Index
Aachen
52-53, 289, 303–04, 342, 351, 375
palace at
25, 38–40, 65–66, 68, 126, 230–31, 258–60
councils
Abruzzo
2
actor, actores see estate managers
Acts of Barnabas
373
Acts of the Apostles
135
Adalhard of Corbie
411
Adalhard the Seneschal
33
Adallinda
352
Addula of Pfalzl
359
Admonitio generalis
314, 318
adolescents, youth
344, 348, 350–51, 356, 358, 361
Adrevald of Fleury
266–67
Adriatic Sea
275
Africa
150, 206, 211, 375
agency
bottom-up
428–29
elite
167, 179, 187, 427–2
non-elite
121, 167, 179, 185, 197, 247, 249, 321, 401, 418, 425, 429, 431
local
427, 433
royal
427, 429, 431, 433
top-down
230, 236
Agobard of Lyon
14, 226–32, 235–40, 243, 247–49
agriculture
5, 13–14, 168, 170–85, 187, 227, 230, 238, 424
agricultural work
11, 26–27, 37–38, 44, 52, 55–56, 58, 60, 63, 69, 71–73, 163–66, 169, 172, 176–81, 185, 187, 241, 357, 360
crop destruction
226, 228, 241, 244
crop failure
14, 236
Aimoin of Saint-Germain-des-Prés
290
Aistulf
124
Alagoas
358–59
Alcuin of York
136, 164–65, 186–87, 331, 370, 426
De virtutibus et vitiis
317, 325–27, 329, 334
Epitaphium Alchuuini
331
Alexander the Great
149–51
Alipert
178
alms
109, 247–48, 301, 330, 334–35, 348–49
Alpulus
202
Alsace
266
Altar of Vespa
149
Altfrid
356
Life of Liudger
16, 346–47, 354–56, 360
Altvillier, monastery of
42
Amalarius of Metz
426
Amiens
77, 93, 205
Angelricus
202–03
Anglemarus
404
Annals of Fulda
203, 273
Annals of Xanten
87
Annappes, royal estate
39
annotations see manuscripts, annotated
Ansegisus
265
Anselm “illustrious man”
215–16
Ansgar of Bremen
290, 304
Apuleius
151, 375
Aquitaine
65, 93–96, 102, 270
arcane disorders
16, 383–84, 386–87, 393
archeology
3–4, 7–9, 17, 26–29, 37–38, 56, 182, 187, 243–44, 399, 403–04
archives
ecclesiastical
13, 28, 126–27, 172, 177, 179, 200, 405
lay
177
Ardulf
31
Argrin
277
aristocrats
1, 3–4, 6, 10, 13, 16, 26, 30, 33, 35, 38–41, 52, 55, 58, 62, 65, 69, 80, 82, 90, 100–01, 111–12, 114, 134, 136, 167, 169, 178, 181, 183, 186, 197, 206, 227, 236, 238, 241–42, 247–48, 265, 277, 285–86, 291, 301, 306–07, 343–44, 347–48, 353, 356–59, 361, 366, 369, 372, 384, 399–407, 417–18, 425–28, 430–33
arms-bearing
100, 204–05
armies
11, 36, 82–88, 91–95, 97–98, 102, 270, 283, 429–430
Arnoux, Matthieu
187
Arquillière, Henri-Xavier
133–34
Arras
266
artisans see craftsmen
assemblies
31, 39, 65, 90, 197, 226
Atto
205, 207, 210, 212
Augustine of Hippo
135–36, 138, 142–49, 151–56, 170, 199, 217, 234–36, 240–42, 317, 324, 379–84, 393
De catechizandis rudibus
234–35;
De civitate Dei (The City of God)
12–13, 133–56, 242, 433
De doctrina Christiana (On Christian Teaching)
144
De symbolo ad catechumenos
320
Tractus XLIX (49)
326
Ausold
216
authority
2–3, 5–6, 9–10, 12, 17–18, 44, 66, 85, 95–96, 98–101, 111, 118, 231, 258–60, 262, 274, 277, 412–13, 417, 433
ecclesiastical
6, 11, 154, 156, 163, 196, 219, 221, 314, 356, 379, 390
Auto
178
Avenay, convent of
42
Awans, royal estate
29
Baader, Gerhard
375
Balzaretti, Ross
43
bannum (royal fine, royal command)
84, 89, 99
baptism
15, 69, 220, 234–35, 318, 322–23, 330, 333–34
baptismal instruction
314, 317, 319–20, 333
Barcelona
182
Barisis
41
barriers to access
111, 113, 116–17, 119, 125, 127–29, 303
Basil of Caesarea
373
Bavaria
8, 15, 198, 216, 266
Beltildis
40
Benedictine Rule
163, 171, 357, 402
Benedict of Aniane
303–04, 307
Benedict of Nursia
saint
163, 266, 356–58
beneficia
112, 411
Berehtric
354
Berngisus
350
Berowulf
42
Bertha (daughter of Lothar I)
42
Bertram
177
Bible
biblical exegesis
135, 330, 336
scripture
biblical figures
Abel
150
Abraham
146, 150
Adam
34, 150, 320, 326
Cain
150
Enoch
150
Joseph of Arimathea
146
Lazarus
326, 331, 372
Methuselah
150
Sarah
149
Christ; Mary
Biebernheim
31
bishops
2, 5, 14, 39, 91, 93, 95–96, 99, 112, 115, 117–18, 126, 177, 196–99, 201, 203, 206, 210–12, 217–19, 229–31, 241, 322, 354, 414–17, 423, 425, 430, 433
Bisson, Thomas
51, 71–72, 79
Blidrada
352
blindness, visual impairment
15, 52, 54, 65, 69–70, 117, 283–86, 290–92, 296–301, 303, 305–06, 350, 352, 355, 372, 404
Bobbio
abbey of
28, 170–72, 176, 376, 411
Bobbio Missal
232–34
Bobon
406
Boissy (Saint-Germain-des-Prés)
408–11, 414
Boniface of Mainz
217, 359, 382
Borahtra
355
Bosl, Karl
111
Bosworth, Amy K.
