Index
access to information
30, 34, 39, 46, 71, 231
access to justice
26, 30, 34, 46, 72
adaptivity
5, 19, 21, 26, 29, 30, 38, 48, 449, 450
adaptive capacity
law
23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 39, 43, 44–50, 166, 167
management
166
adaptive management
1, 3, 5, 18, 22–25, 44, 83–86, 100, 105, 147, 148, 166, 202, 229, 280, 351, 423, 450
adaptive law
5, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, 29, 26
American Antiquities Act 1906
375, 380, 397
appropriate spatial and temporal scale
6, 87, 118, 146, 147, 423
Aquaculture
12, 17, 41, 43, 56, 140, 231, 289, 306, 308–310, 318, 362, 429, 434
Aarhus Convention
227, 236
Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP)
81, 82, 83–96, 98, 99–107, 110, 172
Barcelona Convention
453
Biological Quality Elements (BQEs)
31
Birds Directive (Directive 2009/147/EC)
9, 41, 45, 196–201, 206, 213–215, 303
Blue Growth
43, 64, 140, 164, 179, 185, 310, 311
Blue Society
142, 149, 151, 154, 158
Carrying Capacity
346–348
climate change
27, 43, 56, 143, 148, 150, 155, 215, 227, 263, 271, 306, 309, 392, 402, 403
coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP)
383, 389–392, 400–403.
marine spatial planning
coastal zone
14, 133, 144, 177, 244, 339, 343, 353, 388, 418, 424, 425, 431–436, 438.
integrated coastal zone management, ICZM
coastal waters
19, 30, 40, 45, 55, 58, 74, 75, 89, 90, 123, 124, 126, 129, 130, 133, 134, 143, 294, 342
coherence
6, 20, 28, 36, 40, 41, 45, 47, 50, 55, 59, 75, 118, 123, 134–136, 208, 293, 304, 323, 341, 342, 344, 446, 447, 453
Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)
3, 11, 12, 41, 132, 287, 288, 293–301, 305, 307, 309–311, 453
compensation
210, 211, 216, 332–336
compliance
6, 27, 28, 30, 35, 37, 79, 80–83, 91, 94, 98–101, 106–110, 203, 294, 309, 341, 353.
managerial compliance
connectivity
27, 140, 165, 356–360, 398, 399
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
1–3, 8, 18, 85, 86, 102, 117, 141, 145–147, 151, 168, 174, 186, 189, 196, 227, 289, 322, 345, 355, 413, 419, 429, 438, 439
and definition of ecosystem approach
420
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
2, 204
Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters
.
Aarhus Convention
conservation
1, 2, 12, 29, 32, 39–41, 66, 83, 85, 87, 146, 147, 152, 153, 157, 165, 170, 173, 174, 180, 183, 185, 186, 198, 200–204, 206–209, 211–215, 228, 246, 265, 270, 271, 288, 290–296, 299–308, 322, 327, 333, 339, 343, 348, 353, 354, 361, 372, 373, 379, 380, 381, 384, 385, 391, 395, 396, 414, 415, 417–424, 426–429, 431, 432, 434–436, 438, 439, 455
continental shelf
153, 199, 259, 260, 403
cost recovery/recovery of cost
35, 47, 56, 63
decentralization
421
ecosystem (-based) approach
1–14, 42, 45, 46, 48, 81–92, 94, 95, 98–105, 117–119, 122–126, 130, 132, 134–136, 141, 146–148, 167–170, 176, 178, 182, 184, 189, 195–197, 200–217, 223, 225, 228, 229, 232, 238, 247, 256, 257–261, 263–269, 272, 274–276, 278–80, 319, 320, 322–324, 331, 336–338, 341, 342, 345, 347, 349, 352, 358, 361, 362, 371, 372, 403, 413, 417, 419–424, 428–430, 432–343, 438, 439, 445–450, 452–498
and adaptive management
9, 18
and coherence
342
and compensation
336
and conservation of biodiversity
419
and EU directives
17–18
and Malawi Principles
2
and uncertainty
337
and wetlands
417
definition under CDB
1, 85, 196, 322, 420
history of
1
key focus issues to ensure the success
4
ecosystem approach to management
371, 434
operating space for
374.
