Index
Abqaiq
14, 82, 96, 111.
Ghawar oil field; Company towns
Abu Khamsin
53n77, 64, 114n162
Agriculture
Agricultural reform
157â58
Animal husbandry
43, 51
Crops
43
Decline
99â101, 107, 109, 155, 157â58
Irrigation
43, 50, 54
Land cultivation
43, 49, 54, 172
Land lease system
60, 64, 103â4
Land tenure
49, 54, 56, 59â60, 103â4, 155, 169, 172
Peasants
82â83, 99, 111â12, 154â55, 158â59, 174, 179, 196, 205
Self-employed farmers
49, 60, 104, 107, 155, 157â58, 170
Sharecropping
59, 99, 157
Ahsaʾ, al-
During Ottoman rule. see Ottoman government in al-Ahsaʾ
During the First Saudi State
38
During the Second Saudi State
39
Governorate (until 1952)
1n1, 55, 61â66, 78â80, 87
Historical region
34n2, 34â35, 41
Saudi annexation (in 1913)
31, 38, 40, 61â66, 68, 71, 207
Al Ê¿Ajaji
46, 62, 64, 137â38
Al Ê¿Arfaj
54, 153
Al Ê¿Awwami
59, 138
Al Faraj
54, 57â59, 108, 134, 169
Al Jishi
54, 62n117, 164, 170
Al Khalifa
65, 86
Al Mansur
54â55
Al Nimr
59
Al Rashid
137
Al Saʿud
19, 38â39, 74, 137, 192
Al SaÊ¿ud, Ê¿Abd al-Ê¿AzÄ«z b. Ê¿Abd al-RaḥmÄn. see Ibn SaÊ¿ud
Al Saʿud, Faysal b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz
20, 156â57, 160, 181, 183, 191â92, 207
Al Saʿud, Saʿud b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz
137, 141â42, 147, 149, 156, 160, 162, 163n37, 166, 171, 178, 191
Al-Mintaqa al-Sharqiyya. see Eastern Province
Al-Salama. see Dhahran â Saudi camp
Ambah, Salih
161â62, 193
American University Beirut (AUB)
135
Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC)
78â79, 92
Ê¿Anik
52
Arab Gulf
Governments
209n14
Cities
11, 15, 15n44, 66, 112
Countries
8, 37, 37n9, 123n1, 124, 162, 176, 198, 209n14
Societies
7, 10â13, 16, 35, 68â69, 124, 176.
Hybrid societies
Arab nationalism
23â24, 74n175, 134, 144, 147, 155â56, 158, 160â61, 164, 178, 199, 204
Arab Spring
209n14, 213, 216, 210n14
Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco)
Ahyaʾʿummaliyya. see Aramco neighborhoods
Aramco neighborhoods
96, 101â103, 157, 177
Benevolence. see Philanthropy
Cafeterias
179â82
Classification of employees
91â92, 96, 201
Color-blindness
5
Communication committees
141â42
Company buses
127, 136, 141, 145, 181
Company management
75, 92, 133â35, 141, 180, 189, 207
Company planning
16, 76â77, 82, 85, 87, 95, 113, 198, 208
Company training
92, 98, 112, 128, 130, 135, 157
Corporate control
1, 92, 98, 118â19, 151, 198, 207â8
Corporate historiography
7, 21
Dry ration stores
133, 180, 182
Enlightened self-interest. see Philanthropy
Family housing
85, 93â94, 96â97, 100
Government Relations Division
118, 121, 191
Identification Division
120, 151
Industrial security
76â77, 91, 96, 113, 117, 120â21, 187, 189, 200, 208
Intelligence, provision of
181, 189â90, 192, 206, 208.
Surveillance of oil workers
Mythmaking
9, 20â21, 83, 88
Nationalization
7, 156, 159, 199
Oil concession
64, 79â80, 79n5, 87, 103â6, 197, 203, 208, 215.
Standard Oil of California (SOCAL)
Oil exploration
19, 76, 81, 83, 85â86, 111.
Standard Oil of California (SOCAL)
Oil production
81, 104, 138â39, 142, 185, 200, 208
Oil prospecting
78â79.
