Index
Note: Bold numbers indicate illustrations
Agency
6, 7, 8, 20, 88
ainoko
154, 161
Ainu
39, 39n13, 39n14, 55
Akatsuka Yukio
21, 100
Akikawa Lisa
154, 154n11
Alarcón, Norma, Caren Kaplan, and Minoo Moallem
10
Anderson, Benedict
26, 31
Anderson, Elijah
95n7
Anthias, Floya and Nira Yuval-Davis
41
Aomori
77n19
Arai Eiko
22
Arai Tomiyo
45n23
Ariyama Teruo
116n2
Artz, Theo
183
Asia Pacific War
1, 11, 12, 14, 44, 46, 47, 47n26, 56, 58, 59, 141, 170, 180, 194
Askew, Marc
19
Atami (in Shizuoka Prefecture)
76–77, 77n18
Barry, Kathleen
15
Bix, Herbert
40n16, 72n15
black market
1, 92–93, 93n3
Bourdieu, Pierre
99n14
Brennan, Denise
20
Brock, Rita Nakashima
149
Brown, Kiwa
165–166, 174, 174n32
Brownlee, John
40n16, 72n15
Bush, George W.
6
Butow, Robert
61n3
Cabezas, Amalia L.
20
Caribbean
20
Carruthers, Susan
5, 5n10
CCD (Civil Censorship Detachment)
117, 177n1
Censorship
1n1, 1n2, 116, 116n2, 117, 117n3, 150, 178
Chancer, Lynn Sharon
18
Chapkis, Wendy
18, 18n21, 18n22, 19
Charles Kades
100
chastity
10, 12, 27, 32, 48, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 72, 73, 81, 82, 102, 103, 122, 123, 137, 138, 176, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 198, 199
chastity education
122, 122n11, 123
Chazono Toshimi
23
Chiba
65, 96, 98
civilization
27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56
class
27, 28, 29, 30, 42, 49n27, 73, 78, 99, 100, 103, 140, 174, 175, 184, 196
Cold War
7, 7n13, 7n14, 22, 79n20
“comfort women” ianfu
14, 15, 15n18, 53–54, 67
“comfort facilities”
66
Confucianism
9, 36, 37, 48, 49, 50
Constable, Nicole
21
Coughlin, William J.
116n2
Cromley, David
170, 170n26, 174
Cuba
20
Doi Kōka
35
Dower, John
22, 93n3, 94n5, 116n2
Duus, Masayo
74n16, 75n17
Dworkin, Andrea
16
Edo period
34, 34n7, 37n10, 48–49
Edogawa Ureo
152
Elizabeth Saunders Home
2, 2n4, 150, 156, 161, 163, 164, 164n23
emperor
11, 41, 45, 46, 72, 180
Emperor Day (kigensetsu)
179–180
Emperor Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa)
60, 61, 71n14
Emperor Jimmu
180
Enari Tsuneo
143
Enloe, Cynthia
9, 19, 83
Ericsson, Lars
16
Etō Jun
116n2
Evans, Jennifer
136n20
family state (kazoku kokka)
11
Female floodwall
66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84
femininity
3n6, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 43, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 74, 84, 103, 115, 122, 135, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 185, 193, 195, 198, 199
Fernandez, Nadine
20
Field, Norma
163
Frank, Katherine
19
Friedman, Barbara
142n4
Fujikura Shūichi
94, 94n5, 96, 97, 97n10, 191, 192, 192n7, 192n8
Fukao Sumako
103
Fukaya Masashi
37n10
Fukuzawa Yukichi
31, 32, 32n4, 33, 35, 35n6, 36, 37, 38, 38n11, 50
Fujieda, Mioko and Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow
44n21
Fujime Yuki
48n27
Fujino Yutaka
48n27
Fujiwara Yoshie
152
Fukushima
107, 107n21, 108, 109, 165
Furukubo Sakura
44n20
Gayn, Mark
75, 76, 79
Gebhardt, Miriam
136n20
gendered work and emotional work
17–21
in Hong Kong
21
Germany
136, 136n20, 142n4, 149
GHQ (General Headquarters)
78
Gilman, Sander
24n26, 25
Gilroy, Paul
26
Gluck, Carol
4, 7
“good wife, wise mother”
5, 9, 10, 13, 24, 27, 37, 37n10, 40, 41, 43, 112, 122, 194
Gordon, Beate Sirota
5
Greater Japan Federated Women’s Association (Dainihon rengō fujinkai) see national women’s association
Greater Japan National Defense Women’s Association (Dainihon kokubō fujinkai) see national women’s association
Greater Japan Patriotic Women’s Association (Dainihon aikoku fujinkai) see national women’s association
Greater Japan Women’s Association (Dainihon fujinkai) see national women’s association
