0.1 Africa, Colossal Erm, Greek marble, n.d., 2.51 m. Musei di Villa Torlonia 6
0.2 Sarcofagus of the Annona, marble, ca. 280 AD, 85 cm, Museo Nazionale Romano di Palazzo Massimo 8
0.3 Gaspare Guercio and Carlo d’Aprile, The Marble Theatre, Monument to Philip V facing the royal Palace or Palace of the Normans, the Parliament Square, Palermo, Sicily, Italy, marble, 1662 14
0.3a Detail with Europe, The Marble Theatre, Monument to Philip V facing the royal Palace or Palace of the Normans, the Parliament Square, Palermo, Sicily, Italy, marble, 1662 16
0.3b Detail with Asia, The Marble Theatre, Monument to Philip V facing the royal Palace or Palace of the Normans, the Parliament Square, Palermo, Sicily, Italy, marble, 1662 17
0.3c Detail with Africa, The Marble Theatre, Monument to Philip V facing the royal Palace or Palace of the Normans, the Parliament Square, Palermo, Sicily, Italy, marble, 1662 18
0.3d Detail with America, The Marble Theatre, Monument to Philip V facing the royal Palace or Palace of the Normans, the Parliament Square, Palermo, Sicily, Italy, marble, 1662 19
0.4 Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Rio de la Plata, detail from Fountain of Four Rivers, model in clay, 1649–1650, Galleria Giorgio Franchetti alla Ca’ d’Oro, Venice, Italy 25
0.5 Jean Cornu and Georges Sibrayque, L’Afrique, 1675–1682, marble, 2.4 m, Versailles, châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon 29
0.6 Gilles Guérin and Hendryck Van Émenryck, L’Amérique, 1675–1679, marble, 2.51 m, Versailles, châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon 29
1.1 Unknown, European Female and African Male Continents on a Globe, Detail of Pulpit influenced by Artus Quellin, c.1700, Mechelen, former Jesuit Church of St. Peter and Paul 48
1.2 Cornelis Bloemart after Jan Miel, Ignatio of Loyola sending his blessing on the Earth, represented by a globe and four personifications of the continents, Title Page of Daniello Bartoli’s Della Vita e dell’Istituto di S. Ignatio, Fondatore della Compagnia di Gesù (Rome, 1659) 49
1.3a Maarten de Vos, Personification of the Four Continents, detail of pulpit with personification of Asia, 1694, Bruges, Church of St. Jacob 54
1.3b Personification of Europe (detail) 55
1.3c Personification of Africa (details) 56
1.4 Michel Vervoort, Africa and three other lady continents hands entwined, detail of pulpit, 1713, Antwerp, Cathedral of Our Lady 58
1.5a Altar Railing, Mechelen, detail with European child baptizing Asian child, former Jesuit Church of St. Peter and Paul 61
1.5b Altar Railing, Mechelen, European child controlling two Amerindian children, former Jesuit Church of St. Peter and Paul 61
1.6 Personification of Africa (detail), 17th Century Pulpit in Goirke Church, Tilburg 63
1.7a Detail of the head from the personification of Africa from the pulpit, former Jesuit Church of St. Peter and Paul, Mechelen 65
1.7b Peter Paul Rubens, “Four Studies of the Head of a Moor,” 1640, oil on canvas, 510 × 660 mm, Brussels, Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van België, 3176 66
2.1 Giambattista Tiepolo, The Chariot of Apollo, Europe, and Africa, detail of the ceiling (1740), Galleria, Palazzo Clerici, Milan. Fresco 72
2.2 Giambattista Tiepolo, Apollo and the Continents (c.1739), Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth. Oil on canvas 77
2.3 Giambattista Tiepolo, Allegory of America, detail of the ceiling (1740), Galleria, Palazzo Clerici, Milan. Fresco 79
2.4 Giambattista Tiepolo, Allegory of Africa, detail of the ceiling (1740), Galleria, Palazzo Clerici, Milan. Fresco 80
2.5 Giambattista Tiepolo, Allegory of Africa, detail of the ceiling (1740), Galleria, Palazzo Clerici, Milan. Fresco 82
2.6 Giambattista Tiepolo, Personification of Africa (c.1743), Salone, Villa Cordellina, Montecchio Maggiore (VI). Fresco 84