Eastern and General Syndicate; Standard Oil of California (SOCAL)
Oil reserve
104, 214
Philanthropy
20â21, 23, 82, 128, 128n19
Provision of basic services
82, 88â89, 95, 103, 105, 183â84, 187
Research Division
28â29, 76â77, 94, 114, 118â20, 123n2, 171, 173
Social engineering
2, 10, 12, 77, 98, 200
Staff ranking. see Classification of employees
State within the state
21â22, 82, 116, 118, 120â21
Surveillance of oil workers
77, 110â13, 118â20, 130, 181, 189â90, 198, 207â8
US American employees
85, 88, 91, 155, 199
Workersâ committee
134â38, 142, 144, 147
Workersâ grievances
127, 133â35, 180
Arabian Peninsula
20â21, 24n76, 37â39, 59, 62, 67, 70, 78, 137, 173â74
Arab-Israeli war (of 1948)
115, 134
Arab-Israeli war (of 1967)
156, 184â86, 206
Artisans
43, 52, 125â26, 199
ʿAshuraʾ
124, 211
Assertiveness of local communities
59, 74, 201, 212
Authoritarianism
8, 10, 26, 194
Ê¿Awwami, Sayyid Ê¿Ali al-Sayyid Baqir al-
26, 30, 72â73, 153, 159â60, 163, 167, 181
Ê¿Awwami, Shaykh Salman al-
57â59
Ê¿Awwamiyya, al-
57, 72, 134â35, 175, 214â16
Baharna
35, 37n9
Bahrain
Constitutional movement
124, 143, 148, 159, 204
Economic links to al-Ahsaʾ
43, 47, 61, 65â67, 69, 80, 125
High Executive Committee
159, 166â67
Migration between Bahrain and al-Ahsaʾ
71â72, 80, 82, 84, 84n29, 86, 125
Oil industry
79, 92, 124â25, 139
Political links to al-Ahsaʾ
34â36, 38, 47, 69, 134â35, 148, 159, 181
Uprising (in 2011)
209n14
Bahrain Oil Company (BAPCO)
79, 90, 124â25
Bahrainis in al-Ahsaʾ
67, 69â70, 89
Baladiyya affair (in 1923)
69
Bani Khalid
37â39, 44, 52
Barasti
85, 87, 94, 102
Barrani
72â73, 72n168, 73n170, 169, 175, 210
Baʿthism
160â61, 173, 175â76, 180, 186, 188, 190
Bechtel
88
Bedouin
41, 50, 56, 63, 69â70, 72â73, 93â94, 99â100, 102, 108, 110â13, 116, 118, 154, 174, 182â83, 195â96, 205
Bedouin encampment
82â83, 85â86, 93â94, 102, 117.
Thuqba, al-
Bin Faris
54
Bombay
66, 126n13
Brokerage
61, 111
Buhayjan, Ê¿Abd al-Rahman al-
135, 144, 159
Buraimi dispute
123â24, 123n2, 142â43, 152, 164n39, 203
Businessmen
115, 118, 127, 159, 162, 164, 167, 204
California Standard Oil Company (CASOC)
80, 83â84, 92
Central Arabia
40, 44, 47, 56, 60, 67, 89, 109â10
Centralized state
61â62, 64, 120
Charity
57, 164â65, 204
Cities as laboratories of change
6, 11â12
Civil servants
88, 110
Civilizing Mission
21, 179
Coffeehouses
95, 117, 175â76
Cohabitation
20, 74, 75n181, 98, 109, 113â14, 114n162, 195
Colonialism
21, 76, 92, 113
Communism
145, 147â49, 160â61, 173, 175, 180â81, 187, 191
Company towns. Dhahran; Raʾs Tanura; Abqaiq
American camps
85, 91â92, 122, 185, 206
Enabling spaces
11â12, 17, 142, 198, 201
Family housing
85
Fencing
91, 122, 142, 146, 201
General camps. see Saudi camps
Intermediate camps
91, 151, 181, 183
Isolation
142, 145â46, 195, 198, 208, 210, 216â17
Labor camps
18, 26â27, 76â77, 83, 85, 90â98, 113, 123, 130, 135, 140, 151, 157, 177, 208.
Saudi camps; Intermediate camps; American camps
Labor conditions
90â91, 96, 125â28, 130, 132, 141, 199
Planning11
87
Saudi camps
93, 117, 122, 142, 146, 201
Segregation
11â12, 26, 91â92, 98, 113â14, 198â99
Suburban life and consumerism
12
Conflict, causes for
3â4, 12, 16, 54, 61, 72, 74, 105, 166, 170, 172, 195â96, 205, 207, 210
Construction business
Construction works in the oil area
86, 88, 99, 106, 108, 111, 130, 153â54, 179, 198, 200
International construction firms
88â89.
Bechtel; Doxiades
Local entrepreneurs
88, 88n47, 99â101
Contractor business
Contractor workers
93â95, 99â100, 115, 125, 129â32, 139â41, 139n65, 154â55, 154n136, 163, 199, 203, 205
Contractor workersâ camps
115, 126â27, 140â41, 183â84
Contractorâs Workmenâ Compensation Fund
131â32
Sub-contractors
86, 88, 93, 99â101, 115, 125â27, 130â31, 140, 154, 154n136, 162, 170, 177â78, 183, 199
Control
Force as mode of rule
2, 10â11, 24, 116â18, 122, 136, 150â51, 178, 184, 188, 198, 211
Policing
16, 85, 117, 120â21, 136, 178, 183
Public displays of punishment
122, 151â52, 182â83, 206
Surveillance by Saudi authorities
2, 16, 19, 77, 130, 181
Urban Planning
2, 10, 19, 85â86, 92
Over the local communities
110, 116â22, 198, 208
Corruption
18, 65, 162, 164, 168, 170, 176, 205â6, 211
Cosmopolitanism
42, 109, 112
Counter-revolution
22, 161, 192
Critical Press
17n51, 126, 135, 158, 162, 177â78
Cultural determinism
8â9, 27
Customary court
53, 55â56, 63â64, 70â71, 105, 120, 169, 214
Customs
55, 63
Dammam
Administrative capital
14, 83, 87
Dammam Dome
81
Dammam Metropolitan Area (DMA)
14, 101
Emirate building
137, 185
Municipal council
167
Neighborhoods
88â90, 97â98
Pre-oil history
43, 67, 81, 86
Unrest (in 1967)
185â88, 206, 210, 212, 215
Seaport
84, 86
Urban planning
87â90
Urbanization
82, 86â90, 97â98, 100, 106, 109, 157
Darin
43, 52, 72
Date culture
41â43, 51â52, 59â60, 80
Dawasir
86, 106, 167
Day laborers
44, 93â94, 108, 115, 130, 132, 177, 179, 183, 200, 205
Debt
60â61, 111, 159
Deportation
125, 127, 146, 199
Dhahran
14.