Haga Noboru
38n11
Hani Gorō
180
Hara Masatoshi
93n3
Harris, Ruth
26n27
Harris, Townsend
67, 149
Haruhara Akihiko
116n2
Hasegawa Nyozekan
179, 180
Hashimoto Yoshio
75
Hastak, Astrid
142n4
Hattori Bushō
50
Hattori Kazuma and Saitō Hideo
21
Hayashi Fusao
176–177
Hayashi Kaori
143
Heian period
36, 36n9
Heusken, Henry
67
Higashikuni Naruhiko
72
Higuchi Keiko
38n11
Hirai Kazuko
76, 77n18
Hirano Imao
151, 152, 152n8, 153, 154, 159, 162, 162n21
Hiratsuka Raichō
9, 44, 50
Hirohito see Emperor Hirohito
Hiroshima
22n24, 77n18, 77n19, 158
Hoang, Kimberley Kay
20, 20n23
Hochschild, Arlie Russell
18, 18n20
Höhn, Maria
136n20, 142n4
Hokkaido
39, 55, 119, 119n5
Hubbard, Phil
195, 199
Hussey, Alfred
100
ianfu comfort women
14, 15, 15n17, 66
Ibaraki
77n18
Ichikawa Fusae
6, 6n12, 43, 44, 157, 158n19
Ikeda Kiyoshi
178
Ino Kenji
93n3
Inoue Setsuko
14, 16
Inoue Tetsujirō
11
interracial intimacy (relationship)
24, 25, 26, 26n27, 139, 140, 141, 143, 148–149, 164, 165, 169, 170, 173
Irokawa Daikichi
40n16, 72n15
Ishigaki Ayako
182, 182n5, 183
Ishikawa Matsutarō
34n7
Itō Hirobumi
49, 49n30
Itō Nobuyoshi
107
Jansen, Marius
38
Japanese national identity
13, 29, 30, 56, 180, 200
Japaneseness
13, 26, 29, 72, 74, 139, 193, 197, 200
Japayuki-san
14
Jolly, Magaret
8n15
junketsu kyōiku see chastity education
Kaburagi Seiichi
81
Kades, Charles
100
Kaibara Ekiken
48
Kamisaka Fuyuko
118, 123
Kanagawa Prefecture
1, 64, 65, 66, 68, 98, 100n15, 102n16, 111, 132, 140, 159
Kanō Mikiyo
10, 43, 43n19
Kanzaki Kiyoshi
14, 16, 87, 98, 99, 101
Katō Hiroyuki
11
Kawada Rinya
50
Kawamura Kunimitsu
44n19, 46n24
Kawasaki
64, 64n7, 64n9
Kent, Belk
168, 168n25
Khium, Liew Kai
15
kigensetsu Emperor Day
179
Kobayashi Daijirō and Murase Akira
75, 75n17, 101
Koganei Yoshikiyo
39
Koikari, Mire
4, 5n9, 7, 7n13, 22–23, 79n20
kokutai
11, 37n11, 40, 40n16, 60, 61, 64, 71, 72, 72n15, 73, 74, 83
Komachi Garden (Komachi-en)
74, 80
Komatsubara Eitarō
41
Komori Yōichi
61n3
Kondo, Dorrine
148n7
Kondō Kazuko
44n22
konketsuji mixed-blood children
1, 150
Konoe Fumimaro
66, 72
Korean War
150, 154, 159, 182
koseki
162, 162n21
Koyama Shizuko
34n7, 37n11
Kreutzer, Leonid
172, 172n28, 172n29, 172n30
Kurusu Teru
170, 170n26, 174
Kusakari Masao
154, 154n9, 154n10, 154n11
Kyoto
77, 109, 157n17, 158
Kyūshū
157n17
Lapierre, Aliette
183
Legg, Stephen
196n2
Los Angeles
168
MacArthur, Douglas SCAP
1n1, 4, 4n7, 5, 6, 14, 27, 78, 79, 80
MacKinnon, Catharine
16
Madame Rinko
111, 111n25
Maeda Bibari
154, 155n12
manhood
8, 23, 51, 83, 106, 124
masculinity
19, 23, 43, 62, 66, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 115, 137, 138, 196
Matsumoto Sannosuke
50n31
Matsuoka Yōko
159
Matsushima Eiichi
180
Matsuura Sōzō
116n2
McClintock, Anne
8, 17
Megata Masako
100n16
Meiji era
3, 31, 31n1, 32, 33, 34, 35, 49n27, 50
Meiji Restoration
27, 31, 32n2, 34, 40, 194, 197
Mikawa Kiyo
189n6
Mill, John Stuart
32n2, 36
Minami Hiroshi
136
Miwata Masako
41
mixed-blood children/babies (konketsuji)
1, 2, 3, 13, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 139, 140, 150, 151, 153, 153, 154, 155, 155n13, 156, 156n14, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 164n22, 164n23, 165, 175, 193, 197, 198, 200
mixed-blood people
154, 161
mixed-race
25, 153
mother of
2, 3, 155–156, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
different names for
151, 154, 155, 162
black-Japanese
161, 162, 163
intelligence
163, 164, 165
Miya
103
Miyagi Tamayo
119, 119n7, 134, 135
Miyata Shigeo
124
Mochizuki Mamoru
136
Molasky, Michael
22, 22n25, 73, 83
monpe
40, 42, 53, 63, 88, 107, 113, 118, 199
Mori Arinori
35, 35n6, 50
Mori Kiyoto
180
Mori Ōgai
51n32
Mosse, George L.