2.7 Alessandro Dal Prat after Eleutero Pagliano, Allegory of Africa (1865–1921), Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Milan. Mosaic 90
2.8 Antico Calendario Concimazione Azotata Illustrato da Corbella (1937), Private Collection. Print 92
3.1 Throne Room, Royal Palace, Madrid 99
3.2 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III, fresco, 1762–64, Royal Palace, Madrid 100
3.3 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Modello for The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III, oil on canvas, 1761–62, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, Samuel H. Kress Collection 101
3.4 Juan Pablo Canals Camps and Ignatius Valls, Decorations opposite the Royal Palace in Barcelona for the arrival of Charles III, etching on ivory laid paper, 1759, Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid 105
3.5 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III: detail, personifications, fresco, 1762–64, Royal Palace, Madrid 108
3.6 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Apotheosis of the Spanish Monarchy, fresco, 1764–66, Royal Palace, Madrid 109
3.7 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III: detail, personifications, fresco, 1762–64, Royal Palace, Madrid 110
3.8 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III: detail, Asia (East Indies) and Africa, fresco, 1762–64, Royal Palace, Madrid 112
3.9 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III: detail, deities and personifications, fresco, 1762–64, Royal Palace, Madrid 113
3.10 Pedro Murillo Velarde, Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas: Details, engraving, 1734 116
3.11 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III: detail, Asia (East Indies), fresco, 1762–64, Royal Palace, Madrid 117
3.12 Vicente de Memije, Aspecto symbólico del mundo Hispánico, engraving, 1761 118
3.13 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III: detail, Americas, fresco, 1762–64, Royal Palace, Madrid 120
3.14 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III: detail, Americas, fresco, 1762–64, Royal Palace, Madrid 120
3.15 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Glory and Power of the Spanish Monarchy under Charles III: detail, self-portrait of Lorenzo Tiepolo, fresco, 1762–64, Royal Palace, Madrid 129
4.1 Detail of the title cartouche with personifications of the continents on Nicolas Sanson, Mappe-monde, dressé sur les observations de mrs. de l’Academie royale (Amsterdam, c.1696). Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G3200 1696. S3 137
4.2 America turns away from the other continents on the title page of vol. 1 of Giovanni Maria Cassini’s Nuovo atlante geografico universale (Rome: presso la Calcografia Camerale, 1792). Stanford University, David Rumsey Map Center, G1015.C3 1792 F VOL.1 139
4.3 America in shadow in Marie-Cécile Goldsmid’s print Un marché sous la république universelle democratique et sociale (Paris: Joseph-Rose Lemercier, 1848). Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris, G.33113 142
4.4 Attributes of the personifications of the continents without the personifications themselves on the title page of Jean Lattre’s Atlas moderne ou collection de cartes sur toutes les parties du globe Terrestre (Paris: Jean Lattre et Jean Thomas Herissant, 1762). Stanford University, David Rumsey Map Collection, in processing 145
4.5 Attributes of personifications of North and South America beside the western hemisphere of Robert Laurie and James Whittle’s world map in two hemispheres titled A New Map of the World, with Captain Cook’s Tracks, his Discoveries and Those of the Other Circumnavigators (London, 1808). Library of Congress, Geography & Map Division, G1019.R6 1808 146
4.6 Attributes of personifications of Europe, Africa, and Asia beside the eastern hemisphere of Robert Laurie and James Whittle’s 1808 world map in two hemispheres 147
