1.1 Chancel with choir stalls, before 1305, Padua, Arena (Scrovegni) chapel 18
1.2 Giotto di Bondone, Enrico Scrovegni donating a model of his chapel, detail of the Last Judgement, c.1305, fresco, Padua, Arena (Scrovegni) chapel 19
1.3 Wooden stalls, before 1305, Padua, Arena (Scrovegni) chapel 22
1.4 Detail of wooden stalls, before 1305, Padua, Arena (Scrovegni) chapel 23
1.5 Giotto di Bondone, Wedding at Cana, detail, c.1305, fresco, Padua, Arena (Scrovegni) chapel 24
1.6 Lectern, 1459, Cathedral of Reggio Emilia 25
1.7 Bartolomeo Spani, Golden Madonna and two devotees Antonia Boiardi and Geroldo Flordibelli, 1522, gilded copper, façade of the Cathedral of Reggio Emilia 26
1.8 Fra Benedict kneeling, stall-end, 1394, Zadar, Church of St. Francis 33
2.1 Florence, Museo Marino Marini (formerly Church of San Pancrazio), interior 47
2.2 Francesco di Lucchese da Poggibonsi, choir stalls, detail of stall-end, 1444–46, Vallombrosa Abbey 49
2.3 Francesco di Lucchese da Poggibonsi, choir stalls, 1444–46, Vallombrosa Abbey 50
2.4 Francesco di Lucchese da Poggibonsi, choir stalls, detail of stall-back, 1444–46, Vallombrosa Abbey 50
2.5 Choir screen, 1487, Vallombrosa Abbey 56
2.6 Choir screen, mid-16th century, Badia a Passignano 56
2.7 Leon Battista Alberti, attributed, Rucellai Sepulchre, completed by 1467, Florence, Museo Marino Marini (formerly Church of San Pancrazio) 58
2.8 Florence, San Salvatore al Monte, high altar chapel 62
2.9 Florence, Santa Maria Novella, high altar chapel 63
3.1 Lorenzo Lotto, Pala Martinengo, central panel, 1513–1516, Bergamo, Church of San Bartolomeo 69
3.2 Choir stalls with intarsias by Damiano Zambelli from the ancient Church of Santi Stefano e Domenico, 1640–1648, Bergamo, Church of San Bartolomeo 75
3.3 Damiano Zambelli, Head of St. Alexander, before 1528, intarsia, Bergamo, Church of San Bartolomeo 76
3.4 Damiano Zambelli, View of Bergamo, before 1528, intarsia, Bergamo, Church of San Bartolomeo 78
3.5 Damiano Zambelli, View of Brescia, before 1528, intarsia, Bergamo, Church of San Bartolomeo 79
3.6 Damiano Zambelli, View of Venice, before 1528, intarsia, Bergamo, Church of San Bartolomeo 81
3.7 Damiano Zambelli, Palace Courtyard, before 1528, intarsia, Bergamo, Church of San Bartolomeo 82
3.8 Damiano Zambelli, The Malpaga Castle, before 1528, intarsia, Bergamo, Church of San Bartolomeo 83
3.9 Marcello Fogolino, The reception of king Christian I of Denmark, first half of the 16th century, Bergamo, Malpaga Castle 84
4.1 Cres, St. Francis Church 90
4.2 Choir stalls, Cres, St. Francis Church, presbytery 94
4.3 Choir stalls, north side, Cres, St. Francis Church, presbytery 96
4.4 Choir stalls, south side, Cres, St. Francis Church, presbytery 96
4.5 St. Jerome, inner and outer sides, south stall-end 98
4.6 Bishop Vitus, detail 99
4.7 St. James, inner and outer sides, north stall-end 100
4.8 Coat of arms of the family Dolfin 101
5.1 Segovia, Cathedral 109
5.2 Segovia, cloister of the Cathedral 111
5.3 Alcazar of Segovia 113
5.4 Segovia, Monastery of Santa María del Parral 115
5.5 Choir stalls of the Cathedral of Segovia, 1458–1462 118
5.6 Hypothetical reconstruction of the choir stalls of the Cathedral of Segovia, 1458–1462 121
5.7 The stall of the king, choir stalls of the Cathedral of Segovia, 1458–1462 122
5.8 The stall of the king, detail of the top of the spire, choir stalls of the Cathedral of Segovia, 1458–1462 123