Company towns
Airfield
81, 84â85, 114, 130, 147
Community development
87, 91â93, 95â98, 113
Company gates 122m
150, 201
Company headquarters
81, 83â84, 150
Demonstrations (in 1956)
150â51, 176, 182
Riot (in 1967)
32, 185â88, 191â92, 206â7, 212
Saudi camp
91, 95â96, 185, 187, 212, 216
US General Consulate
81, 84, 116, 122, 185, 206
Dhubaib, Ê¿Abdullah
177â78
Dirʿiyya (emirate)
38â39
Disciplining power of the state
115, 122, 141, 183, 188, 198, 201, 206, 208, 211
Discrimination
Racist
18, 91â92, 180, 186, 199
Religious
25, 35, 70, 74â76, 74n173, 75n181, 100, 103, 105, 105n123, 109â10, 170â72, 191â93, 197, 205, 207â8
Political
20, 103
Structural
20, 186
Diseases
Cholera
189
Malaria
50, 128
Smallpox
128
Typhoid fever
91
Trachoma
111, 128
Doxiades
88
Drought
40, 61, 80
Dubai
87, 124
Eastern and General Syndicate
79
Eastern Arabia
34n2, 42â43, 45, 79â80, 109, 119
Eastern Province (governorate)
1n1, 13â14, 77, 82â83, 87
Ecuador
4
Egypt
As part of the Ottoman Empire
39
Mandate kingdom
81
Regional role
123â125, 155â57
Revolution (of 1952)
134
Suez crisis
155
Elawy, Abdullah al-
49â50
Electricity supply
89, 103, 170
Emigration
61, 63, 71, 80
Endowments
56â59, 63â65, 104, 107, 134, 164, 204, 214
Environmental destruction
26, 99, 157, 195, 211, 214â15
Exceptionalism
3, 16
Fariq (pl. furuq)
46â48, 46n57, 52, 62, 89
Fasi, ʿAʾisha al-
161
Feudalism
61n111
Fishing
52, 56, 214
Foreign Arabs
91, 114, 120, 134, 146, 154, 155, 160, 189, 198
Fragmenting society
2, 194, 197, 198, 201, 208â9, 212, 216â17
Free Princes movement
156, 160
Freshwater system
89, 103, 184
Frontier
34, 66, 67n142, 123, 141â54, 123, 203
Gardens
45, 49, 51, 55, 64, 103, 107, 152, 179
Ghawar oil field
76â77, 76n183, 93, 108
Ghosaibi, al-
40, 62, 64â66, 64n129, 86, 100, 105, 140
Global petroleumscape
3, 5, 17
Golden Triangle
14, 99
Grand Mosque in Mecca, seizure (in 1979)
24, 26, 212
Haʾil
137, 152â53, 174
Hajj. see Pilgrimage
Harrison, Paul W.
60
Hasa, al- (oasis)
Decline
35, 99â103, 198
Economy
43â44, 49, 99â103, 196
Immigration
41, 101
Major towns
14, 39, 41â44, 50, 101, 111.
Hofuf; Mubarraz
Municipal council elections
168, 170
Pre-oil history
53, 56, 59â62, 65, 71, 74, 80â81
Religious heterogeneity
42, 101
Social geography
41, 49â50, 110â11
Urbanization
14, 77, 82, 87, 96, 100â102, 107, 157, 166, 170
Villages
39, 41, 43, 49â52, 63, 101, 106â7, 144
Hashim, Ê¿Abdullah al-
144, 147, 153
Hassan, Hamza al-
211
Hawza Ê¿ulmiyya
59
Health services
Aramco hospitals
93â94, 119, 127â30, 154n136
Anti-disease campaigns
91, 128
Private hospitals
164
Hijaz
88, 160, 173â74
Hinge Urbanism
15, 17
Historiography
Shiʿi activist writers
24â25, 29, 105, 109â10, 211
Of Arab Gulf states
13â14
Modernization literature. see Development literature
Unification literature
8
Development literature
8, 11, 20, 79, 83
Saudi Arabian
2â3, 7, 19â20
Anglophone
2, 22â23
Local historiography
8â9, 19, 24â26, 30, 75
Hofuf
Capture (in 1913)
40, 197
Modernization
102, 170, 170n68
Najdi immigrants
40, 45â46, 61â62, 163, 197
Neighborhoods
44â46, 102
Pre-oil history
44â46, 54, 61
Religious groups
42, 46
Saudi representative
40
Urban expansion
45â46, 101â102, 166
Municipality
102, 184
Holmes, Frank
78â79
Home Ownership Program
96â98, 101, 106â7, 113â14, 157, 177, 198, 200, 202
Husayniyya
53, 72, 74, 138, 159
Hybrid societies
10, 13
Ibn Saʿud
40, 62â77, 65n135, 138
Identity formation
13, 40, 42â43, 74â75, 89â90
Identity politics
13, 24â25, 27, 35â37, 66, 163n37, 207
Ikhwan
68, 70â71, 93.