4.7 Detail of the people, animals, and landscape representing Africa on Giuseppe Longhi’s world map Nova totius terrarum orbis tabula (Bologna: Giuseppe Longhi, 1680) 154
4.8 Detail of the section representing the Americas in Jacques Henry, Les cinq parties du monde (Tours: Rivaux et Corbin, 1836) 157
4.9 The inhabitants of the world distinguished by race on Louis-Ceran Lemonnier’s Distribution des Races Humaines a la Surface du Globe, d’Apres Le Regne Animal de Cuvier (Paris, c.1837) 158
4.10 Detail of the scene representing Asia on John M. Atwood’s Map of the World, on Mercator’s Projection (New York: T & E.H. Ensign, 1846). Boston Public Library, Norman B. Leventhal Map Center, Special Collection G3200 1843 .M37x 160
5.1 “America,” from the tapestry set The Four Continents, designed by Jean Jacques François Le Barbier c.1786, and woven at the Beauvais Manufacture in 1790–91. Wool and silk. 12 × 15 ft. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Purchase, Mr. and Mrs. Claus von Bülow Gift 166
5.2 Place de l’Obélisque, Port-Vendres, Pyrénées-Orientales, France 170
5.3 Jean Suau, La France offrant la Liberté à l’Amérique, 1784. Oil on canvas. 135 × 186 cm. Musée national de la coopération franco-américaine, château de Blérancourt. Inv. MNB 93–8. Image: Photo: Daniel Arnaudet 171
5.4 Marguerite Gérard, after Jean Honoré Fragonard, The Genius of Franklin, 1778. Etching printed in brown ink. 56.8 × 45.1 cm. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift of William H. Huntington, 1883 175
5.5 Jean-Baptiste André Gautier-Dagoty, Allégorie du traité de l’Indépendance américaine, 1783. Gray ink, gray wash, pen. 49.9 × 66.8 cm. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Département des Arts graphiques. INV35061-recto 176
5.6 “America Paying Homage to France,” toile de Jouy, designed by Jean-Baptiste Huet and woven at the Oberkampf Manufactory. Cotton. L. 142 × W. 38 inches. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift of Estate of James Hazen Hyde, 1959. Accession Number: 59.208.61 180
5.7 Anonymous, Paravent de l’Indépendance, ca. 1781–89. Canvas on wooden frame. 135 × 238 cm. Musée national de la coopération franco-américaine, château de Blérancourt. CFA C 133 181
5.8 Charles de Wailly, L’Amérique indépendante, 18th century. Bas-relief project for the Port-Vendres obelisk. Pen and ink drawing, 24.8 × 38.4 cm. Musée du Louvre/Paris/France 185
6.1 Portal of the Naturhistorisches Hof-Museum in Vienna, Postcard published by Verlag Grassmann, 1898, Vienna, Wien Museum, Inv.-Nr. 205018 205
6.2 Middle Wing of Naturhistorisches Hof-Museum in Vienna seen from the Bellariastraße, from the Wiener Bauten-Album, sheet no. 267, supplement to the “Wiener Bauindustrie-Zeitung”, c.1890–1893 (print), Vienna, Wien Museum Inv.-Nr. 79000/105 206
6.3a–d Sculptural group of the continents on the façade of the Naturhistorisches Hof-Museum in Vienna, Postcard sold by the Viennese art dealer Isidor Hatschek, c.1890, Vienna, Wien Museum inv. no. 209949, 209966, 209965, 209919 209
6.3a Europe 209
6.3b America and Australia 210
6.3c Asia 211
6.3d Africa 212
6.4 First design for the Kaiserforum in Vienna, Drawing by Gottfried Semper, 1869, Vienna, Austrian State Archive, HHStA SB PAB O-13 220
7.1 Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, Les Quatre Parties du monde soutenant la sphère céleste (The Four Parts of the World Supporting the Celestial Sphere), 1867–74. Bronze. Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris 225
7.2 Carpeaux, Europe 228
7.3 Carpeaux, Africa 229
7.4 Abraham Ortelius, frontispiece, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1570. Washington, DC Library of Congress, Parallel Histories: Spain, the United States, and the American Frontier 235
7.5 Carpeaux, Pourquoi naître esclave ! (Why Born Enslaved!), 1873. Marble. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace, Wrightsman Fellows, and Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Foundation Gifts, 2019 240