9
motherhood
8, 9, 34, 35, 37, 43n18, 44, 44n18, 44n20, 45
Murasaki Shikibu
36, 36n9
Mutsu Munemitsu
49
Nabeshima Shigeko
100, 100n16
Nagahara Kazuko
44n21
Nagasaki
67, 161
Nairn, Tom
196–197
Nakae Chōmin
32n2
Nakajima, Kathy
155, 160
Nakamura Masanao
32n2, 32n3, 35
Nara
157n17
nation
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 35, 39, 42, 44, 45, 48, 51, 56, 58, 71, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86, 103, 104, 112, 113, 115, 121, 121n10, 122, 137, 138, 139, 140, 173, 182, 195, 196, 197, 199
National Defense Women’s Association
42–43, 51, 53
national identity
26, 29, 103, 139, 182, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200
national women’s associations in Japan including Greater Japan National Defense Women’s Association (Dainihon kokubō fujinkai), the Greater Japan Women’s Association (Dainihon fujinkai), the Greater Japan Patriotic Women’s Association (Dainihon aikoku fujinkai), the Greater Japan Federated Women’s Association (Dainihon rengō fujinkai) and others
42, 43, 46, 46n24, 51, 53, 57n39
nationalism
8, 23, 26, 29, 38, 46, 51, 53, 71, 81, 83, 84, 113, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 174, 176, 178, 179, 180, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199
nationhood
10, 12, 25, 27, 30, 31, 56, 59, 74, 79, 83, 84, 103, 112, 113, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 154, 172, 174, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200
Natsume Sōseki
51n32
Neo-Confucianism
34n6, 37n9, 48
New York City
166–167
NHK (Nihon Hōsō Kyōkai)
94, 94n4, 95, 96, 96n8, 154, 154n10, 154n11, 191
Nihonjin
55
Niizuma Ito
159
Nikkō
157n17
Nishi Amane
32n3
Nishikawa Yūko
45n23, 77
Nogami Yaeko
158
Nomura Katsuya
107, 108, 109, 110
Nomura Sachiyo see Sacchi
Obbo, Christine
10, 12, 59
Ofuku
67
Ogasawara Hatsue
170, 171, 171n27
Oguma Eiji
11n16
Okabe Naozaburō
53
Okayama
77n19
Okichi
67, 71, 71n14, 149
Okinawa (Ryūkyū)
7n13, 22n25, 39, 55, 60n1, 149
Ōkubo Toshiaki
50n31
Omi, Michael and Howard Winant
25
onrii (only)
18, 89, 90, 140
Orientalism
6, 148, 149
Orimoto Toyoko
172, 172n30, 173, 174n33
Osaka
157n17, 158
Ōta Teruo
100n16
Ōta Yoshiko
100, 100n16
Ōtake Hirokichi
81
Otoki (Nishida Tokiko)
91, 94, 94n5, 94n6, 95, 96, 97, 97n9, 97n10, 97n11, 97n12, 98, 99, 103, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 191, 192, 192n7, 192n8, 193
Ōtsuka Kusuoko
47
Ōya Sōichi
136, 158
Ozawa Nobuo
21–22
Pangrish
135
panpan
13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 85, 87, 88, 88n1, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 95n7, 96, 97, 97n9, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 107n18, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147, 149, 150, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 171, 173, 174, 177, 181, 182, 183, 185, 188, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199
compared to sex workers before their time
17, 21
compared to global sex workers and migrant workers
19–21
different names of
86–90
diversity of
17n19, 18, 88–90, 91–92
label of
105–106, 108, 109, 110
origins of the term
87
panpan cf. “streetwalker”
88
panpan fashion
117, 118, 119, 120, 132, 182, 185, 198, 199
panpan mentality
136, 136n20, 137, 196
panpan phenomenon
133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 182, 198
panpan race
136, 165
panpanization of Japan
137, 196, 198
Papayanis, Marilyn Adler