Wahhabis; Wahhabism
Ikhwan rebellion
71â74, 78
Iltizam. see Taxation
Imperial frontier
67, 67n142, 197, 203
Imperialism
Anti-imperialist movements
123â24, 134, 144, 150, 155, 185, 199, 204, 211
British imperialism
5, 9â10, 18, 41, 65â70, 75, 78â79, 81, 92, 123â25, 148, 196, 207â8
British protection
65â69, 80â81, 148, 204
British protectorates in the Persian Gulf
68â71, 197, 208
British representative in al-Ahsaʾ
67, 68n144
Capitalist imperialism
26, 77â78, 80â81, 207
Interference in local governance
18â19, 74, 74n175
US American imperialism
9â10, 18, 75, 77â78, 81â82, 123â24, 192
Indian trading colony in Qatif
42, 67
Indians
114, 125â26, 130, 139, 147
Industrial compensation payments
128â129, 131â132.
Construction business â Contractorâs Workmenâ Compensation Fund
Inflation
132
Informal housing
90â95, 130, 158, 171, 187, 195
Infrastructural urbanism
15, 17
Intermediaries
56, 167, 196.
Local elites
Internal politics
147, 155â57, 187
Iran
78, 81, 134, 148, 210
Iraq
13, 21, 24, 35, 37, 64n128, 69n148, 78â79, 81, 104n120, 125â27, 130, 134, 173
Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC)
79, 92
Iraqis oil workers in al-Ahsaʾ
126â27, 130, 162, 199
Islamic Revolution
209â10, 212
Islamization of internal politics
1, 22, 24, 160â61, 192â93, 207
Israel
115, 155â56, 184, 186, 206
Italians
114, 126, 199
Jaʿafari court
64.
Customary court
Jawan
105
Jihad-tax
63.
Taxation
Jiluwi, Abdullah b.
61â62, 64, 66, 71, 115
Jiluwi, Saʿud b.
115â16, 121â22, 136, 140â41, 150â51, 153, 198
Jishi, Ê¿Abd al-Rasul al-
145, 162
Jubail
14, 43, 63, 80â81
Judiciary
37, 53, 55â56, 63â64
Juhayman, Ê¿Abd al-Karim al-
162, 162n30
Jumʿa, ʿAbdul Husayn b.
65â66
Jumʿa, Mansur b.
55, 65
Jungers, Frank
75
Jurisprudence
38, 120, 191, 196
Kazakhstan
4
Khawi (pl. Khawiyya)
117, 139
Khobar, al-
Commercial center
83
Municipal council
167
Neighborhoods
88â90, 97â98, 185
Port
14, 84, 86
Pre-oil history
43, 86
Riot (in 1967)
185â88, 206, 212
Urban Planning
87â90
Urbanization
86â90, 93, 97â98, 106, 157
Khunayzi, al-
57â59
Kuwait
124â25, 153
Labor
Labor Department. see Labor Office
Labor Exploitation
25, 38
Labor migrants
20, 90, 100, 106, 108â10, 112, 115, 127, 139, 154â55, 158, 177, 183, 186, 198, 200, 205
Labor Movement
12, 17, 23â24, 26, 90, 123â54, 157, 159, 177â82, 184, 199â200, 202â3, 205, 207, 212
Labor Office
128, 134â35, 140â41, 143â47, 150, 153, 158, 163, 177â78, 180â81
Labor protest. see Labor movement
Labor recruitment
110â12, 111n147, 129, 158
Labor struggle. see Labor movement
Labor Union
17, 23, 124, 135, 141, 159, 180, 187
Precarious labor
18, 128â33, 203, 205â6
Saudi Labor law
128â32, 140, 154, 163, 177â79, 181â82, 187, 199
Skilled labor114
125, 199
Strike of Saudi oil workers (in 1945)
127â30
Strike of Saudi oil workers (in 1953)
133â41, 144, 202
Strikes of Saudi oil workers (in 1964)
179â81
Unemployment in the oil province
154â55, 158, 177â79, 182â83, 200
Unskilled labor
125, 154â55, 179, 198â99
Wage labor
49
Land. Arabian American Oil Company â Oil concession
Accumulation
54, 203, 208
Amlak al-saniyya
49, 54â55, 64
Ê¿Aradi-l-amiriyya, al-. see Land-use system
Expropriation
18, 64â66, 103â8, 155, 168â69, 171â73, 208, 211, 216.