8.1 Gabriel Davioud, Jules Bourdais, Palais du Trocadéro, 1878, photograph ND, Documentation du Musée d’Orsay 246
8.2 Alexandre Schoenewerk, Europe, cast iron J. Voruz, 1878 247
8.3 Alexandre Falguière, Asia, cast iron L. Denonvilliers et fils, 1878 248
8.4 Eugène Delaplanche, Africa, cast iron A. Durenne, 1878 249
8.5 Ernest-Eugène Hiolle, North America, cast iron A. Durenne, 1878 250
8.6 At the terrasse corner North America was still displaying the wheel and the hive that have now disappeared, photograph coll. France Debuisson 251
8.7 Aimé Millet, South America, cast iron L. Denonvilliers et fils, 1878 252
8.8 Mathurin Moreau, Oceania, cast iron A. Durenne, 1878 253
8.9 Presentation of the model of the Palace of Chaillot to M.G. Bonnet, minister of commerce, Paris, Cité de l’architecture 256
8.10 “En route pour le dépôt,” Comoedia, December 2, 1935, Documentation du Musée d’Orsay 257
8.11 In March 1963, Grimaud transportation took the continents to the front of the Champ-de-Mars Palace of Nantes. We can still see the eagle of North America and the highest feathers of the headdress, Documentation du Musée d’Orsay, photograph bought at public auction in Nantes, November 19, 2004 259
8.12 “Un peuple de bronze témoin du passé—Les continents à la derive”, Paul Meriau, Presse-Océan, June 15, 1973, Documentation du Musée d’Orsay 260
8.13 Restauration of the continents at the Foundation de Coubertin at Saint-Rémy-les-Chevreuse, 1985–86. Four sculptures have been given the first layer of pale green minium. South America has already received the full treatment. Iron being always in need of a final layer of paint, the bronze color was the one chosen instead of its original gilding 262
8.14 The continents aligned on the parvis of the Musée d’Orsay since December 1986 263
9.1 A gallery of busts of various ethnicities is seen at the Musée de l’Homme (Museum of Men) in Paris, France, October 16, 2015. After six years of renovation, the museum reopens on October 17, 2015 272
9.2 Charles-Henri-Joseph Cordier, African Venus, bronze and gold, 39.5 cm, 1852, Walters Art Museum, Museum purchase, 1991 274
9.3 Prague, Saint Francis Xavier with the Four Continents, 1711. Artist: Ferdinand Maximilian Brokoff (1688–1731) 288
9.4 Prague, Morzin Palace (now embassy of Romania), two chained moors as caryatides on the façade, 1714. Artist: Ferdinand Maximilian Brokoff (1688–1731) 289
9.5 London, East India House, Leadenhall street, Britannia presented with riches from the East, bas relief, marble, on top of top of a chimney in the Director’s court room, ca. 1730. Artist: John Michael Rysbrach (1694–1770) 289
9.6 Paris, Saint Paul-Saint Louis church, La Religion Instruisant un Jeune Americain, plaster, 1745. Artist: Nicolas Sebastien Adam (1705–1788) 290
9.7 Paris, Saint Paul-Saint-Louis church, L’Ange de la Religion foudroyant l’Idolatrie, 1745, plaster. Artist: Jean Joseph Vinache (1696–1754) 291
9.8 Seville, Palace of San Telmo, balcony, 1734. Architect: Antonio Rodriguez 292
9.9 Seville, Royal of manufacture of tobacco, door, 1757 (native American head, smoking tobacco). Engineer: Sebastian Van der Borcht (1725–1787) 293
9.10 Bruxelles, Maison des Corporations, Grand place, four monumental sculptures on the façade of the building, surrounding the personification of Justice, 1884. Image reproduced is of the model. Artist: Jullian Dillens (1849–1904) 294
9.11 London, Cumberland Terrace, Regent’s Park, Pediment with Britannia surrounded by groups of people allegorical of the nations, as well as statues of Four Continents, first half of 19th century 295
9.12 London, Esplanade of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, three individual sculptures of the continents: North and South America, Australia, plaster, 1851 296
