.3 Samaria gods (Courtesy C. Uehlinger, ‘Anthropomorphic Cult Statuary’, in: Karel van der Toorn (ed.), The Image and the Book (CBET, 21), Leuven: Peeters, 1997, p. 126) 38
1.4 Mutilated head of a king or god found at Nineve, Bagdad. National Museum of Iraq. Photo: Interfoto: Alamy Stock Photo 42
1.5 Damaged statue of a goddess from the Old Babylonian city of Mari. Aleppo National Museum. Photo: Interfoto: Alamy Stock Photo 43
13.1 The polemical pyramid (arrows indicate hostility) 427
18.1 Intolerance Resumes Its Time-Honored Mask. Source: David Wark Griffith, The Rise and Fall of Free Speech in America, Los Angeles: n.p., 1916, p. 3, downloaded from https://archive.org/details/riseandfallfree00grifgoog 537
18.2 Belshazzar’s feast. Still image from Intolerance, the ancient story 543
18.3 The crucifixion of Christ. Still image from Intolerance, the sacred story 544
18.4 The court of King Charles IX. Still image from Intolerance, the medieval story 545
18.5 The execution of the Boy is stopped just in time. Still image from Intolerance, the modern story 548
18.6 The Cradle Endlessly Rocking. Still image from Intolerance 549
18.7 Blocks indicating (right to left) the sequence of crosscut narrative fragments in the 2002 Kino Video release of Intolerance, freely available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgylj-1tzBQ. Intertitle cards not represented. Author’s rendering 551
18.8 Handmaidens of the Temple of Love. Still image from Intolerance, the ancient story 553
18.9 High Priest of Bel. Still image from Intolerance, the ancient story 558
18.10 Costume of a Babylonian priest. Source: Friedrich Hottenroth, Trachten, Haus-, Feld- und Kriegsgeräthschaften der Völker alter und neuer Zeit, Stuttgart: Gustav Weise, 1884, plate 13, downloaded from http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/hottenroth1884bd1/0211 558
18.11 The woman taken in adultery. Still image from Intolerance (image reversed), the sacred story 560
18.12 James Tissot, The Adulterous Woman—Christ Writing Upon the Ground (1886–94), watercolour over graphite on paper, 24.0 × 19.2 cm, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY. Source: Wikimedia Commons. With permission from the Brooklyn Museum 561
18.13 John Martin, Belshazzar’s Feast (1820), oil on canvas, 90.2 × 130.2 cm, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, CT. Source: Wikimedia Commons. This is a half-sized “sketch” of the original painting (160 × 249 cm), rejected by the National Gallery for being too large, which is now privately owned. With permission from Yale Center for British Art 562
18.14 Princess Beloved and Prince Belshazzar looking upon Babylon. Still image from Intolerance, the ancient story 563
18.15 Edwin Long, Babylonian Marriage Market (1875), oil on canvas, 172.6 × 304.6 cm, Royal Holloway, University of London. Reproduced by permission of Royal Holloway, University of London. Source: Wikimedia Commons 564
18.16 Woman for auction at the marriage market (on platform). Still image from Intolerance, the ancient story 565