Arabian American Oil Company â Oil concession
Land ownership
44, 49, 52, 54, 60, 64, 87, 103â6, 166, 169, 171â72, 205, 214â15
Land registration
54, 57, 59, 64, 104â5, 105n123, 108, 166, 172, 191â92
Land speculation
59, 65, 106â8, 195, 211
Landholding system
37â38, 44, 49, 55â57, 64, 196
Land-use-system
87, 97, 106, 166
Miri. see State land
Municipal land
166
Occupancy
87
State land
54, 65, 106, 184
Land-Lease Program
81, 184.
US military mission
Leaflets
143, 159, 181
Lebanon
159, 181, 134â35, 144n85
Lefebvre, Henri
15, 195, 197â98, 202
Literary clubs
17
Libraries
164, 174â75
Local elites
Intellectual elites
23, 23n68, 124, 144, 159, 161, 164, 205, 211
Local ʿulamaʾ
13, 55â59
Localized power
13â14, 37, 39, 53â57, 63, 65â66, 107, 196â97
Merchant- ʿulamaʾ
13, 37, 39, 55
Merchants
43â44, 59â60, 62, 67, 86, 88â89, 99, 103â4, 112, 118, 137â38, 140, 164, 167, 181, 185, 195.
Merchant-ʿulamaʾ
Modernists
19, 30, 159â60, 165, 167â70, 204â5
Notable families
40, 53â59, 64â65, 72â73, 108, 112, 134, 137â38, 144, 152â53, 163â65, 167, 169, 171, 203
Notables
18, 30, 37, 49, 53â61, 66, 69, 72â73, 112â13, 144, 153, 159â65, 168, 195, 204â5, 215
Secular elites. see Modernists
Traditional leadership
17, 72, 158, 164â69, 203â5, 205n10, 207, 209
Urban elites
17, 27, 30, 44, 46, 49, 62, 73, 82â83, 99, 112, 115, 125, 158â59, 167â68, 203â4, 211
Village sheikhs
56, 72, 117â18, 120, 211.
Ê¿Umda
Local emirs
117â18, 121, 136â38, 166â67
Lorimer, John
41
Madhhab (pl. madhahib)
Akhbari
42, 42n37
Hanafi
38, 42, 55, 109n139
Hanbali
55, 109, 109n139
Maliki
42, 63, 109n139
Shafiʿi
42, 109n139
Shaykhi
42
Usuli
42, 42n37
Jaʿafari
64
Maladministration
162, 164, 177, 183â84, 186, 206
Malaise, urban
27, 109, 155, 184, 200, 205â6, 208
Manaʿ, Muhammad ʿAbdullah al-
126â27, 162â64, 163n37
Manama
66
Mandate system
21, 81
Mansur b. Jumʿa
54
Mansur, Ê¿Abd al-Rahman al-
145, 145n86, 153, 159, 162, 178, 180â81
Manufacture
43â44, 100, 109
Marginalization
186â87, 198, 205, 210
Melting pot
19â20, 42
Merchant economy. Pearling industry
Economic dependency
18, 37â38, 59â61, 61n111, 140, 195, 205
Economic system
43
Mesopotamia
68, 78
Middle class
88â89, 115, 155, 188, 200, 205, 210
Militarization
156â57, 186, 198, 200, 210
Ministry of Finance
78, 88, 104, 128, 129â130, 134â135, 158
Movie theaters
91, 151.
Raʾs Tanura â Cinema riot
Muʿammar, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz b.
143â45, 159â60
Mubarraz
Pre-oil history
44, 64â65
Religious groups
42
Mufti
56
Mujtahid
59, 64, 64n128
Mukhdar. see Ê¿Umda
Municipalities
Establishment
86â88, 95
Administrative councils
44, 54, 62
Majlis al-baladiyya. see Municipal councils
Majlis al-idara. see Administrative councils
Municipal government
62, 62n117, 165â66, 203â5
Municipal councils
17, 44, 54, 100, 158, 165â66, 169, 204
Municipal council elections
165â69, 204
Mutasarrif
44, 53, 126
Mutawwaʿin. see Religious police
Naʿathil
44
Najd
38, 44, 53, 67, 80
Najdi tribes
69, 86
Nasser, Gamal Abdel
155
Nasserism
155â56, 180
National Liberation Front (NLF)
159â61, 173, 181, 188
National Reform Front (NRF)
159
Networks
Translocal
13, 13n41, 34, 37, 47, 89â90, 112â13, 137
Transnational
12, 22, 24, 125, 162, 173, 210
Nigeria
3
Nimr rebellion (1929â1930)
72â74, 159
Nimr, Muhammad al-
72, 159
Nimr, Nimr al-
216
Nomadism
13
Notables. see Local elites
Oil
Commodity
4â6, 17
Oil boom
1, 20, 107, 109â10, 186
Oil conurbation
6, 14â19, 28, 82, 98, 108, 123, 132â33, 137, 141â43, 155â57, 161, 164, 177, 179, 183â84, 187, 193, 195, 198, 194â202, 205â9, 211â12, 216, 220
Oil development
6, 12, 19, 79, 82â86, 90, 158â59, 177
Oil frontier
34, 123, 203
Oil industrialization
15â16, 83â84, 129, 132, 142, 153, 164, 168â69, 198
Oil modernity
1, 3, 9, 12, 17, 19, 27, 83, 93, 118, 165, 205
Oil modernization
158â59, 166, 173, 187, 199, 205, 207, 212
Oil polity
15, 18, 37, 155, 203â4, 216
Oil towns
83, 86â90, 92, 99â101, 117, 123, 182
Petro-capitalism
2n3, 9, 19, 83, 114, 179, 185, 198, 200, 203
Rentier state-theory
5, 7â8
Saudi oil workers
14, 76â77, 85, 88, 94n76, 98, 110â14, 118, 127, 129â35, 141, 144, 151, 155, 174, 177, 180, 186, 188â89, 205â6
Transformative power
1, 5, 6, 9â10, 16â17, 19
Oil urbanization
3â4, 15, 17, 59, 65, 72, 77, 82â122, 158, 164, 169â73, 177, 185, 187â88, 195, 198, 205, 214.