9.13 London, Draper Hall, inner court, built in 1869, half-circle with high reliefs in stone surrounding the court. In the center personifications of Commerce and Industry, on the right America, and Africa, on the left Asia and Europe. Above each group, a mascaron with a head-dress typical of the continent 297
9.14 London, Africa House, 45–46, Leadenhall Street. Frieze representing scenes relating to African life. Next to this is number 46 with a 19th-century facade with classical frieze. This was formerly the site of African House, where Sir Nicholas Throgmorton lodged before the Royal African Company took residence; between 1672 to 1740 they had a monopoly over the Transatlantic Slave Trade. It was later occupied as a warehouse 298
9.15 London, Lincoln’s Inn, Façade of Southampton building, monumental groups, stone, Westminster Bank and bank chambers, second half of 19th century 299
9.16 London, Pediment of the Great Western Royal Hotel, near Paddington station, Britannia surrounded by figures allegorical of the five continents, 1850–54. Architect Philip Hardwick (1792–1870) 300
9.17 London, Kensington Gardens, Sir George Gilbert Scott, Albert Memorial, 1872. Africa (a) by William Theed (1804–1891), America (b) by John Bell (1812–1895), Europe (c) by Patrick MacDowell (1799–1870), Asia (d) by John Henry Foley (1818–1874) 301
9.18 London, Colonial office, White Hall, 1875, five reliefs representing the Five Continents. Artist: Henry Hugh Armstead (1828–1905) 302
9.19 London, Building on 81–89 Cheapside, four medallions and mascarons, c. second-half of the 19th c 302
9.20 Portsmouth, Guildhall, Four Continents, high relief of the tympanum, 1890 303
9.21 Paris, Saint Germain’s Fountain, four parts of the world united by commerce, marble relief, 1810. Artist: Jean-Joseph Espercieux (1857–1840) 304
9.22 Rueil-Malmaison, Château de Malmaison, façade, four monumental continents (a. Europe, b. Asia, c. Africa, d. America), terracotta, c. 1830–40 305
9.23 Strasbourg, Monument to Gutenberg, reliefs with the printing press in the Four Continents, bronze with granite base, 1835. Artist: David d’Angers (1788–1856). Detail reproduced of one of the four reliefs at the base, with the diffusion of the printing press among the inhabitants of Africa 306
9.24 Beauvais, Africa, Asia, Europe and America, terracotta, around 1840, Chateau de Grandvilliers 307
9.25 Colmar, Monument à l’Amiral Bruat, 1864, bronze and marble. Artist: Auguste Bartholdi (1834–1904). Monument was destroyed during the second World War, only fragments of the heads of the continents survive and are preserved at the Musée Bartholdi in Colmar 307
9.26 Marseilles, Hôtel Louvre et Paix (49–53 Canebière), after 1863, Four Continents on the façade of the building displayed as caryatides 308
9.27 Toulon, façade of the Grand Hotel, four caryatides representing the continents, 1870. Artist: Lange Guglielmo (1839–1917) 309
9.28 Paris, Palais Royal, Cour des Comptes, ex-salon of the colonies (now, salle Napoléon of the conseil d’Etat). Relief with Europe, Asia, and Africa, and America, 1872–75. Architect, Prosper Chabrol (1812–1875); sculptor and decorator Jean-Baptiste Jules Klagmann 310
9.29 Maincy, Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte, gardens. Four monumental sculptures seated on pedestals, representing the Four Continents, marble, 1892. Artist: Emile Peynot (1850–1932) 311
9.30 Frankfurt am Main, Stock Exchange (façade), five monumental personifications of the continents with the figure of an explorer, c. 1840. Artist, Johann Nepomuk Zwerger after designs from Karl Eduard Wendelstadt. (Image reproduced of Australia and America) 312
9.31 Berlin, façade of Deutsche Bank, Mauerstrasse, 27, four standing figures on pedestal around arches to the main entrance of the building, circa 1880 312
