Index
AD – Acción Democrática, Democratic Action
19, 69, 80, 102
ALBA – Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América, Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America
23, 189, 207–209, 212
Anti-imperial
2, 15, 248
Anti-neoliberal
2, 15, 19, 70, 121, 142, 174, 247, 248
AVHI – Asociación Venezolano de Hidrocarburos, Venezuelan Hydrocarbons Association
124, 172, 179, 183
Azzellini, Dario
175, 199, 238, 239
BCV – Banco Central de Venezuela, Venezuelan Central Bank
71, 83, 89, 106, 110, 114, 118, 156n, 167n, 180, 187, 188, 191, 194, 208n, 210, 211
Bina, Cyrus
27n, 42–48, 64, 219n, 220n, 221, 223, 225, 245, 246
Brenner, Robert
5, 26, 49, 58–60, 62, 65, 66, 132, 231, 240, 251
Bolivarian Government
1–3, 5, 6, 16n, 18, 20, 24, 131, 132, 134–136, 148, 151–155, 157, 158, 159, 161–164, 166, 167, 169, 172n, 173–176, 180, 181, 183, 184, 188, 193, 194, 200, 201, 203, 206, 207, 210, 211, 214, 215, 217, 218, 224, 226–229, 232–236, 238–242, 246, 247, 249, 250–252
Bolivarian Process
3–6, 14, 15, 18, 22–24, 25, 34, 41, 49, 64, 135, 136, 139, 142, 148–157, 159, 161, 162, 166, 167, 174, 175, 183, 184, 195, 199, 200, 201, 203, 228, 232, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239, 242, 244, 247, 250–252
Bolivarian Project (see Bolivarian Process)
Bolivarian Revolution
1, 20, 148, 185, 186, 199, 203, 231
Boom
3, 6, 14, 25, 27, 28, 57, 61, 68, 85, 87n, 89, 90, 100, 111, 112, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 149, 163, 211, 218, 235, 242, 243, 247
Capital flight
10, 116, 117, 175, 176, 183, 247
Caracazo
19, 20, 62, 121, 127, 143, 195
CD – Coordinadora Democrática, Democratic Coordinator
22, 157
CELAC – Communidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños, Community of Latin America and Caribbean States
23
CNE – Consejo Nacional Electoral, National Electoral Council
141, 147, 152
Ciccariello-Maher, George
20, 143, 144n, 148n, 175n, 195n
Chávez, Hugo
1, 2, 5, 13, 16, 19–23, 25, 26, 62, 70, 122, 127, 128, 130, 131, 134–136, 139–168, 171–174, 176, 178, 182, 184–188, 194–201, 203, 204, 207, 208, 218, 219, 222, 223, 232, 233, 235, 236, 246–248, 251, 252
Clarke, Simon
5, 26, 49–56, 59, 60, 64, 65, 131–133, 229, 231, 238, 240, 241, 249, 251
Class struggle
4, 5, 7, 10, 17, 26, 49–51, 54, 55, 57, 59–66, 131–133, 143, 164, 175, 195, 219, 231–233, 238–241, 249, 251, 252
Co-management
22, 131, 151, 154, 203, 205, 206, 209, 211–213
Commodity markets
8, 221
Communal councils
2, 16n, 22, 133, 150, 151, 154, 168, 175, 184, 196–201, 233, 236, 238
Communal state
154, 166, 168, 175, 184, 194, 195, 197, 202, 236, 238, 250
Communes
2, 16n, 151, 154, 160, 168, 175, 184, 196–198, 200–202, 214, 233, 236, 238
Comuna o nada
197
Constant capital
35, 39, 40
Constituent assembly
21, 139, 140, 236
Constituent power
195
Constituted authority
195
Constitution
14, 16n, 20, 21, 92, 96, 101, 135, 136n, 139–145, 147, 150, 152–154, 156, 158, 171, 183, 185n, 186, 196, 203n, 204, 207, 232, 236
Cooperatives
22, 131, 149, 151, 152, 154n, 199, 203, 204, 206, 210, 212–215
COPEI – Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente, Social Christian Party