303
bottom-up
6–7, 427
Bougard, François
2
Bourdieu, Pierre
37, 168, 177, 186
Bourges
276, 348
bread (made with soil)
87–88
Bremen
290, 295, 301, 303–04
Brescia
143
Breve memorationis of Santa Maria di Monte Velate
170
Brevium exempla
33, 39, 266, 405
Brioude
277
Brittany
6, 202, 211, 245, 258, 266, 274
‘Brother Bacchus’
164
Burchard of Worms
229
Burgundy
93–96, 102, 316
Byzantium
180, 275
emperors
83
proverb
45
Caesarius of Arles
235, 317, 324, 329–30, 379, 382, 384, 390
Homilia XVII (17)
320
Sermo CLVIII (158)
329–30
Sermo CLXVII (167)
326
Sermo CLXXII (172)
324
Sermo L (50)
381
Sermo XXXIII (33)
335
Cana, marriage at
186, 326, 329–30, 332
canon law
196, 199, 216
law
canonical letters
201, 317
capitularies
78, 80–81, 84, 86, 90, 96–99, 101, 111, 118, 122, 274, 346, 427, 429
Admonition to all Ranks of the Realm (825)
85
Capitulare de villis
32, 38, 180, 186, 405
Capitulary of Compiègne (883)
95–96, 102
Capitulary of Quierzy (857)
88–89, 91
Capitulary of Servais (853)
88–90
Capitulary of Ver (884)
11–12, 77–81, 83, 95–102
Capitulary on Discipline in the Palace of Aachen
40
ecclesiastical
5, 212, 215
First Capitulary of Meerssen (847)
97
Carloman II
11, 77–79, 81, 93–99, 101–02, 382
Carolingian Renaissance (renovatio)
137, 155, 371
carriage service
38
castration
213
Catalunya/Catalonia
71–72, 181–82
catechumens
319, 322, 333
cavalry see homines caballarii
celibacy
211, 219
central places
17, 402, 404–05, 407, 411, 417–18
charity
51, 63, 65, 70, 109, 122, 234, 300, 316, 330, 332, 334–35
Charlemagne
5, 31, 34, 36, 42, 62, 82–85, 118–19, 124–25, 127, 133, 164, 166, 186, 233, 259, 264, 266–67, 270–75, 277, 314, 318, 335, 375, 406, 426, 428
Charles Martel
121
Charles the Bald
77, 85–94, 96, 99, 102, 126, 207, 269–71, 276
Charles the Fat
94
Charles the Simple
267, 271
Charleville
91
charters
6, 9, 27, 29–32, 34–35, 37, 42–44, 94–95, 111, 115–18, 120, 124, 172–74, 176–79, 207, 274, 405, 427
diplomata
charts
317, 324
children
15–16, 32, 35, 43, 121–23, 126, 201, 219, 298–99, 307, 342–61, 386, 430–3
childhood
344–46, 360
Chiusi
182
“chivalry” (rowdy macho ethos of caballarii)
93
Christ
34, 64, 121, 147, 154, 163, 218, 257, 268, 278, 290, 319–22, 325–29, 331–32, 359, 372, 384
dual nature of Christ
16, 318, 323–25
Christological theology
336
Christianization
143, 147–48, 239, 241
Christopher (priest)
200, 205
Chromatius of Aquileia
317, 324
Sermo XV (15)
Chur
38, 409
church as physician/medicus
372, 375
church fathers
153, 162, 203, 314, 320
Church
15, 89–91, 96–97, 150–51, 169, 199
Cicero
148, 151
Cilicia
150
civil wars (of 830s and 840s)
85, 87–88, 285, 304
clergy
6, 14, 16, 29, 61–62, 64, 66–68, 70, 91–93, 100, 135–37, 141, 164–65, 177, 184, 197–202, 204–07, 210–12, 217, 219–20, 233–34, 248, 320, 334, 343, 349, 360, 372
palace clergy
91, 243
clerical marriage see marriage
Clothar II
406
Clovis II
120–21
Cobbo, count
356
cocciones (supply officers)
92
coinage
9, 14–15, 88, 183–84, 257–78, 427
Arabic
262, 272
Anglo-Saxon
183, 262, 267
Carolingian
183, 278
gold solidi
264, 269, 272, 412–13
oboles (halfpennies)
264, 268–69
single finds
261, 267–68, 270–71, 273, 275
commoners see non-elites
community
5, 16, 28, 33, 37, 41–42, 100, 126, 227–28, 299–301, 306, 315–16, 318–19, 328, 330–32, 334–35, 345, 348, 356, 360–61, 404
community practices
321, 323, 336, 425
compassionate history
72
Concevreux
290, 296, 303–04
Condrieu
350
congregation
1, 5–6, 16, 99, 197–98, 209, 314, 318, 322, 326, 328, 335–36, 352
coniectus (military tax, probably the hostilitium)
83
coniuratio/coniurationes (sworn associations)
100, 429
Coniurationes convivarum pro potu
164
Constance
38
Constantine I
144, 148, 241
contraction of the limbs
63, 67, 350–52
contraria contrariis sanantur (contraries cure contraries)
273
Contreni, John
367, 370
Corbie
153, 277, 375, 411–12
correctio/correction
6, 16, 137, 314–15, 318, 332, 335–36, 374, 431
councils
of Aachen (816)
162–63
of Aquileia (796)
198
of Châlon
373
of Paris (829)
230–31
of Riesbach, Salzburg, and Freising
373
of Toulouse (844)
216
Trullan (692)
243
countryside
9, 37, 62, 181, 227, 239, 249
counts
12, 60–61, 89, 96, 99–100, 124, 126, 248, 274, 294, 302, 306, 356
Coupland, Simon
86, 95
court, Carolingian
1, 17, 25, 38–39, 53, 81, 92, 95, 99, 101, 126, 134, 137, 198, 228, 230–31, 321, 335, 375, 423, 426–33
craftsmen
2, 17, 80, 82, 170, 183, 299, 303, 399–418, 428, 430–31:
craftwork
9, 370, 399–402, 406, 416
Cranheim, villa
27
Creed
319–21, 323, 335–36