Hinge urbanism; Infrastructural urbanism; Global petroleumscape
Oman
123
Opposition
Arrests
1, 136, 138, 145, 149, 151â53, 159, 161, 175â76, 180â81, 185â86, 188â91, 206, 209, 214
Co-optation
1, 199, 206, 208
Grassroot opposition
2, 6, 27, 204.
Popular contention
Insurrection
38
Islamist opposition
22
Leftist opposition
22â23, 26, 134, 159â61, 168, 192â93, 200, 211.
Opposition movements
Local opposition
14, 25, 28, 74, 107â8, 139, 147, 151â53, 173, 207â8, 210n14, 216
Opposition Movements
1, 12, 17, 23â24, 147, 157, 159â62, 173â75
Political opposition. see Opposition movements
Radicalization
159â60, 199, 201, 206
Repression
35, 141â42, 156, 160â61, 177, 186, 188, 193, 206
Secular opposition. see Leftist opposition
Shiʿi opposition
24, 27, 191, 207â13
Ottoman Empire
39, 56, 66â67, 78
Ottoman government in al-Ahsaʾ
37â40, 44â47, 52â57, 62, 66â68, 70, 78, 144, 165, 197
Ottoman reforms
53â54
Pakistanis
114, 125â26, 130, 199
Palestinians
114â15, 127, 134, 155, 160, 185, 200
Pan Arabism
23â24, 123â124, 147, 161, 185
Patronage
15, 42, 59, 128, 138, 140, 199, 205
Pearling industry
Decline
62, 71, 80, 87, 111
Pearl trade
37, 43, 65â66, 87
Pearling as occupation
41â42, 52, 59â61, 63, 70, 86, 111
Persians
38, 67, 69
Personalized rule
117, 120
Petroleum College
95, 161â62, 176, 185â86, 191, 193, 211
Pilgrimage
68, 79, 88
Piracy
41â42, 52, 67
Police force
117, 120, 151, 171, 182, 184, 186, 188
Politicization
123â25, 123n2, 134, 141â54, 158, 168, 206
Popular contention. Popular politics
Actors
18â19, 123â24, 140, 151â54, 184, 200
Boycott
145â46, 180
Brawl
18, 137, 175, 182
Criminality
182â83, 206
Demonstration
18, 146â47, 150â51, 155, 159, 171, 184â85, 211
Disobedience
130, 136â38, 148, 184
Disorder
137, 146, 156, 177, 181â82, 184, 206
Insubordination. see Disobedience
Insurgency
185
Looting
185
Mobilization
42n37, 74â75, 107, 123, 134â41, 157, 167, 175â77, 200â201, 210, 216
Petitioning
18, 72â73, 106, 124, 126â27, 135, 137, 145, 147â50, 166, 172, 191, 195
Protest
40, 42n37, 96, 124, 137, 152, 177â78, 181, 185, 206, 211, 214
Rebellion
14, 23, 72, 137, 144, 196
Revolt. see Rebellion
Rioting
18, 117, 151, 185â86, 206
Sabotage
135, 139, 143, 156, 188
Strikes
125â28, 136â41, 179, 184, 211
Terrorism
156, 185
Tumult. see Brawl
Urban venues for popular contention
17, 158, 174â77, 200â201, 206
Vandalism
146
Popular politics
18n52, 25n78, 27, 123â54, 158.