3, 19n, 89, 102, 103, 116, 127, 139–141, 247
CORDIPLAN – Oficina Central de Coordinación y Planificación de la Presidencia de la República de Venezuela, Central Planning Office of the President of the Republic of Venezuela
103, 104
Coronil, Fernando
5, 55–57, 65, 84, 86, 95, 102, 108, 133, 225, 230, 249
Coup
20–23, 62, 99, 101, 102, 104, 127, 135, 143–145, 147, 148, 160, 173, 176, 185, 186, 188, 201, 204, 206, 232, 236, 247, 252
Crisis/crises
1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18, 42, 44, 45, 67, 69, 70–72, 75, 101, 109, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 126, 127, 129, 134–138, 155, 166, 169, 177, 180, 192, 222, 224, 230, 232, 248
CTV – Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela, Confederation of Workers of Venezuela
80n, 128, 142–144, 146
Currency controls
2, 136, 166, 167, 176, 177, 183, 214, 250
CVP, Venezuela Petroleum Corporation
85, 86, 104, 105, 110, 123, 187
Democratic exceptionalism
20, 100n
Democratic movements
12, 95, 220
Deregulation
7–10, 12, 247
Derivation theory
49, 50
Devaluation
10, 117, 159, 163, 179, 182
Dictatorship
67–69, 71, 75, 77, 79, 80, 86, 92, 93, 99–102, 163n, 226
Di John, Jonathan
29
Discontent
20, 101, 102, 163
Diversification
1, 6, 23, 25, 29, 91, 104, 122, 129, 166, 167, 177, 180, 203, 207, 208, 210, 213, 215, 216, 227, 228, 233, 242, 243
Dual power
195
Dutch disease
26, 27, 28, 33, 48, 63, 230, 242, 243, 244
ECLAC, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
1, 13, 18, 192
Elite
11, 12, 21, 31, 32, 67, 71, 75, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 95, 97, 122, 127, 130, 132, 135, 137, 142, 143, 144, 149, 153, 158, 163, 164, 184, 226, 232, 233, 235, 238, 241, 252
Enabling law
21, 115, 142, 143, 150, 153
Exchange
7–9, 19, 27, 52, 56, 65, 90, 91, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 125, 132, 136, 141, 162, 176–183, 210, 211, 214, 227, 228, 230, 243
Extraction
3, 4, 36, 38, 40, 44, 46, 48, 55–60, 65, 66, 68, 71, 73, 78, 83, 85, 88, 89, 106, 112, 113, 125, 134, 167, 169, 172, 173, 185, 222, 225, 229, 231, 233, 240, 245, 246, 249, 252
Fedecámaras
21n, 142, 143, 146
Fifty-fifty policy
43, 69, 79, 99, 220
Financialisation
8, 12, 221, 222, 225
FDI, Foreign direct investment
9, 57, 138, 221, 226, 232, 237, 246
FONDEN – Fondo Nacional para el Desarrollo Nacional, Fund for National Development
187, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 227
Gómez, Juan Vicente
68, 75–89, 91–93, 99, 104, 105, 109, 226
GPP – Gran Polo Patriótico, Great Patriotic Pole
157, 198, 199, 237
Gramsci, Antonio
53n
Great Turnaround
19, 247
Harvey, David
8
Hegemony
14, 127, 128, 131, 137
Hein, Wolfgang
61, 62, 65, 66, 88, 90, 94, 231
IEA, International Energy Association
124n, 125, 222
Imports
10, 11, 28, 32, 57, 85, 90, 91, 95, 98, 103, 111, 136, 139, 177, 178, 179, 180, 202, 222, 235
ISI, Import substitution industrialisation
12, 29, 243
Industrialisation
10, 12, 25, 26–28, 98, 103, 105, 167, 243
Inequality
1–3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 122, 132, 166, 184, 192, 221, 233, 234, 246, 247, 252