culture
98, 134, 142, 144, 150, 163, 170, 177, 369, 425–27, 432–33
daily life
10, 15, 17, 26, 29, 37–38, 44, 55, 80, 136, 170, 228, 233, 242, 244, 247–49, 258, 262, 265, 268, 270, 292, 306, 347, 349, 360, 367, 369, 400, 402, 407, 424
Danes see Northmen
Davies, Wendy
6
deafness, hearing impairment
348–50, 352–53, 372
Déas
289, 294, 303–04
decimata
179–80
defensores
228, 230, 242, 246–48
demons, evil spirits
16, 227, 235–37, 239–41, 318, 332–33, 336, 353–57, 369–72, 375, 379, 381–84, 386–88
Denmark
245
deputies see estate managers
Descriptio mancipiorum of Saint-Victor of Marseille
170
Desiderius (king of the Lombards)
124
Dettingen, villa
36, 43
devil
246, 319–24, 326, 334, 381, 387
Devroey, Jean-Pierre
5, 36, 66, 169, 171, 268, 401, 409
Dhuoda
137
Diana/artemisia
386–88
Dido of St. Pierre-le-Vif
370
Dion, Roger
175
Dioscorides: De materia medica (About Medical Matters)
378
diplomata (royal)
9–10, 26–28, 30–32, 34–35, 41–42, 44
disability
63, 66–67, 69–70, 112, 266, 285, 291–92, 298, 303, 306, 342, 345–46, 349, 353–55, 360
discipline (military)
82–84, 89, 95, 100
disease
17, 168, 344, 368, 375, 383, 430
as punishment for sin
371
temptation
371
divine punishment
78–79, 91, 97, 122, 227, 231, 328, 333, 335, 345
Doda (concubine of Lothar I)
40
Doda (woman in archdiocese of Rheims)
202
Dominus vobiscum
317, 321
Donitian
350
Dorestad
262, 266, 270, 272, 275–76
dreams
59, 62, 65–66
drought
14, 147, 228, 237, 242
drunkenness
99, 101, 202, 205, 220
Dutton, Paul
E. 54, 59, 61, 137, 247
dynasty, Carolingian
77, 375, 423–24, 426, 432
East Francia
143, 218, 272, 346
education
3, 12, 314, 318–19, 321, 323–24, 336, 370, 431
Einhard
9, 11, 25–26, 30, 32, 38–40, 52–55, 58–73, 133, 136, 185, 265, 289, 301, 342, 348, 350–53
The Translation and Miracles of Marcellinus and Petrus
11, 16, 25, 52–55, 58–59, 62–72, 289, 292, 346–55, 360
Vita Karoli (The Life of Charlemagne)
52, 133
Eligius of Noyon
401, 405–06
elites see aristocrats
Emma (wife of Einhard)
71
emotions
56–59, 68–69, 72–73, 111, 123
anger
68, 119, 128, 226
anxiety
283, 306
happiness
58, 283
sadness
71, 283, 329–30
enslavement
302
serfs, slaves (servi)
entourages
household
39, 67
military retinues
82, 85, 90, 92, 96
envoys, royal
33
Erchangar (count)
31–32
Eriugena (John Scottus)
137
Erkembald of Strasbourg
413
Erkanfrida
114, 119
Ermentar of Noirmoutier
289
Esders, Stefan
116
Esmans
290, 294–95, 303–04
estate managers
29, 32, 37, 41–45, 66, 100
estates
10–11, 25, 26–29, 35–41, 60, 66, 82, 92, 165–66, 168, 170–74, 179, 181, 183, 185, 219, 265, 353, 356, 430
Eucharist/Lord’s Supper
186, 321–22
evangelization
262, 291
exorcism
319, 333, 353
Fabius
146
fairs
167
family
31, 40–41, 43, 88, 114, 121–23, 172, 179–80, 202–03, 293–96, 298–99, 344–45, 347–49, 353–55, 360–61, 409–10, 426, 431
Farfa, abbey of
13, 172–73, 179, 182–83
farmers
80, 82–83, 247, 269, 425, 428, 430–31
fathers
15, 40, 93, 116, 120, 123, 218, 266, 299, 301, 345, 348, 354, 357
Fentress, James
41
feuds
99
Fichtenau, Heinrich
3
fideles (faithful men)
89–92, 95, 97
Fiessi
12, 124, 127
final judgment
152, 234, 321, 330–31
firewood
41, 82–83, 85–87, 101
Fleury
143, 164, 266–67
Flodoard of Rheims
201, 216, 219
florilegia
136
fodder/grass (for horses)
82–87, 89, 92, 97, 101–02
Folcbald
355
Folchard
352
Formulae Andecavenses
121
Formulae Bituricenses
118
Formulae imperiales
117, 129
Formulae Turonenses
121
fortifications
86, 101
Forum Ware (ceramic type)
182
Fouracre, Paul
120, 185
fractions (social groups)
423
Franci homines (Frankish soldiers)
88–89, 100, 102
Francia
62, 77, 86–87, 92, 96–97, 99, 101–02, 142, 153, 165–72, 174, 184–85, 206, 231, 233, 246, 259, 349, 356–57, 376
Franco
277
Frankfurt, royal estate
37
Franks
11–12, 16, 25, 37, 45, 94, 102, 112, 143, 164, 169, 181, 199, 229–30, 233, 258, 260–62, 265, 269, 274–75, 345, 382, 431
Fredriksen, Paula
154
Freising
142, 373
Frisia/Friesland
265, 269–70, 272, 276, 354
Fritzlar
32, 60
Frothar of Toul
218
Frotwin
205, 212
fruit of the spirit
327, 330–31, 335
Fulda
6, 266, 411
Fulk of Rheims
202–03, 219
Gaius Servilius
149
Gangelt, royal estate
40, 342
Gautier, Alban
164
Gauzlin of Saint-Denis
94–95, 97, 102
gender
114, 119, 209, 283–85, 292–96, 303
Gerbald (blind son)
355
Gerbald (bishop of Liège)
388
Gerlach
351
Germany
261, 270, 274
Gerward
40
Ghent
53, 289, 293, 303, 350, 352
Giani, Marina
136
Giddens, Anthony
37
Giseberga
27
Gislehard
283
Glanfeuil, monastery of
357
Godbald
202
Gorman, Michael M.