9.32 Trieste, Stock exchange, four sculptures in niches on the façade by students of Antonio Canova: a. Bartolomeo Ferrari, Europe; b. Domenico Banti, Asia, c. Bartolomeo Ferrari, Africa; d. Antonio Bosa, America, 1806 313
9.33 Rome, Excelsior hotel, façade with the Four Continents as atlantes. The continents are recognizable through the headdress, nd. 314
9.34 Rome, Hotel de Russie, façade with four sculptures of the continents, nd. 314
9.35 Milan, Monument to Aviation, four continents supporting the sky (inspired to Carpeaux and to Saint-Marceau). Artist, Francesco Penna (1865–1927) 315
9.36 Lisbon, Avenida de la Liberdade, four monumental sculptures of the continents, marble, early 19th c 316
9.37 Barcelona, casa Amatller, 1898, Relief with Personification of Commerce between Europa and Overseas, alabaster. Designed by Josep Puig i Cadafalch (1867–1956), sculptor Eusebi Arman 317
9.38 Barcelona, Llotja de Mar, sculptures of Europe Africa, America and Asia in the gardens, end of 19th–early 20th c. Artists: Manuel Olivé (?) and Josep Bover (1802–1866) 318
9.39 Philadelphia, Fairmont Park, Monument to Washington, bronze, 1897. Artist: Rudolph Siemering (1835–1905) 319
9.40 Washington, DC, Great Hall of the Library of Congress, marble, America and Africa, Asia and Europe represented as children with a globe, ca. 1897. Artist: Philip Martiny (1858–1927). Image reproduced of America and Africa 319
9.41 London, façade of a house in Oxford Street (Liberty and Co.) Britannia with groups allegorical of the trade and industry of silk and Asia, early 20th century 320
9.42 London, Africa House, Kingsway, sculptures of Britannia and tusk traders. Artist: Benjamin Clemens, 1922 320
9.43 Marseilles, Gare Saint Charles, Staircase. Les Colonies d’Afrique, et Les Colonies d’Asie, 1923–24, marble. Artiste: Louis Botinelly (1883–1962) 321
9.44 Paris, Exposition Coloniale Internationale (ECI), 1931, Pavillon de la Société Française financière et coloniale. Bas relief with continents. Artist: Georges Saupique (1889–1961) 322
9.45 Paris, ECI, 1931, pavillons des missions catholiques, the Four Continents are abstracted figures at the top of the structure shown as caryatides encircling the tower 322
9.46 Paris, ECI, 1931, Section métropolitaine, Industrie du luxe. High relief in colored plasters representing North Africa, Black Africa, Asia, Oceania, America. (detail with America) 323
9.47 Paris, ECI, 1931, Pavillon of the Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles, Façade, sculpture with Africa and two bas-reliefs with Africa and Asia 324
9.48 Paris, ECI, 1931, Musée des Colonies, the monument of the Lignes Françaises de Navigation, Bas-relief with Oceania, North Africa, Black Africa, and Asia. (image: Black Africa) 325
9.49 Cologne, façade of the Ethnographic Museum, three mascarons (between the with the two rows of windows) with Europa, Africa, and America, 1907 326
9.50 Frankfurt am Main, Philip Holzmann Aktiengesellschaft (construction company), Taunus Anlage, 1, Personification of the Continents, 1917. The image reproduced of Europe as a classicizing female and Africa, as a male nude with a racialized facial type 327
9.51 Huelva, Monument to Christopher Columbus, with four bas relief with personifications of the continents on the four corners of the monument, 1929. Artist: Gertrud Vanderbilt Whitney 328
9.52 Berne, Monument de l’Union Postale Universelle, the five continents holding hands flying around a globe, bronze, 1909. Artist: René de St-Marceaux (1845–1915) 329
9.52a Unknown location, wax models for the faces of the five continents for the Berne, Monument de l’Union Postale Universelle, c. 1909. Artist: René de St-Marceaux (1845–1915). Formerly in the collection of James Hazen Hyde 329
9.53 Washington, Pan American building, North and South America, c. 1908–10. Marble seated figures on pedestals. Artists: Gutzon Borglum (1867–1941) and Isidore Konti (1862–1938) 330