Inflation
2, 10, 27, 69, 103, 115, 116, 117, 118, 131, 136, 137, 139, 153, 155, 157, 160, 166, 176, 177, 178, 180–184, 209, 210, 214, 216, 224, 233, 247
Informal economy
11, 128, 235
Informal workers
4, 11, 20
Institutionalist perspective
26, 28, 29, 30, 48, 242–244
IFI s, International financial institutions
9, 10, 12
Internationalisation
8, 42, 45, 48, 54, 55, 116, 118, 225
Karl, Terry Lynn
28, 243
Labour power
35, 39, 94
Landed property
34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 64, 244
Landlord state
3, 5, 26, 28, 41, 42, 47, 49, 55, 57, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 87, 127, 133, 134, 209, 216, 218, 225, 226, 238, 249
Landowner
34, 36–38, 41, 47, 59, 84, 86, 226, 245
Left-wing governments
12, 137, 138, 247, 248
Leiva, Fernando
13, 18, 164
Liberalisation
7–11, 30, 92, 96, 128, 247
Local development
2, 22, 151, 196
Lockout
21, 22, 135, 145–147, 173, 176, 185, 188, 201, 208, 232, 236, 247, 252
Maduro, Nicolas
1, 2, 25, 136, 137, 155, 158–163, 165, 166, 178, 182, 197, 200, 223, 228
Marginal land
37, 39, 45, 46, 245
Marx, Karl
5, 17, 26, 33–42, 46–50, 63, 64, 94, 161, 181, 216, 226, 230, 240, 244, 245, 248
MAS – Movimiento al Socialismo, Movement Towards Socialism
127, 139
MERCOSUR – Mercado Común del Sur, Common Market of the South
23
Micro-credit
151, 204, 205
Middle class
11, 32, 61, 68–70, 79, 80, 83, 85, 88, 89, 92–96, 98, 100, 131, 133, 235
Morton, Adam David
52, 53, 55, 65, 225
MUD – Mesa de la Unidad Democrática, Democratic Unity Roundtable
157, 158, 160, 162
Multipolar
23, 167
National Assembly
136, 141, 142, 152, 158, 162, 163, 187, 194, 196
National Developmentalism
10
Nationalisation
32, 69, 70, 100, 107, 108–112, 114, 115, 120, 123, 125, 126, 129, 171, 173, 203, 206–208, 225, 232, 235, 246
Nationalism
17, 32, 53, 55, 62, 79
Natural resources
10, 27, 28, 33, 35, 36, 56, 83, 98, 108, 127, 170, 229, 243, 250n
Nature
16, 26, 27, 35, 36, 56, 216, 243
Neoclassical economics
27, 242
Neoliberalism
5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 116, 121, 126, 130, 133, 135, 137–139, 142, 144, 218, 231, 240, 242, 247, 248, 251
Neostructuralism
13, 18, 164
New left
7, 13–15, 17, 18, 33, 137–139, 163, 164, 218, 240, 247, 248
OCC, Organic composition of capital
39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 53, 245
OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
5, 6, 9, 21, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 62, 64, 69, 100, 104, 107, 108, 109, 119, 120, 125, 167–169, 174, 208, 214, 220–225, 240, 246
Oil-exporting countries
5, 6, 26, 42, 43, 64, 100, 107, 109, 138, 219, 220, 221, 225, 239, 246
Oil-importing countries
42, 64, 68, 69, 100, 134, 219, 220, 221, 246
Oil companies
5, 21, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 55, 56, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 78–88, 90, 91, 93–96, 98–100, 106, 108–110, 112, 114, 123–125, 127, 134, 147, 169, 170, 178, 179, 182, 183, 187, 210, 219, 220, 221, 224, 240, 244
Oil market
6, 33, 42, 44, 45, 48, 63, 64, 69, 90, 107, 109, 119, 134, 216, 218–221, 224, 225, 235, 244–246
Overvaluation