144, 148, 151
Gozhelm
29
Grattan, J. H. H.
368
Great Army
77, 93
Great Britain
275
Gregory I the Great
134, 199, 356
Gregory III
217
Gregory of Catino
179
Gregory of Tours
164, 345
Grierson, Philip
269
guilds/gilds
12, 79, 99–102
Gunduald
206–07, 215
Haack, Christoph
126
hagiography
17, 54–55, 135, 228, 245, 248, 268, 287, 289–92, 296–97, 300, 303–05, 344–45, 359, 401, 403, 407
harmiscara (public humiliation)
89–90, 95
Hartlinda
350
Hatto, archbishop of Mainz
402
Haymo of Halberstsadt
416
healing
16, 239, 245, 318, 332, 366–74, 377, 379–81, 383, 386, 391–93, 433
miracles, healing
heaven/eternal life
16, 234, 319–20, 322, 324, 329–32, 334–36
Heiric of Auxerre: History of the Miracles of Saint Germain
268
hell
16, 316, 320–21, 324, 328–30, 336, 358
Helmerich
33
Helmrada
350
hemina
163, 171
Henri (duke)
402
Herard of Tours
200, 229
herbals
16–17, 367–72, 374–81, 383–85, 391–92
De taxone liber (Book of Classifications)
376, 385, 390–91
Herbariencorpus
375–76, 381, 385, 392
Herbarius Apulei Platonici
375–76, 378, 384–87, 389–91
Maudaurenses
375, 384–87, 389–91
St. Gall codex
376, 378
Liber medicinae ex animalibus, pecoribus, bestiis, vel avibus (Book of Medicines from Animals, Cattle, Beasts, or Birds)
376, 385, 389–91
Liber medicinae ex herbis femininis
378
heresy
151, 323
heriszupf (“army pickings”)
89
Hilduin
34, 53
Hincmar of Rheims
14, 31, 39, 42, 91–94, 199, 201–02, 207–19, 265, 389
Life of St. Remigius
42
On Criminal Priests (De presbiteris criminosis)
208, 215, 218
On the Organization of the Palace (De ordine palatii)
93, 98
Hippocrates
239, 247, 375
Hispani
125–29
historia
134–35, 150, 153
Homer
151
homicide
84, 97, 99, 200, 205, 211
Homilia de sacrilegiis (Homily on Sacrilege)
382
homines (soldiers) see soldiers
homines caballarii (mounted soldiers, cavalry)
82, 90, 92–93
Hopkins, Keith
154
horses
38, 68, 84, 98, 174, 204
warhorses
83, 86, 89–90, 92–93, 97
hospitalitas (hospitality, provisioning of royal agents and soldiers)
25, 39, 41, 99, 101
hostilitium (military tax)
82–83, 85
Hrabanus Maurus
33, 80, 235–36, 370, 374, 388
De universo
374
Commentary on the Book of Sirach
373
On the Training of Clerics
373
Hruotbert
27
Hugh the Abbot
94–96
humors
368, 371
hundredsmen (centenarii)
89, 99, 178
Hunold
202, 214
hunting
25, 78
iconography
257, 261–62, 278
identity, collective
11, 26, 28–29, 37, 41–44, 335
Ignatius of Antioch
372
illness see sickness, ill health
imperium Christianum
137
incarnation
144, 147, 321
Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum (Index of Superstitions and Paganism Practices)
382
infantry
82
infants, babies
69, 121–22, 350, 354, 357, 386
Ingold, Tim
37
injustice
12, 127, 200, 430
Innes, Matthew
6
Institutio canonicorum (Institution of Canons)
816 162–63, 169, 171
intellectuals
13, 134–35, 141, 155, 314, 342, 426, 431
intimidation
216, 220
Irmbirga (noblewoman)
31
Irmingard (empress)
40, 42
iron (ferrum)
39, 401, 408–11, 414–15
Irrel, royal estate
40
Irsigler, Franz
112
Isidore of Seville
80, 246, 324, 326, 329
De ecclesiasticis officiis
319, 333
Etymologies
237, 319, 333
Sententiae
317, 323, 325, 327–30, 332, 334, 371
Italy
13, 53, 115, 117, 124, 128, 166, 170–74, 176, 178–79, 181–87, 202, 206–07, 210, 240, 258, 261, 270, 273–74, 276, 375–76
Jackson, Helen J.
