Abbreviations
| A5 | Arctic Five |
| aca | Arctic Circle Assembly |
| aec | Arctic Economic Council |
| aena | Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea |
| aes | Arctic Encounter Symposium |
| aeps | Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy |
| aiv | Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken |
| amap | Arctic Monitoring & Assessment Programme |
| ambi | Arctic Migratory Birds Initiative |
| amsa | Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment |
| apecs | Association of Polar Early Career Scientists |
| ArCS | Arctic Challenge for Sustainability |
| ArCS ii | Arctic Challenge for Sustainability ii |
| asean | Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
| asm | Arctic Science Ministerial |
| assw | Arctic Science Summit Week |
| aswf | Anti-Submarine Warfare Frigates |
| bbnj | Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction |
| beac | Barents Euro-Arctic Council |
| belare | Belgian Antarctic Expeditions |
| belspo | Belgian Science Policy Office |
| bncar | Belgian National Committee for Arctic and Antarctic Research |
| caff | Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna |
| cao | Central Arctic Ocean |
| caofa | Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Sea Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean |
| ccp | Chinese Communist Party |
| cfp | Common Fisheries Policy |
| ciao | China-Iceland Aurora Observatory |
| clcs | Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf |
| cnarc | China-Nordic Arctic Research Center |
| coest | Council Working Party on Eastern Europe and Central Asia |
| cop | Conference of the Parties |
| cores | Corporation of Strategic Reserves of Petroleum Products |
| csic | Spanish National Research Council |
| dac | Dutch Arctic Circle |
| dg mare | Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries |
| eea | European Economic Area |
| eez | Exclusive Economic Zone |
| elepoz | Hellenic Polar Zones Society |
European Union | |
| fyp | Five-Year Plan |
| HaRP | Human Resource Development Platform for Japan–Russia Economic Cooperation and Personnel Exchange |
| hiecc | Hokkaido International Exchange and Cooperation Center |
| iasc | International Arctic Science Committee |
| iawg | Inter-Agency Working Group |
| ilo | International Labour Organization |
| imo | International Maritime Organization |
| insrop | International Northern Sea Route Programme |
| inter-act | International Network for Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in the Arctic |
| ipcc | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| ipf | International Polar Foundation |
| isar | International Symposium on Arctic Research |
| itlos | International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea |
| jamstec | Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology |
| jansrop | Japan Northern Sea Route Programme |
| j-arc Net | Japan Arctic Research Network Center |
| jbic | Japan Bank for International Cooperation |
| jcar | Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research |
| jef | Joint Expeditionary Force |
| jogmec | Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security |
| liia | Latvian Institute of International Affairs |
| lng | Liquefied Natural Gas |
| marpol | International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
| meti | Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan |
| mext | Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology |
| mfa | Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
| mlit | Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism |
| MoD | Ministry of Defence |
| mofa | Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
| mol | Mitsui O.S.K. Lines |
| MOSAiC | Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate |
| mp | Member of Parliament |
| nato | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
| nb8 | Nordic-Baltic Eight |
| nd | Northern Dimension |
| ndep | nd Environmental Partnership |
| ndphs | nd Partnership in Public Health and Social Wellbeing |
| ndptl | nd Partnership for Transport and Logistics |
| ndrc | National Development and Reform Commission |
| neafc | North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission |
| nespico | Nederlandsche Spitsbergen Compagnie |
| nf | Northern Forum |
| ngo | Non-governmental Organization |
| nipr | National Institute of Polar Research |
| noaa | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
| npfc | North Pacific Fisheries Commission |
| nsr | Northern Sea Route |
| oecd | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| ospar | Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic |
| pame | Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment |
| prc | People’s Republic of China |
| pric | Polar Research Institute of China |
| rok | Republic of Korea |
| rotacs | Russian Optical Trans-Arctic Cable system |
| siis | Shanghai Institute for International Studies |
| sao | Senior Arctic Official |
| sdwg | Sustainable Development Working Group |
| soa | State Oceanic Administration |
| socib | Balearic Islands Coastal Observation System |
| solas | International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea |
| stcw | International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers |
| tfeu | Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |
| UArctic | University of the Arctic |
| unclos | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea |
| undrip | United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |
| unep | United Nations Environment Programme |
| unesco | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| ugs | Union of Greek Shipowners |
| usd | United States Dollars |
| vpn | Virtual Private Network |
| wwcam | World Winter Cities Association for Mayors |