166, 167, 176, 177, 180, 183, 214, 215, 227, 249, 250
Pact of Punto Fijo
1, 19, 25, 62, 69, 70, 100, 102, 103, 127, 128–131, 163n
Participatory democracy
2, 131, 151, 168, 175, 184, 194, 195, 196, 197
Passive revolution
53, 55
PCV – Partido Comunista de Venezuela, Communist Party of Venezuela
69, 99, 102, 127, 139
PDN – Partido Democrático Nacional, National Democratic Party
97
PDVSA – Petróleos De Venezuela, S.A., Petroleum of Venezuela
21, 22, 69, 71, 110, 113–115, 117–120, 122–127, 140, 145–147, 161, 166, 168–173, 175, 178, 182, 186–188, 190, 191, 194, 206, 208, 236, 250
People’s power
162, 194, 195, 196, 198, 236
Pérez, Carlos Andres
19, 20, 69, 111, 115, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 208, 247
Pérez Jiménez, Marcos
99–102, 163n
Petrocaribe
23, 173, 192
Petro dollars
9
Petro State
28, 29, 243
Pink Tide
13
Polarisation
20, 127, 131, 135, 142, 168, 247
Polyarchy
12
Popular classes
4–6, 25, 54, 62, 63, 65, 70, 130, 131–134, 136, 140, 149, 152, 155, 167, 175, 216, 218, 230, 232, 234, 241
Popular response
7, 21, 143, 148, 232
Popular support
20, 22, 25, 62, 128, 135, 136, 139, 142, 147, 148, 154, 155, 159, 160, 164, 215, 218, 231, 233, 234, 240, 246–248, 252
Populism
14, 17, 234
Price of production
35–37, 40, 41, 46, 47, 209, 244, 245
Post-neoliberalism
12, 13, 17, 137, 247
Poulantzas, Nicos
50
Poverty
1, 5, 7, 14, 16, 19, 41, 64, 69, 70, 116, 122, 125, 131, 137, 138, 140, 154, 161, 164, 175, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 203, 231, 233, 234, 247, 250, 252
Primary commodity
2, 3, 10, 14, 17, 18, 26, 48, 52, 63, 65, 89, 138, 163, 219, 220, 221, 225, 240, 246–248
Private property rights
9, 21, 52, 57, 65, 93, 132, 138, 140, 142, 249
Productive initiatives
22, 199, 210, 211, 213, 240, 252
Productive spending
2, 131, 164, 166, 168, 176, 183, 227, 231, 248, 250
PSUV – Partido Socialista Unido de Veneuela, United Socialist Party of Venezuela
150, 151, 153, 157, 162, 237
Public-private
152, 172, 210
Public sector
4, 11, 30, 157, 161, 177, 212, 227, 228, 233
Public spending
9, 117, 131, 175, 176, 183, 184, 192, 194, 227, 231, 233
Purcell, Thomas
47, 203, 205, 209
Rate of profit
35–37, 40, 46, 47, 64, 66, 216, 218, 230, 240, 245, 250
Referendum
16n, 21, 136, 140, 147, 148, 152–154, 157, 163, 185, 186
Reformist
50, 93–95, 98, 103
Regional integration
1, 3, 5, 14, 22, 25, 111, 136, 138, 149, 151, 154, 158, 173, 201, 208n, 218, 225, 226, 247
Rent
Absolute
36, 39–42, 245
Appropriation of
17, 34
Capture
25, 34, 62, 83, 132, 133, 164, 168, 252
Differential
36–39, 44, 46, 245
Distribution
5–7, 31, 32, 47, 49, 55, 58, 61, 62, 67, 80, 111, 116, 132, 133, 166, 167, 174–176, 180, 183, 184, 187, 193, 194, 198, 203, 214, 215, 218, 219, 226, 229, 233, 235, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 249, 251, 252
Monopoly
40, 41, 46, 47, 64, 245
Seeking
28, 29
Rentier
Accumulation
17, 34, 49, 66, 225, 227, 229, 238, 242, 250, 252
Capitalism
6, 18, 23, 24, 26, 33, 36, 41, 42, 48, 49, 55, 58, 60, 62, 63, 66, 87, 133, 134, 164, 166, 167, 183, 185, 203, 214, 218, 219, 229, 231–233, 240, 242, 248, 249
Mentality