138
Jews
155, 257
John of Cambrai
214
John VIII
203
Jonas of Orléans
230, 307
de Jong, Mayke
217, 220
Joseph of Tours
118
Judith (wife of Louis the Pious)
53, 60, 68
Jülich
52–54, 70, 73, 352
Jura
358
justice
42, 64, 85, 109–10, 200, 216, 220, 226, 335, 427
accessibility of
12, 111, 113, 115–17, 119, 123, 125, 129, 425
Keefe, Susan
319
knowledge
151, 154–56, 235, 308, 401, 411
access to
286, 428
production of
379, 432–33
Koblenz
25
Kohl, Thomas
8, 126
Koziol, Geoffrey
29, 90
Kreiner, Jamie
185
labor, emotional
58–59, 64
labor, agrarian see agriculture: agricultural work
Laes, Christian
345
laity
6, 13, 15–16, 28, 30, 35, 44, 52, 54, 62, 64, 69–70, 90, 92–93, 100, 136, 167, 177–79, 181–82, 184–85, 187, 197, 199, 203, 217, 220, 233–34, 247, 315–16, 318–36, 345, 353, 358, 360–61, 369
lapidaries
317, 332
Larino hoard
270
Lateran Council, 1059
163
Lauwers, Michel
187
law
Bavarian
390, 401–02
codes
81, 242–43
Lex Ribuaria
84
Lombard
115–16
Roman
83, 85, 116, 149, 233, 240, 244, 247
Theodosian Code
83–84, 241, 243, 248
Visigothic
126, 242–44, 246–48
lay flock see congregation
Le Mans
43, 177
legal proceedings
12, 41, 110, 111, 115–129
Leja, Meg
367–68, 374, 378
Lent/Lenten
317, 320, 324, 326–27, 329–31, 334
Leo IV
205
Lérins, monastery of
359
Lex Ribuaria see law
Liafburg
354
liberal arts
16, 367, 370
libraries
138, 318, 321, 391, 432
libras de ferro
409–10, 412
Libri memoriales
34
Liège
352
Limoges
276
Limonta, estate
35
lipids
187
list-making
28, 30, 33–34, 44
liturgy
163, 169, 213, 317
Liudold (nobleman)
31
Liutprand (king of the Lombards)
124, 412
logistics (military)
81, 83
Loire River
85, 88, 94, 100, 164, 267
Lord’s Prayer
15, 318–19, 321–23, 335
lords
11–12, 18, 29, 32, 36, 43, 53, 55, 60–61, 72, 82, 85, 96, 98, 100–01, 109, 126, 167, 178, 210
lordship
8, 53–55, 60–62, 64–65, 69–70, 72–73, 79
aristocrats
Lorsch
6, 152, 353
Lothar I
26, 34–35, 40, 42–43, 87, 115–17, 272
Lothar II
26, 31, 269, 272, 276
Lotharingia
114, 269, 346
Louis II (emperor of Italy)
26, 34, 276, 273
Louis III
93
Louis the German
87, 91, 272
Louis the Pious
26–27, 31, 33–34, 40–43, 53–54, 60, 65, 68, 83–86, 89–90, 115–18, 122–24, 126–29, 205, 212, 230–31, 257–58, 260–64, 272–73, 275, 278, 283–85, 289, 303–04, 348, 429
Loveluck, Christopher
4
Lucipert
206–07, 215
Lucius Opimius
149
Lucius Saturnus
149
Lucretia
145
Lupus of Ferrières
71, 370
Luzern, monastery of
32
Lyon
247
Maastricht
38, 53, 61, 70, 289, 293, 303–04, 350, 352
Macanrad, priest
210
Macdonald, Roderick A.
113
MacLean, Simon
94
magic
16, 196, 237, 239, 243, 247, 366, 369–70, 373–74, 377, 380–92
bindings
381, 391
birth
386, 389–90
characters
defensores see see defensores
ligatures/knots
379–80, 382, 385, 389, 392
love
17, 388–89
suspensions/phylacteries
379–80, 384–85, 392
tempestarii see see tempestarii
weather magic see weather
weaving/vanities
379, 388–89
Magonians
226, 228, 236–37, 246–48
Mainz
65, 272
majuelo
182
Mancio of Châlon-en-Champagne
202–03, 219
mancipia (unfree peasants)
27–28, 31–36, 43
Manichaeism
150
mansi (units of land)
40, 82, 208–09, 411
mansio (temporary military billeting)
82, 86, 99
manuscripts
6, 15, 61, 81, 121, 164, 314, 319, 374, 376, 412, 432–33
annotated
12–13, 15, 135–56, 316, 391
Marcus Drusus
149
Marcus Fulvius
149
Marcus Marcellus
146
Marcward of Prüm
31
marginalia see manuscripts, annotated
marriage
116, 299, 307
clerical marriage
201–03, 211, 218–19
Marseille
262
Mary/virgin Mary
320–21, 384
mass exposition
314, 317, 319, 321–22
mass for the dead
314
Maurice (Byzantine emperor
84
measures of wine
162–63, 179–80
Mechelen
350
Meckenheim
31
medicine
366–67, 370–75, 379, 391–92
herbal medicine
16–17, 374, 386, 390, 393
medicinal properties
187, 367
materia medica (corpus of medicinal substances and texts)
368, 383, 386
Meerssen
88
Meginhard of Fulda
290
Meldert, monastery of
352
Melle
267, 275–76, 399
memory
320–21, 323
Merovingians
80, 112, 121, 197, 211, 246, 248, 345
Merville
283
metalsmiths, smiths (faber, ferrarius)
17, 402, 404–05, 408, 410–12, 414–16
Metz
265
Metzler, Irina
291
Meuse
36–37, 235
Michelstadt
9, 51, 53, 59, 61–62, 68, 70
Milan
143, 262, 273, 275
military service
82, 95, 97, 269
ministeria (groups of estates)
32, 409
estates
ministeriales
416–17
Miracles of Dionysius
289–90
Miracles of Hubert
290, 304
Miracles of Philibert
268, 289
Miracles of Quentin
289, 292
Miracles of Richarius
290, 304
Miracles of Saint Benedict
266
Miracles of Saint Philibert
268, 289
Miracles of Wandrille
290
miracles
11, 25, 40, 42, 53, 58, 64, 228, 246, 248, 286–87, 290–92, 307, 326, 328, 342, 347