5.9 The stall of the queen, choir stalls of the Cathedral of Segovia, 1458–1462 124
5.10 The stall of the bishop, choir stalls of the Cathedral of Segovia, 1458–1462 126
6.1 General view of the interior of the Cathedral of Cuenca 132
6.2 Egas Cueman, Lope de Barrientos’ funerary effigy, c.1454 134
6.3 Lope de Barrientos’ commemorative inscription (once above the medieval choir), Cathedral of Cuenca 136
6.4 Plan of the Cathedral of Cuenca around 1457 138
6.5 Plan of the Cathedral of Cuenca around 1760 139
6.6 One of the designs by Ventura Rodríguez for the Cathedral of Cuenca, 1750–1752 144
6.7 Choir of Cuenca after the renovations of the 16th century (now in the collegiate Church of Belmonte) 145
6.8 Choir of the Cathedral of Cuenca nowadays (1756) 146
6.9 a, b Two illustrations depicting the plan of a church. a Francesco di Giorgio Martini, c.1480. b Pietro Cataneo, 1567 147
6.10 Tombstone of Lope de Barrientos, c.1469 149
7.1 Miséricorde SH 01 des stalles de Levroux décrites par Elaine Block 156
7.2 a, b Les photos de situation et de détail de la jouée NH01 de la Collégiale de Levroux 156
7.3 Armes de la famille La Tour d’Auvergne 158
7.4 Les barbauds sculptés dans les stalles de Saint-Marcel (Indre) 159
7.5 La porte de Champagne de Levroux 161
7.6 a, b, c Exemples d’orants dans les stalles de Levroux 162
7.7 a, b, c Visages grimaçants sur les miséricordes et appui-mains de Levroux 163
7.8 a, b Façade de la Maison Saint-Jacques de Levroux et personnage grimaçant comme dans les stalles 164
8.1 The upper chapel’s plan superimposed on the plan of the first level, Gaillon castle 170
8.2 South stalls, Paris, Basilica of Saint-Denis 171
8.3 North stalls, Paris, Basilica of Saint-Denis 171
8.4 Canopy, stall 6 North, Paris, Basilica of Saint-Denis 172
8.5 St. Mark, jouee, stall 1 North, Paris, Basilica of Saint-Denis 174
8.6 Seat partition between stalls 2 and 3 South, front view, Paris, Basilica of Saint-Denis 175
8.7 Seat partition stall 2 South, right, Paris, Basilica of Saint-Denis 175
8.8 Dorsal stall 2 North, Anne and Joachim at the golden gate 176
8.9 Dorsal stall 3 South, Fortitude 176
8.10 Dorsal stall 4 North, Erythraean Sibyl 177
8.11 a Misericord stall 3 South, Geometry. b G. Reisch, Margarita Philosophica, 1496 179
8.12 a Top of the mobile seat stall 3 South. b Quadrant of partition stall 6 South, The hell of misery 182
8.13 Dorsal stall 2 South, Persian Sibyl 183
8.14 a Dorsal stall 3 South, St. George led in jail. b Dorsal stall 1 North, Hellespontine Sibyl 186
8.15 a Dorsal stall 5 North, Prudence. b Misericord stall 2 North, Circe and Picus. c Ovid’s Metamorphosis 186
9.1 Brou, Church of Saint-Nicolas-de-Tolentin, interior view looking east with choir stalls and the monument of Philibert of Savoy 192
9.2 Monogram P&M on an arch on the exterior of the Church of Saint-Nicholas-de-Tolentin, Brou 194
9.3 St. Andrew’s cross at the choir stalls, Brou, Church of Saint-Nicholas-de- Tolentin 194
9.4 Susanna at court, high stall-end of the choir stalls at the southeast side, Brou, Church of Saint-Nicholas-de-Tolentin 198
9.5 Christ and the adulterous woman, high stall-end of the choir stalls at the northeast side, Brou, Church of Saint-Nicholas-de-Tolentin 199
9.6 Susanna at court, window in the south transept, Brou, Church of Saint-Nicholas-de-Tolentin 201
9.7 Bernard van Orley and Pieter de Pannemaker, throne canopy consisting of two tapestries representing God the Father, the Holy Ghost and the crucified Christ, 1523–1524, Madrid, Palacio Real 203