Popular contention
Poverty
115, 133, 179, 186, 195, 205â7, 211â12
Primordialism
5, 9, 74â76, 74n176, 119, 207
Privy council
62
Provincial government
84â85, 106, 116â22, 136â37, 166, 177, 198, 207
Pumping station. see Trans Arabian Pipeline (Tapline)
Qadaʾ (pl. aqdiyya)
53
Qadi (pl. quda)
55â59, 63â65, 85, 145, 169
Qaʾim maqam
53, 61
Qalʿawi
72â73, 72n168, 73n170, 169, 175
Qaramite state
35
Qasim
61, 135, 137, 145, 164, 174â75
Qasr al-Ê¿Abid
44, 153
Qatif (oasis)
Decline in local importance
86â87, 99â103, 198
Economy
43, 66, 87, 99â103, 196
Pre-oil history
53, 57â61, 65â67, 71â74, 80, 86, 208
Protest (in 1996)
214â15
Siege (in 1908)
69â70
Social geography
41â42, 52
Suburbs. see Villages
Uprising (of 2011â2020)
209n14, 209, 211
Uprising (of 1979/1980)
24, 26, 209â13, 210n14, 211â12, 216
Urbanization
14, 96, 101, 106â7, 110, 114, 157, 166, 169â70, 214
Villages
41, 47â49, 52, 54, 57, 169, 171â73, 210
Qatif (town)
Capture (in 1913)
40, 63, 65â66, 197
Modernization
102â3, 169â71
Municipal council
167, 169, 172
Municipality
108, 170â72
Neighborhoods
47â48
Pre-oil history
47, 54â55, 65â66
Qalʿat al-Qatif
41, 47, 53, 72â73, 102â3, 138, 169, 175, 211, 212, 216
Urban expansion
107â8, 166, 169
Qatif port
47, 55, 63, 67, 84
Qatif treaty (of 1915)
68
Qatifi activists
148, 152â53, 157, 159, 163, 163n37, 165, 167â70, 174â75, 180.
Local elites â Modernists; Local elites â Traditional leadership
Qatifi pleas for British protection
65â66, 71â72, 148n105, 197
Qudaih
171â72
Racism
91â92, 92n68
Radio broadcasts
134, 140, 175
Rahima (landed property)
105â6
Rahima (municipality). see Raʾs Tanura â Saudi camp
Railroad
84, 130
Ramis, al-
57â59, 107â8, 134, 214â16
Raʾs Tanura. Company towns
Cinema riot (of 1956)
151â54, 157
Refinery
14, 83â84, 111, 114, 125
Saudi camp
14, 91, 97
Rayyis, Ê¿Abd al-Rassak al-
140
Real estate projects
215â16
Red Line Agreement
78â79
Regional conflict
18, 27, 78, 115, 123, 142â43, 147â57, 184â86, 200, 203â4, 206
Reichert, Horst
83, 83n25, 195
Religious affiliation
41, 46, 113â14, 118â19, 124, 198, 207â8, 212â13
Religious freedom
39â40, 55, 70â71, 74, 212
Religious leadership
55
Religious police
183
Research interest
27, 76â77
Resistance. see Opposition
Resource extraction
21, 26, 99, 104
Revolutionary Students Vanguard
175â76
Rifʿa
44, 64â65
Riyadh
20n59, 23, 28, 82, 84, 88, 110, 112, 173â75
Rural migrants
155, 158, 200, 205
Safavid administration in Bahrain
38
Saffar, Hassan al-
210
Safwa
80, 97, 101â3, 105, 152, 169, 175
Saʿid, Nasir al-
135â37, 152â54, 159, 174, 185, 186n124
Salihiyya
45â46
Salinization
35, 43, 50â51
Sanabis
71, 80, 159
Sanitation
62
Sanjak
53
Saudi government
Consultative Council
106, 163n37
Council of Ministers
167, 178
Development of local communities
84â88, 90, 94â95, 100, 179
Government officials
103â4, 155, 162, 174, 178, 180â81, 185, 189, 205â6
Majlis al-Shura. see Consultative Council
Paternalism
75, 96, 118, 154, 188, 123â24, 127â28, 141, 154, 188, 199, 203
Policies in the oil area
104â5, 109â10, 120â24, 141, 146, 172, 175, 207, 209, 212
Political reforms
156â57, 160
Regulations
106, 126â28, 151
Religious conservatism
156, 192â93
Saudi military
Abortive coup dâétat (in 1969)
161, 188
Cordoning off of local towns
189, 193, 206, 209, 216â17
Mujahidin
146
Riot control force in the Eastern Province
188
Saudi air force
85, 136
Saudi irregular forces. see Mujahidin
Saudi National Guard
93, 138, 156â57, 182, 186, 188
Saudi soldiers
117, 136, 173, 186, 188
Stationing of the Saudi military forces in the oil area
117, 136, 139, 142â43, 146, 156â57, 177, 186, 209, 216
Sayhat
80, 94, 97, 101â3, 169, 175
Schools. see Students
Second World War
81, 90
Sectarianism
As analytical concept
74â75, 74n175
Cross-sectarian movements
148, 173, 191, 194, 206â8, 207n11, 209n14, 213
Sectarian divide
27â28, 41â42, 46, 50, 52, 75, 77, 115, 118â19, 164, 169â73, 196, 207â8
Sectarian identity
9, 191â93, 207, 210
Sectarian interpretations
18, 25, 69â70, 75â76, 113â14, 119, 123, 148, 169â73, 170n69, 190, 192, 196â98, 204, 208