miracle accounts
8–9, 11, 15, 55, 70, 285–87, 289, 305, 307, 343–51, 353, 357, 360–61
healing
11, 51–52, 54–55, 59, 62–70, 72–73, 239, 283–84, 286, 288, 296, 298, 304–05, 333–34, 342, 345, 348–61, 366, 392, 425
miscellanies
314, 316
pastoral
9, 15, 16, 314–36
missatica (districts of missi)
91
missus/missi (royal legates)
33, 43, 85, 89–90, 98–99, 118–19, 124
Mitry, villa of
12, 126–27
mobilitas (military mobilization
86, 89, 92, 98, 101
Modsuit
354
Monte Amiata, San Salvatore, abbey of
13, 172, 174, 176–77, 182
Monte Velate, Santa Maria di, abbey of
170
Moselle
36–37
mothers
15, 298, 342, 345, 355–59, 361
Mucius Scaevola
149
mundeburdium
115, 117–19, 128–29
Münster
354
Murbach, monastery of
32
Naismith, Rory
100, 265, 413
natural philosophy
370
Nelson, Janet
33, 111, 114, 119
Netherlands
261
Neuillay
82
Neustria
93, 95–96, 102
Nicholas I
200, 204, 218
Ninus
149
Nithard
87
nobles see aristocrats
Nonantola, monastery of
12, 124–25, 142, 151
non-elites
1–4, 6–12, 15–18, 39, 56–57, 61, 64, 67–68, 71, 78–80, 82–83, 86–87, 92–94, 98, 100–02, 113, 124–28, 136–37, 155, 166, 197, 227, 266–67, 270, 274–75, 285–86, 291, 308, 335–36, 344–45, 347–48, 353–54, 360–61, 400, 427–32
Normandy
261, 266
Northmen
11–12, 77–79, 86, 88, 91–97, 100–02, 203, 245–46, 261, 264, 269–70, 285–86, 304
Nouvavilla (Saint-Germain-des-Prés)
409–10
Numa Pompilius
148, 150
numismatics
9, 264, 268
oaths
30, 44, 196, 198, 202, 207, 210–11, 214–15
Odo of Glanfeuil
356, 358–59
Life and Miracles of St. Maurus
16, 346–47, 356–60
Odo (king of West Francia)
267, 276
Oexle, Otto Gerhard
100
Office for the Dead
331
officials, royal
25, 36–37, 42, 80, 100
Old Fleury, monastery of
266
Olympias
150
Oos
31
ordinary people see non-elites
ordinations, irregular
209–10, 212
ordines
137
orphans
12, 78, 102, 109–11, 113, 120–24, 128–29, 247, 347
Osbald
204, 218
Otbert
31
paganism, pagans
78, 89, 91, 134, 136, 143–44, 145–48, 151, 154–55, 164, 169, 204, 230, 237, 239, 241–42, 244–46, 332, 354, 374–75, 377, 382
pagus
289
pain and suffering
11, 51–52, 54–59, 64, 69–73, 112, 318, 324, 327–29, 355–56, 360, 366, 371, 430
Palladius
238
Palm Sunday
320, 327
paraveredus (public transport service)
39
Paris
77, 95, 262, 283
basin
36–37
councils
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS lat. 2328 / Paris miscellany / Paris codex / Paris manuscript
9, 15, 316–35
parishes
91, 196, 208–09, 212–14, 217–18, 236
Paschasius Radbertus
Epitaphium Arsenii
114, 116–18
Pasquali, Gianfranco
170
pastinatio (land clearance)
175
pastoral care
16, 18, 197, 220, 314, 317–18, 335, 343, 360, 430
patriae defensio
86
patrons, patronage
265, 400, 406–07, 425
Patzold, Steffen
8, 197, 210–11
Paulinus of Aquileia
198
Paul the Deacon
237, 240
Paulus Orosius
241
pauper/pauper
66, 80, 110–12, 114, 124, 127, 129, 301, 306
pauper-potens dichotomy
112
Pavia
273, 275, 413
Peace of God
79, 102
peace
85, 89, 98, 291, 304
peasants
3, 5, 7–8, 10–14, 26–28, 31–32, 34–35, 37–39, 41–44, 56, 58–59, 63–64, 68–69, 71–72, 79, 100, 126–28, 166, 170, 172–74, 177–81, 183–87, 236, 248, 266, 269;
free
27, 33, 36, 38, 43, 45, 96, 126, 167, 170–72
unfree see mancipianon-elite
penitentials
Burgundian Penitential
232–33
Penitential of Theodore
388
Pseudo-Roman Penitential
382, 388, 390
Saint Hubert Penitential
388
Vallicellian Penitential
389–90
pensio (lease payment, rent)
173, 411–14
Peppo
33
perjury
210, 212, 214–15, 220, 267, 329
Pertulo
178
Peter of Niviano
2
Piacenza
3
church of
27
pilgrims, pilgrimage
9, 15–16, 198, 262, 266, 284–89, 296–301, 304–08, 333, 348, 360, 425
Pilligerheck hoard
265
Pippin III the Short
32–33, 41, 275–77
Pippin of Herstal
120–21
Pirmin
234–35
placita
115
Plato
151
Pliny the Younger
151
Plotinus
151
Po valley
273
Poggio al Gello (nr. Montalcino)
178
politics, Carolingian
9–10, 30, 80, 94, 133, 231, 307, 348, 427–28
polyptychs
5, 8, 27–28, 82, 165, 180, 401, 408, 410
Pompey Magnus
149
poor, the
2, 12, 15, 52, 70, 78, 80, 88, 97, 102, 109, 111–13, 120, 123–25, 209, 247, 260, 265–69, 302, 334–35, 347, 350, 427, 431. See also pauper
popular belief and superstition
227–29, 233–35, 238, 247–48, 332, 369, 380, 386, 388, 392, 424–25
Porphyry
151
pound, Roman
162
poverty
17, 112–13, 119, 200, 267–68, 272, 301, 430, 432
paupers/pauper
power, exercise of
44, 53–55, 59, 63–66, 72, 88, 111, 119, 126–27, 166, 187, 198, 203, 230–31, 262, 278, 322, 332–33, 405, 423, 428
praeda/depraedatio/depraedationes (plunder, plundering)
83, 85, 88–89, 97, 99
prayer
