Intestinal health biomarkers in vivo
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There is a definite need for biomarkers for intestinal health in vivo, which can be determined in samples obtained in a non-invasive or minimally invasive way. In humans, there are approximately fifteen biomarkers suggested, and test and reagents are available, whereas this is hardly the case for pigs and chicken. Here we review (possible) biomarkers for intestinal health, and their presence or absence in pig and chicken. There appears to be a striking lack of information on intestinal biomarkers in both species. It is also clear that certain biomarkers may not be present in all species, which is particularly true for chicken, or if present, are immunologically different. This usually means that reagents for assays are not available. For the pig there are at least some biomarkers and assays available such as for intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), but essentially none are available for chicken. Given the importance of intestinal health in production animals, it is hoped that more effort is invested in this field.