9.8 Bernard van Orley, Crucified Christ with Mary and St. John, Caritas and Justice, c.1525, oil on panel, 140 × 91 cm, Rotterdam, Museum Boymans Van Beuningen, inv.nr. 1629 (OK) 204
9.9 Bernard of Orley, Triptych with Crucifixion and passion scenes, c.1524–1535, Bruges, Church of Our Lady 206
10.1 Thank you letter written by prioress Adriana van der Veken, 1503, Archive Convent St. Catharinadal, Bundels Brieven III A, nr. 4 210
10.2 Canopy (detail) of the former choir stalls of the Church of Our Lady in Aarschot (Belgium), 1515, now part of the stalls in St. Andrew Church at Gatton Park, Reigate (Surrey, United Kingdom) 211
10.3 Coat of arms on the stalls of Church of St. Martin in Venlo (the Netherlands), 1475–1499 213
10.4 Misericord, choir stalls of Norwich Cathedral (United Kingdom), c.1400–1425 215
10.5 Misericord, choir stalls of Norwich Cathedral (United Kingdom), c.1400–1425 215
10.6 Side-panel of the stalls originating from St. Georg in Wassenberg (Germany), c.1298, now at Museum Schnütgen in Cologne, inv.nr. A 802 217
10.7 Dorsal panel, detail of the choir stalls from the Church of St. Gertrude, Leuven, 1540–1544 (photo shows situation before restauration in 1943) 218
11.1 William of Wykeham welcoming scholars to New College Oxford, Oxford, New College Chapel 225
11.2 a Cripple crawling on all fours, Winchester, Winchester College Chapel. b Pedlar as a supporter, Oxford, New College Chapel 226
11.3 a Crouching man with a dagger, Winchester, Winchester College Chapel. b Three men fighting, Oxford, New College Chapel 226
11.4 Sir Yvain’s horse trapped in a portcullis, Oxford, New College Chapel 227
11.5 a Angel with Chichele’s arms, Higham Ferrers. b Angel with a blank shield, Oxford, All Souls College Chapel 230
11.6 a Henry Chichele, Higham Ferrers. b A prelate, Oxford, All Souls College Chapel 230
11.7 a The pedlar, pulling on his right boot, Ludlow, St. Lawrence. b The pedlar, pulling on his right boot, Oxford, All Souls College Chapel 232
11.8 a The “flasher”, Oxford, All Souls College Chapel. b The “flasher”, Oxford, Magdalen College Chapel 235
11.9 North row of misericords in Magdalen College Chapel, Oxford 237
12.1 Choir stalls, former north side, 1486, Emmerich, St. Martini Church. Stalla 1617 242
12.2 Coats of arms on the choir stalls, former north side, 1486, Emmerich, St. Martini Church 243
12.3 The destroyed south side from the Emmerich choir stalls from Ernst Aus’m Weerth, Kunstdenkmäler des Christlichen Mittelalters in den Rheinlanden, Leipzig, 1857, Taf. IV 246
12.4 Meister Gerlacus and workshop, choir stalls, south side, 1509–1520, Cappenberg, St. John the Evangelist Church 248
12.5 Choir stalls, 1540–1550, Davensberg, St. Anna Church. Left – north side, right – south side. Photos from Ludorff, A. Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Lüdinghausen, Münster, 1893, p. 13, Tafel 7 and 8 250
12.6 Choir stalls, c.1550, Westbevern, St. Cornelius and St. Cyprianus Church. Photo from Ludorff, A. Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Münsterland, Münster in Westfalen, 1897, p. 187, Tafel 116-2 251
12.7 Choir stalls, south side, c.1525, Alverskirchen, St. Agatha Church, Stalla no. 12190 252
12.8 Panels with coats of arms, 1490–1550, Lembeck, St. Michaelis-Chapel. Above – south side, below – north side 253
12.9 Choir stalls, south side, 1562–1563, Düren, St. Anna Church 255