EBM
ecosystem boundaries
206, 352, 348, 384
Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management
383–387
Principles for
384
ecosystem-based management (EBM)
371, 387
operating space for
374
legal mandate for in USA
374–382
ecosystem resilience
24, 347.
resilience
ecosystem services
9, 10, 17, 87, 147, 148, 168, 175, 178, 179, 187, 188, 203, 257, 269, 274, 277, 323, 330–332, 346, 358, 374, 416, 422
Endangered Species Act 1973
377
enforcement
27, 28, 30, 35, 36, 39, 40, 45–49, 74–79, 81, 91, 98, 99, 108, 198, 374
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
23, 88, 237, 328, 333, 431
eutrophication
6, 24, 36, 80–83, 88, 91, 96–99, 101, 104, 106, 108, 109, 143, 150, 291
exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
12, 130, 153, 179, 199, 238, 243, 259, 260, 318–320, 323, 325, 329, 330, 332, 333, 335, 336, 339, 341–343, 345, 346
externalities
148, 421, 422
fishing/fisheries
3, 4, 11, 12, 24, 41, 43, 56, 62, 127, 132, 156, 165, 171, 180, 181, 183, 186, 188, 205, 215, 217, 223, 246, 270, 271, 272, 274, 277, 287–311, 318, 319, 339, 350, 362, 371, 373, 374, 377–388, 391, 394, 398, 400, 402, 403, 427, 453
flexible/flexibility
5, 6, 12, 22, 25, 29, 81–84, 87, 88, 91, 94, 97–100, 107–109, 155, 166, 173, 292, 294, 320, 339, 450
Good Ecological Status (GES)
18, 31, 33, 61, 95, 123, 179, 201
Good Environmental Status (GES)
3, 9, 11, 12, 36–41, 45, 55, 57–59, 61, 66, 69, 73–78, 81, 82, 95, 97, 98, 101, 105, 110, 143, 168, 172, 179, 181, 195, 216, 217, 256, 262, 265, 266, 287–293, 298, 300, 303, 305, 322, 360, 450, 453
Definition of
36
Green infrastructure
358
Group for the Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach (HELCOM GEAR)
104, 105
Guideline for implementation of ecosystem approach in Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) in Baltic Sea area (EBA-Guideline)
323, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 337, 339, 341, 344, 347
Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43)
9, 41, 45, 196–202, 206–209, 213–216, 303, 304, 306, 307, 354
Helsinki Commission (HELCOM)
6, 12, 80, 81, 85, 86, 89, 93–106, 109, 171–174, 177, 178, 189, 245, 322, 323, 340, 355, 357, 358
Helsinki Convention
3, 6, 80, 88, 89, 91, 94–98, 100, 102, 103, 106–110, 129, 132, 453
indigenous knowledge
147, 149, 170, 423.
local knowledge
institutional learning
271, 275–279
Integrated Coastal Management (ICM)
144, 145, 149–151, 155, 158
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
164, 339, 342, 343, 431–435
Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA)
371, 383, 388–391, 400–402
Integrated Maritime Policy
42, 162, 197, 289
internal waters
199, 259
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)
127, 188
Land-sea interaction (LSI)
7, 42, 59, 76, 140–144, 147–149, 151
Legal geography
7, 117, 119, 134
Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs)
343
legal certainty
5, 24, 5, 42, 50, 231, 245
legal resilience
20, 26, 30, 33, 43
local knowledge
34, 147, 149, 170, 184, 224, 275, 421, 423, 455.
indigenous knowledge
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act 1976
375, 379
Malawi Principles for the Ecosystem Approach
2, 6, 14, 86, 86, 117, 133, 166–170, 174, 175, 186, 189, 190, 447, 454, 456
Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972
375, 377
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
258, 302, 303, 305, 332, 350, 352, 358, 361, 362, 372, 380, 382, 383, 391, 394, 396, 400, 403
as part of Marine Spatial Planning
391
definition in USA
396
(large) protected areas
383
Management
394
managerial compliance
6, 80, 81, 100, 107, 108, 110.