31
Relations
63
State
26, 30, 31, 33, 44, 63
Resource curse
3, 4, 26, 243
Royalty
43, 74, 76, 77, 83, 86, 108, 112, 120, 169, 170, 173
Rule by decree
21
SAP, Structural adjustment program
9, 70, 247
SICAD – Sistema Complementario de Administración de Divisas, Complementary System of Foreign Currency Acquirement
178, 179
SIMADI – Sistema Marinal de Divisas, Marginal Currency System
179, 182
SITME – Systema de Transacciones con Títulos en Moneda Extranjera, System of Foreign Currency Transactions
177, 178
Stagflation
10
State form
4–6, 16, 17, 23, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 42, 49, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 63, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 78, 131, 134, 154, 164, 167, 175, 218, 227, 229, 231, 233, 239, 242, 244, 246, 249, 251
Skocpol, Theda
50
Social Missions
22, 148, 154n, 175, 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 193, 194, 211, 222, 228, 233, 234
Social movements
2, 13, 14, 16n, 131, 133, 157, 175, 198, 202, 239
Social property relations
5, 26, 33, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 71, 72, 131, 132, 133, 219, 224, 225, 226, 231, 238, 239, 240, 244, 247, 248, 251
Social spending
1, 2, 25, 56, 122, 136, 138, 139, 149, 166, 167, 184, 188–190, 192, 193, 194, 208, 215, 218, 228, 234, 235
Sow the Oil
95, 96, 98, 103, 129, 166, 230
Stabilisation Fund
29, 188, 193, 227, 243
State capitalism
12, 53, 55, 162, 226
Strike
22, 88, 89, 93, 94, 101, 135, 142, 143, 146, 147
Struggle
4, 5, 7, 10, 17, 20, 26, 49–51, 54, 55, 57, 59–67, 71, 72, 80, 108, 121, 129, 131–133, 143, 148, 164, 175, 195, 207, 212, 219, 224, 231–233, 237–241
Subsidy
4, 6, 19, 20, 22, 57, 96, 97, 116, 181, 184, 203, 209, 215, 224, 227, 230, 233, 239, 250
Tariffs
19, 57, 104n, 121
Tax
9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 76, 77, 81, 83, 84, 85, 88, 104, 125, 145, 156, 169–171, 173, 176, 193, 194, 203, 204, 227, 230, 243, 244
Trade
3, 5, 7–11, 17, 27, 36, 40, 52, 57, 58, 72, 76, 90, 116, 133, 137, 138, 141, 154, 158, 173, 177, 182, 207, 218, 225
Trienio
80, 97–99
Twenty-first century socialism
1, 5, 6, 15, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 26, 49, 50, 131, 149, 150, 153, 154, 166–168, 174, 175, 183, 184, 187, 206, 207, 214, 215, 217–219, 229, 232, 233, 236, 240–242, 249, 252
UNASUR – Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, Union of South American Nations
23
Underdevelopment
1, 29, 30
Uprising
20, 22, 101, 132, 251
URD
19n, 102, 103
Vote
1, 16n, 20, 96, 103, 120, 139–141, 148, 150, 152–154, 158, 159, 162, 163, 206, 247
WC, Washington Consensus
9, 13, 19, 137
Windfall
3, 26, 28, 33, 96, 100, 120, 131, 151, 164, 168, 193, 236, 248
Workers
4, 11, 20, 22, 34, 51, 52, 61, 62, 72, 78–81, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 98, 102, 128, 135, 140, 146, 173, 205–207, 209, 212, 213, 231, 232, 235, 250, 251
Working class
4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 51, 53, 59–61, 68, 70, 79, 80, 85, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95, 129, 161, 191, 214, 229, 231, 233, 240, 241, 249, 251