Sectarian relations
113â14, 114n162, 163â64, 167, 193
Sectarian strategies
69, 197, 207, 209, 210, 210n14
Sectarian strife
18, 25, 27, 69â71, 74, 124, 192, 196â97, 204, 207
Sectarianization
19, 74â75, 74n176, 192â94, 206â9, 209n14, 210, 210n18, 212â13
Securitization
194, 208â9, 209n14, 212â13
Sedentarization
41, 50, 52
Sedentary culture
13, 34
Segregation
Company towns
26, 113â14, 142, 198â99
Traditional settlements
46, 46n56, 50, 52â53, 113â14, 196
Sewage
89, 103, 184
Shammar, al-
137, 152â53
Shanty towns
83, 85, 93â95, 106, 115
Shariʿa court
53, 55, 104â6, 215
Shiʿism
Exclusion of Saudi Shiʿa
193â4, 207
Historical roots
13, 35
Shiʿi minority
35, 37n9, 42, 50, 63â65, 70â71, 74, 100, 103, 109â10, 114, 119, 189â94, 212
Shiʿi peasants
49â50, 99, 214
Shirazi, Muhammad al-
210
Shiraziyyun
211
Six-Day War. see Arab-Israeli war (of 1967)
Slaves
44, 44n44
Social mobility
92, 98â100, 113, 205
Socio-spatial geography
28, 40â46, 49â50, 52, 82â83, 108â15, 140, 164, 170, 196, 198, 202
Solidification of Saudi rule
62, 117
Sources
Archival
26â30
Autobiographies
23n68, 29â30
Corporate
28â30
Imperial
28, 69â70
Interviews
28â29
Local newspapers
29
Memoirs
28â30
Ottoman
42
Pamphlets
23n68, 29
Source criticism
29â30, 50, 50n67, 76â77, 110â11, 110n145
South Asians
91, 114â15, 120, 139, 139n65, 154, 198â99
Spatial strategies
201â2
Speers, Peter
180
Sports clubs
17, 174â75, 191, 201
Standard Oil of California (SOCAL)
79â81
State building. see State consolidation
State consolidation
22â23, 65, 70â71, 82
State formation under the Al Saʿud
14, 17, 19, 35â37, 66, 70, 74â75, 78â81, 197, 207
Stratification of society
201
Street widening
62
Students
174â76, 185â86, 189, 191
Subaltern
Class
15, 18, 27, 115, 125, 154â56, 158â59, 179, 182â83, 200, 206
Unrest
18, 22â23, 158â59, 177, 182â88, 200, 205â6
Sulayman, Abdullah
78â79
Sunayd, Ê¿Abd al-Ê¿Aziz al-
134, 144, 159, 162, 181
Sunnism
Historical roots
13
Sunni tribes
41â42
Sunni villages
41â42, 50â52, 72, 101, 101n106, 111, 172
Suwaylim, Muhammad b.
61, 72â73
Taliʿa, al-
144â47, 153
Tapu system
54
Tarut
41, 43, 52, 61, 100
Taxation
Anti-taxation struggles
40, 63, 72â73, 80, 116, 184
Census
40
Iltizam. see Tax farming
Tax collection
39, 56, 62â63, 102, 116
Tax farming
39, 55, 173n76, 172n76
Thuqba, al-
93, 95
Trade
43â44, 51, 66â68, 86, 109, 113
Trans Arabian Pipeline (Tapline)
14â15, 111â12, 130
Tribal date groves
52, 70
Tribal settlements
14
Trucial Coast
67â68, 68n146, 149
Turayqi, Abdullah al-
156, 160
Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC)
78
Twitchell, Karl
20
Ê¿Ulayan, Sulayman al-
144, 164
Ê¿Umda
56, 61â62, 118, 167.
Local elites
Ê¿Umm al-Sahik
52, 72
Ê¿Unayza
56, 112
Underdevelopment
18, 26â27, 28n89, 75, 82â83, 110, 142, 168, 187, 198, 207, 211
Union of the Sons of the Arabian Peninsula
174, 185, 186n124
United Arab Republic (UAR)
140, 155
University of Petroleum and Minerals
95â97
Ê¿Uqair port
40, 44, 51, 55, 67, 84
Urban governance
16, 39
Urban modernization projects
62, 166, 169, 203â5
Urban Revolution
14â28, 154, 158, 177, 182, 185â88, 195, 197â98, 200â206, 208, 216
Urban squatting. see Informal housing
Urban-rural rivalry
18, 72â73, 169, 175, 196.
Qalʿawi; Barrani
Urban-rural ties
40, 43, 49, 88, 196
US military mission
81, 84â85, 147, 185, 142, 185
Ê¿Utayshan, Turki al-
145â47, 153
Vidal, Federico S.
28â29, 75â77
Vilayet
53
Violence. Control â Force as mode of rule
As element of oil urbanization
3â4, 10â11, 18, 26, 98, 117â18, 154, 171, 182â86, 201, 206
At the hands of the Ikhwan. see Sectarian strife
State violence
160, 178, 182, 186, 188, 210â11, 216
Wage work
107, 110, 154â55
Wahhab, Muhammad b. Ê¿Abd al-
38
Wahhabis in al-Ahsaʾ
42, 63, 70â71, 75, 197, 207
Wahhabism
35, 38, 68n146, 68â72, 192
Waqf (pl. awqaf). see Endowments
World financial crisis (1929â1930)
62, 71, 79
Yemen
155â56, 184â85
Yemenis
90, 155, 160, 185, 200
Youth
175, 206
Zakat
63, 116.
Taxation
Zayd, Salih Saʿad al-
134, 144, 159, 181