16, 34, 62, 67, 71, 78, 240, 314, 317–18, 321–22, 327–28, 331, 334, 336, 342–43, 345, 347, 352–58, 360, 366, 372–73, 388
preaching
307, 317, 326, 343
precarity
111–13, 119, 122
priests: of parishes and villages
2, 5–6, 12–16, 59, 61, 64, 89, 91, 99–101, 196–221, 233–34, 248, 269, 314–24, 326–30, 332–36, 353, 381, 423, 429–30
productive sites
267
prostitution
40
Prudentius of Troyes
40, 87, 100–01
Prüm, monastery of
33, 35, 41
Pseudo-Isidore
216–17
punishment
12, 84–85, 89, 98, 125, 127, 199, 220, 231–32, 241–43, 248
purgatory
16, 328–30
Quentovic (Étaples)
262, 276, 290, 295, 303–04
Quirós Castillo, Juan Antonio
2
Rachinald
174
Rachipert
178
Radbert of Corbie
88
Raghipert
173
rape see sexual assault
rapina/rapinae (rapine)
11, 77–79, 81, 83–84, 87–99, 101–02
raptores (those who commit rapina)
83, 87, 91
rations (military)
83, 87
Ratleig
61–62, 66, 349
Ravenna
176, 375
Réal, Isabelle
345
The Recognitions
366
redemptio (illegal “shakedown” demanded by soldiers)
92, 101
Redon
6
reform
3, 5, 14–15, 18, 199, 211–12, 219–20, 230, 262, 277, 314–15, 318, 335, 344, 361, 371, 374, 379
monastic reform
285
women’s access to monasteries
285, 303–07
moral reformers
196, 199, 209, 212, 220, 314–15, 318, 323, 325, 335, 374–75
Reggio Emilia
124–25
Reginlindis
350
Regino of Prüm
14, 100–01, 196, 199, 213
Reichenau, monastery of
36, 43, 375
relics
9, 11, 51, 53–55, 59–66, 68–69, 71, 73, 197, 286, 288, 290, 303–04, 342–45, 347–48, 350–52, 354–56, 359–61, 425
Remeia
358
Remigius of Rheims
42, 206
Remiremont, convent of
34
Remus
146, 150
rent
17, 96, 183–84, 400–02, 407–11, 413, 417–18
repentance
329–30
resilience: agricultural
14, 166, 171, 174
spiritual
227, 231, 249
resurrection
321, 326, 331–32
Reuter, Timothy
85
Rheims
38, 42, 206
Rheinland-Pfalz
265
van Rhijn, Carine
5–6, 17, 319
Rhine
6, 25, 85, 235, 272, 375
Rhineland
36–37, 235
Riché, Pierre
3
Richer of Rheims
370
Riddle, John
367, 377–78
Rieti
182
Rio, Alice
302
roads
288–89
Rödingen, villa
43
Rodulf (Scandinavian chieftan)
269
Roeselare
350
Rome
61, 66, 124, 144–51, 182–83, 217, 232, 237, 241–42, 342, 349
walls of
182
Romulus
146, 148, 150
Rorigo of Marche
357, 359
Rose, Els
322
Rosenwein, Barbara
118
Rotrud (abbess and mother of Erchangar)
31
Rouche, Michel
303
Rovelli, Alessia
272
Rozoy, royal estate
42
Rudolf of Bourges
388
Sabellian heresy
150
Saint Anstrude
392
Saint-Amand, monastery of
41, 142, 375
Saint-Denis, abbey of
7, 12, 34, 37, 124, 126, 167, 265, 283–84, 289, 293, 298, 303
Saint-Germain in Auxerre, monastery of
94, 244
Saint-Germain-des-Prés, monastery of
28, 82, 171, 290, 304, 408
Saint-Hubert, monastery of
290, 294, 304
Saint Marinos/Marina
317, 327, 333
Saint-Maurice d’Agaune, abbey of
61
Saint-Quentin, monastery of
289, 294, 303
Saint-Riquier, monastery of
17, 295, 303–04, 404, 412, 417
Saint-Salvius, monastery of (Valenciennes)
53, 68–69
Saint-Victor, abbey of (Marseille)
170
saints
9, 16, 25, 29, 54–55, 64, 173, 286, 290, 305, 321–22, 327–28, 333, 336, 343–46, 349, 353–56, 360, 372, 384, 390, 425
cult of the saints
185, 342, 344, 357, 359–60, 425
cult of Sts. Marcellinus and Peter
51–54, 58–73, 265, 342, 347, 349–53, 360
Sallust
151–52
salvation
319–24, 326, 336, 369, 372
Samaritan woman
324
Samson
146
San Pietro, convent of (Pisa)
202
San Vincenzo al Volturno, monastery of
43
Sant’Ambrogio, Milan, monastery of
35
sappers
82
Saxony
274, 356
Scandinavia
261–62, 275
Schwarzach, monastery of
31–32
Scipio
149
Scott, James C.
44
scribes
71, 81, 138, 173, 314–16, 318–19, 323–26, 330–31, 333–34, 425
scripture
134–35, 142, 145, 150, 153–55, 234, 239, 273, 314, 373–74
Bible
Seine (river)
88, 100, 269
Seine basin (see Paris basin)
36
Seligenstadt/Mulinheim
51–53, 59–60, 62, 64–66, 68, 70–71, 266, 289, 347–48
Septimania
124–25
serfs, slaves (servi)
60–61, 82, 88, 126, 285, 292–95, 300–02, 306, 335, 400, 402, 409–10
sermons
229, 234, 237, 314, 317, 319–21, 324, 326–27, 329–32, 334–36, 346, 379, 381–82
against rapina
91–92, 379
Serris “Les Ruelles,” estate center
38
servants: household
25–26, 39–40, 51–52, 70, 80, 90, 118, 121, 350, 352–54, 404
servitude
121–23
Sextus Placitus Papiriensis
376, 385
sexual assault
87, 89, 91, 93, 101, 145
sexual offenses
14, 97, 99, 196, 200–02, 208, 217, 219, 233–34
sickness, ill health
12, 51–52, 54, 65, 69–70, 288, 344–45, 353, 355, 358–60, 366–69, 371–73, 376, 383, 385–87, 392
Siena
182
Sigloard (archpriest)
216
simony
209–10
Simplicius
358
sin
16, 97–98, 215, 217, 231–35, 319–20, 322, 324–29, 345, 357, 273
avarice
212
Singer, Charles
368
Sinzig
25–26, 39–40
Smith, Julia M. H.
