Chapter 3 Historical Topography of the Van Fortress
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In-situ inscriptions in the ṬuÅ¡pa citadel have been dated to Sarduri I, IÅ¡puini, Minua, ArgiÅ¡ti I, and Sarduri II. The timeline of which citadel areas were used in which period remains a matter of conjecture. Sardurburç, the structure attributed to Sarduri I at the western end of the rock, appears to be the earliest royal construction project. However, textual evidence of construction in the easternmost part of the Van Rock dates to the IÅ¡puini period. Therefore, it is challenging to suggest specific periods for the use of areas on the rock ridge where the citadel lies. On the other hand, most active construction on the rock took place during Minuaâs reign. Remains of the structures built on the northern slopes under Minuaâs rule (as well as other major royal projects) are still visible. The construction technique of the walls surrounding the section called İç Kale/Inner Citadel and the wall remains of the Old Palace within the citadel show the characteristics of the same period, and the masonry is dateable to the Minua period. When we examine the chronology of the buildings from the inscriptions, it appears that the construction of the monumental structures came to an end by the reign of Sarduri II; however, data obtained from the lower settlement of the capital city ṬuÅ¡pa show that the settlement was inhabited and active until the eventual collapse of the kingdom.