compliance
Marine (Eco)regions
123, 343
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act 1972
375, 380
marine spatial planning (MSP)
3, 7, 8, 10–13, 42–48, 55, 59, 68, 75, 76, 122, 141–145, 151, 154, 157, 160–190, 224, 225, 229–236, 238–247, 256–269, 272, 274–280, 305–307, 311, 318, 320, 323–328, 333, 341, 345, 346, 351, 357, 358, 361–363, 371, 383, 391–394, 402, 403, 437, 438, 446, 452, 454, 455
and coherence
341
and Green infrastructure
358
and Subsidiarity
341
definition of
230, 231, 433
in Kenya
434
maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
295, 298, 302, 305
monitoring programmes
32, 34, 39, 59, 61, 62, 69, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 100, 105, 291, 345, 379
Maritime Spatial Planning (MSPD) Directive (Directive 2014/89/EU)
3, 5, 7, 17–19, 30, 36, 41–49, 55–79, 121, 123, 129, 156, 168, 231, 235–238, 241, 243, 319, 322, 324, 338, 343, 344, 347, 349, 351, 362, 449–452
Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)
3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 18–20, 30, 36–41, 43, 45–49, 55–79, 81, 89–98, 101–105, 109, 121, 123, 126–133, 162, 179, 195, 197, 200, 201, 216, 256, 289, 291–293, 299, 302–304, 311, 345, 357, 449–451, 453, 458
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
150, 415, 422
National Marine Sanctuaries
380–382, 394, 396, 398
Natura 2000
9, 195–203, 206, 208–217, 289, 300, 303, 304, 307, 327, 332, 333, 335, 354
nature conservation
29, 39, 40, 66, 180, 200, 211, 213, 306, 327, 339, 343, 348, 353, 354, 361
conceptual history of
372
network of protected areas
342, 357
non-deterioration (requirement)
31, 57
ocean acidification
143, 392
ocean literacy
8, 149, 151–154, 158, 456
offshore wind (energy/farms)
180, 185, 257, 258, 267, 269, 274, 277, 318, 344, 354
open space
359–360
OSPAR Convention
3, 127, 129, 132, 303, 304, 333, 453
participation
8–10, 26, 39, 44, 46, 67, 71, 87, 91, 92, 94, 102, 103, 106, 109, 154, 162, 166, 167, 169, 174, 176, 181, 184, 186, 189, 223, 225, 227–229, 233–248, 265, 269, 270, 279, 301, 302, 323, 324, 339–341, 385, 392, 417, 420, 421.
public participation
pipelines
318, 319, 327, 329, 354
pollution
23, 24, 29, 56, 88, 90, 97–101, 105, 107, 110, 143, 150, 291, 356, 374, 400, 433, 436
precaution
167, 290, 295, 323, 325–327, 338
precautionary (approach/principle)
86, 88, 183, 204, 207, 210, 214, 288, 294–298, 305, 311, 326, 327, 328, 337, 348, 349, 359, 361, 385, 400
preservation
43, 56, 88, 95, 148, 217, 224, 293, 331, 334, 347, 350, 362, 372, 373, 395, 397, 399, 400, 401, 427
programmatic approach
5, 18, 19, 451
programme of measures
32, 60, 216, 357
property rights
421, 422
Public participation
9, 10, 39, 44, 67, 71, 87, 92, 180, 225, 227–229, 232–241, 243, 245–248, 269, 272, 338–340, 417.
participation
definition
228
Ramsar Convention (Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat)
14, 424, 426, 427, 429, 434, 439
recovery of cost
,
see cost recovery
Regional Seas Conventions
37, 89, 93, 127, 129, 130, 132, 141
regulatory resilience
5, 26, 27, 30, 45–48, 50, 55
resilience
5, 6, 17, 19, 20, 22–33, 35–38, 43–50, 56, 82–84, 87, 92, 94, 108, 166, 266, 306, 347, 450.
ecosystem resilience, regulatory resilience and legal resilience
restoration (ecological-/ecosystem-)
24, 88, 95, 152, 197, 199, 203, 206, 212, 214, 215, 292, 293, 302, 392, 400, 457
river basin
19, 31–32, 34, 35, 59–61, 63, 65–77, 89, 90, 123, 124, 126, 425
river basin management plan
32, 34, 61, 65–76, 89, 90
rule of law
5, 19, 25, 26, 28, 29, 48, 50, 84, 154
shipping
41, 127, 132, 140, 165, 180, 231, 234, 244, 289, 319, 339, 354, 380, 393, 395, 453
social ecological systems
19–23, 25, 27, 30, 33, 48–50, 87, 166
social ecological resilience
19, 20, 23, 27, 33, 45–49, 82–84, 87, 92, 108
social sustainability
8, 162, 163, 169, 171, 174, 184–186, 310
sustainable development
8, 10, 12, 43, 45, 46, 55, 75, 130, 145, 152, 160, 162–167, 176–178, 184, 186, 188, 189, 216, 227, 228, 240, 260, 262–267, 276, 307, 319, 325, 335, 339, 347, 349, 362, 417, 427, 428, 430–432
definition of
430
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
10, 167, 231, 247, 431
Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development)
15
territorial sea
130, 153, 199, 259, 260, 336, 341, 342, 353, 361
threshold values
348, 458, 292
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC/UNCLOS)
141, 145, 151, 153, 231, 232, 294, 342
UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA)
3, 294–296
UNESCO
230, 231, 234, 247
Visions and Strategies Around the Baltic Sea (VASAB)
12, 144, 171–174, 177, 178, 245, 323, 340
Water Framework Directive (WFD)
3, 5, 7, 18–20, 30–37, 40, 45–50, 54–79, 89–97, 104, 123, 125–129, 132, 133, 156, 201, 449, 450, 454
Weser case
35–36, 40, 47, 451
wise use
417, 418, 424, 426–430, 434, 438, 439