Figures
4.1 The “righteous man” of Psalm 111 distributing alms and justice to the poor, as illustrated in the Utrecht Psalter, Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht, Ms. 32, f. 65v 109
9.1 Portrait denier of Louis the Pious, Aachen mint, Jedomĕlice hoard 2006 258
9.2 Portrait denier of Charlemagne, Aachen mint 259
9.3 Christiana religio denier of Louis the Pious attributable to Melle, Vallée de la Risle hoard 2010 260
9.4 Part of the Flanders hoard of Christiana religio deniers of Louis the Pious: Coupland, “Second Supplement,” S46 263
9.5 Monogram denier of Charlemagne, Milan mint, found at Harmelen (Utrecht, the Netherlands) 273
9.6 Denier of Abbot Franco, Corbie mint. iNumis Auction 46, June 4, 2019, lot 420 277
13.1 Illustration of a mandragora in a ninth-century manuscript of Pseudo-Apuleius, Kassel, Universitätsbibliothek/LMB 2 ° MS phys. et hist. nat. 10., fol. 34v 387
Tables
9.1 Increase in recorded single finds of coins, 2014–2024 271
10.1 The sample of travelers 293
14.1 Location of craftsmen in the narrative sources before 1000 403
14.2 Services due from the city’s craftsmen according to occasions 415