9.54 Austin, University of Texas, South Entrance. Littlefield gateway, with an Allegory of America sailing across the ocean to protect democracy, 1910–1930. Artist: Pompeo Coppini (1870–1957) 331
10.1 Pierre-Henri Ducos de la Haille, France and the Five Continents: Principal Tableau, 1929–1930, fresco from the Salle des Fêtes in the Palais de la Porte Dorée created for the Musée des Colonies, Paris 337
10.2 Centerfold, De mai à octobre 1931 […] Venez à l’Exposition coloniale internationale de Paris. [Paris]: Imprimerie nationale, 1931 340
10.3 “Musée des Colonies.” Postcard, 1931 341
10.4 “Coupole du hall” (with Jean Bouchaud’s Afrique and Amérique). Léandre Vaillat, La Cité des informations. Paris: Horizons de France, 1931 344
10.5 Louis Desvignes, Afrique; Lucien Bazor, Amérique; Pierre-Alexandre Morlon, Asie; and Anie Mouroux, Océanie, 1931, Exposition Coloniale Internationale souvenir medals, Administration des Monnaies et Médailles 348
10.6 “Les Français de Couleur.” Vu 4, no. 168 (June 3, 1931): 811 351
10.7 “Saviez-vous que la France était si grande?” L’Illustration 89, no. 4601 (May 9, 1931): XXIII 353
10.8 Joseph Hémard, Exposition Coloniale, 1931, watercolor with gouache highlights 356
10.9 “La Ville de PARIS remet au Monde enthousiasmé, la clé de l’EXPOSITION COLONIALE.” Front cover, La Vie parisienne 69, no. 20 (May 16, 1931) 357
11.1 Léon-Ernest Drivier, La France apportant la paix et la prospérité aux colonies, photograph, 2022 370
11.2 Alfred Janniot, bas-relief du musée des colonies (detail), photograph, 2022 372
11.3 Belltower of L’église Notre-Dame-des-Missions-du-cygne-d’Enghien, Epinay-sur-Seine, showing Carlo Sarrabezolles, Les quatres races humaines, photograph, 2021 377
11.4 Georges Gardet, Éléphants attaqués par un tigre, photograph, 2022 379
11.5 Jean-Baptiste Belloc, Monument à la gloire de l’expansion coloniale française (detail), photograph, 2021 384
12.1. a–d Alexander Hamilton, Four Continents, 1907, U.S. Custom House, New York 390
12.1a Asia 390
12.1b America 391
12.1c Europe 392
12.1d Africa and Detail 392
12.2 U.S. Custom House, New York. Detroit Publishing Company, 1908 393
13.1 West façade of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, including Theodore Roosevelt Memorial ensemble and James Earle Fraser’s Theodore Roosevelt Monument, completed 1940 412
13.2 James Earle Fraser, Theodore Roosevelt Monument, New York City, bronze, 30 feet high, completed 1940 412
13.3 James Earle Fraser, Theodore Roosevelt Monument, completed 1940, detail 413
13.4 James Earle Fraser at work on the African figure in his Theodore Roosevelt Monument, James Earle and Laura Gardin Fraser Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Libraries, Syracuse, NY, photo from 1930s 416
13.5 Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Monument to the Massachusetts 54th Regiment and Col. Robert Gould Shaw (“Shaw Memorial”), Boston Common, Boston, bronze, 1897 420
13.6 Karl Bitter, relief of Native Americans and African Americans from the Carl Schurz Monument, 116th St. and Morningside Drive, New York City, 1913 421
13.7 Thomas Hastings, Mask of an African, detail from flagpole on front terrace of New York Public Library, New York City, bronze, 1912 423
13.8 James Earle Fraser, early sketch for his Theodore Roosevelt Monument, James Earle and Laura Gardin Fraser Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Libraries, Syracuse, NY, charcoal on paper, c. 1929–1931 425
13.9 Horatio Greenough, George Washington, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC, marble, 1840 426
13.10 Horatio Greenough, George Washington, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC, marble, 1840, detail of rear of chair 427
13.11 Carl Guttenberg, Tea Tax Tempest, John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence, RI, engraving with watercolor, 1783 429
13.12 P. Gally, Allegory of Europe and America, mezzotint with watercolor, 1804 430