303
social distinction
183–84
social inequality
122, 166, 178, 185, 286, 292, 332
social mobility
80, 112, 212
social status
12, 15, 28, 65–68, 100, 112–13, 123, 125–27, 183, 196–97, 206, 284–86, 292–96, 300–03, 307, 349–50, 353, 360, 400, 424, 427
soldiers
42, 82–83, 86–93, 95–99
Somme (river)
77, 94
Spanish March
125, 258
St. Bavo, church of
53–54, 69, 350, 352
St. Gall, monastery of
33, 164, 375–76, 378, 406
St. Goar, cell of
31
St. Liudger
354–56
St. Servatius, church of
53–54, 69–70, 352
Staffelsee
266
Staneux, wood
41
Stavelot, monastery of
41
stipendia (daily supplies for lords’ military entourages)
86, 88, 95, 97, 101
stonemasons
17, 404
Strasbourg
17, 32, 404, 412–13, 417
church of
31
Strasbourg Oaths (842)
87
Sulla
148–50
Sullivan, Richard
3
supernatural power
8–9, 231, 237, 241, 243, 286, 332–36, 355, 369, 383, 386
Switzerland
261, 376
Syracuse
146
Tanco
406
Taranto
146
taskscapes
37–38, 44
taste
168, 186–87
Tasulo, centenarius
178
taxation
36, 43, 83, 92, 95, 98, 101, 257, 275
Teeuwen, Mariken
139
tempestarii (weather magicians)
226, 228–29, 235–37, 239, 246–48
Teutfrid
206, 210–11
textiles
36, 80, 82, 208–09, 220, 388, 412
theft
83–84, 89, 95, 98, 206, 210
Theodosian Code see law
Theodulf of Orléans
117, 209–10
Theotbalda
350
Theothild
352
Theux, royal fisc
41
Thommen
33, 41
Thompson, James Westfall
36
tithes
210, 212, 247–48, 334
top-down
199, 423, 427, 429, 431
bottom-up
Tours
164
tractoria/tractoriae (supply letters)
83, 86
Translation of Alexander
290
Translation of George, Aurelius, and Natalie
290
Translation and Miracles of Marcellinus and Peter see Einhard
travel
15, 67, 83, 89, 91, 95, 99–101, 117, 124–27, 262, 283–89, 291–92, 296–308, 348, 353, 369
pilgrimage
tribute (to Northmen)
11, 77–78, 86, 95–96, 269
Trinity
320–21, 357
Trising (priest)
202, 204, 212, 217
Trita, royal villa
43
Trojan War
149
Tuotilo of St. Gall
406
Tzummarum hoard
265
Ullmann, Walter
112
unfree, the
40, 61, 96, 111, 212, 355, 401, 406, 410, 412, 417
non-elites, serfs, mancipia
Utrecht Psalter
109
Valenciennes
68–69, 293, 303, 350, 353
Varro
151
vassals (royal)
40, 98–99
Venice
273
Ver, palace
37, 97–98
Verdun, Treaty of (843)
87
Verrières (Île de France)
171
vice
149, 325, 329, 273
Vikings see Northmen
villages
5–8, 14, 51, 68, 80, 91, 98–101, 220, 266, 350, 404, 428
Villance, royal estate
36
villani (villagers)
12, 99–101
Villier-le-Sec
7
violence
8, 14, 69, 77, 79, 83–84, 87–89, 93, 95, 101, 128, 201–05, 211, 216, 219, 430
Virgil
145, 151–52
Aeneid
135, 145
virtue
121, 325–26, 346, 357, 273
viscounts
99, 101
Visigoths
234–35, 246–47
Visigothic Spain
125
visitations
196, 198, 212–13, 216, 430
Vita sanctae marinae virginis
327–28, 333
vulnerability
12, 78, 101, 109–25, 128–29, 227, 300
Wadald
170
wagons
83, 87
Wala of Corbie
114–15, 117, 120–21, 124–25
Wala of Metz
203, 211, 218
Walafrid Strabo
370
Walcari
178
Wallis, Faith
367–68
war
15, 18, 82, 85–86, 89, 101, 270, 285–86, 303–04, 307, 414, 416
Warmund
356
Warnarius
40
Wassenaar, Jelle
113
wealth: distribution of
5, 12, 51, 55, 59, 82, 111–12, 114, 116, 119–21, 123, 128, 185, 207, 212, 260, 265, 301, 428, 431
weather
13, 15, 82, 86, 91, 168, 227–31, 240–42, 247–49, 288, 292, 29
storms and hail
226, 229–30, 233, 235–36, 238, 240–41, 243–46, 248, 284
storm-raisers
226, 228, 230, 232–33, 235, 239, 241–42, 244, 248
weather magic
14, 226–35, 240, 242–48, 332
defensores; tempestarii
Werden, monastery of
354–55
wergild
84
Werica
283
Werner, Karl Ferdinand
36
West Francia, West Frankish kingdom
11, 15, 79, 86, 93–95, 97–98, 101, 261, 271, 275–76, 346
Wickham, Chris
7, 31, 41, 43
Wido
325, 329, 331
widows
12, 78, 102, 109–11, 113–21, 123–24, 128–29, 247, 268, 326, 347, 358–59
Widukind
402
Wiggo
65, 353
Wildeshausen
283, 290, 294, 301, 303
William I (count of Auvergne)
277
Willibert
51–54, 64, 70
Willihad
290
wine
13, 25, 36–39, 86, 162–75, 177–81, 183–88, 207, 237, 266, 269, 412
Wissersheim, villa
27
Withar, royal envoy
33
witnesses
9, 64, 72, 115–16, 125, 127, 154, 206–07, 214–17
wives
31–32, 35, 40, 71, 126, 150, 215, 219, 299, 307, 356–59
women, work of
80, 208–09, 220
Würzburg
42, 60
York
164
zootherapeutic therapies
369, 376, 383