197, 197n3
Pateman, Carole
16, 18n21
patriotism
31, 32, 40, 42, 43, 47, 52, 53, 56, 82, 84, 179, 194, 198
Pharr, Susan
6n11
Piscitelli, Adriana
25
Pope, Cynthia
20
prostitute
111, 144, 147, 195
prostitution
182, 195, 196, 196n2, 198
Prostitution Prevention Act
182
anti-prostitution campaign/movement
48, 182
“purity”
11, 12, 25, 26, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 72, 73, 74, 112, 113, 122, 131, 134, 135, 154, 188, 193, 197, 198, 199
RAA (Recreation and Amusement Association)
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 27, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 75n17, 76, 77, 77n19, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 90, 91, 101, 112, 196
RAA sex workers/women
15, 16, 17, 27
racial mixing
25, 26, 26n27, 148, 165
race
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 39, 44, 54, 55, 58, 78, 89, 90, 103, 112, 136, 144–147, 148n7, 151, 193, 195, 196
Japanese racial superiority kokutai
11
Japanese supremacy
11, 121n10
White supremacism
11
of panpan’s clients
19, 89–90
racism toward Japanese women who married American men
144–147
rape
10, 15, 26, 62, 66, 76, 82, 133
Richardson, Diane
194
Roosevelt, Eleanor
157, 157n17, 157n18, 158, 158n19, 159, 185
Rousseau, Jean-Jaque
32n2
Rubin, Gayle
194, 194n1
Rubin, Jay
116n2
runaway girls (iede musume)
132, 132n18
Russo-Japanese War
38, 39, 40, 47, 152, 180
Ryūkyū Okinawa
55
Sacchi (Nomura Sachiyo)
107, 107n19, 107n20, 108, 108n22, 109, 110
Saeki Junko
51n32
Said, Edward
148
Saitō Masako
21
Satō Yoshiko
152, 154
Saka Nobuya
66, 68, 81, 82
Sakamoto, Rumiko
23
Sakanishi Shiho
130, 132
Sanders, Holly
88, 93, 93n3
San Francisco Peace Treaty
139, 149
Sasaki Toyoju
50
Sawada Miki
1, 1n3, 2, 2n4, 2n5, 3, 150, 156, 156n14, 156n15, 163, 164, 164n22, 164n23, 165
SCAP (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers)
1, 1n1, 4, 12, 80, 81, 82, 84, 104, 105, 112, 116, 116n2, 117, 117n3, 150, 177n1, 178, 180, 196
Schnepp, Gerald J. and Agnes Masako Yui
167
Second Sino-Japanese War
41, 52, 56, 66
Sei Shōnagon
36, 36n9, 57n38
Self, Helen
196n2
Senda Kakō
14
Sendai
102n16
sex tourism
19–20, 25
sex work
15–19, 21, 25, 48, 80, 93, 98, 110, 111, 117, 189, 195
different views of
16–17
as gendered and sexualized work
17–21
in Brazil
25
in Cuba
20, 25
in the Dominican Republic
20
in Thailand
19–20
in Vietnam
19, 20, 20n23
sex worker
13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 49n27, 50, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 75n17, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 111, 112, 148, 159, 181, 191, 194, 195
different categories of
16, 18
different names of
86–87
of color
19
sexual violence (systematic)
14–15, 53
Sherif, Ann
7, 7n14
Shibusawa, Naoko
22, 22n24
Shinohara Seiei
135, 136, 136n20
Shizuoka
76, 77n18
shoya see wedding night
Shrage, Laurie
18
Sino-Japanese War
38, 39, 40, 49
Social Darwinism
39
Sodei Rinjirō
4
Soejima Senpachi
86
Stoler, Ann Laura
197–198
Strauss, Anselm L.
167
streetwalker
16, 88, 88n1
Suzuki Yūko
44n20, 45n23
Takahashi Kazuo
21, 94n5
Takamura Kōtarō
9, 46, 46n24
Takamure Itsue
9, 46, 47
Takeda Rintarō
42
Takemura Bunshō
124
Tamura Taijirō
92
Tanaka, Yuki
14, 15, 15n18, 16, 83
taoyame (graceful and gentle femininity which was considered uniquely Japanese)
46, 47
Taylor, Sgt. and Mrs. Taylor (Miss Kawamura)
170, 171, 171n28, 172, 173, 174, 175
Thailand
19, 20
Tokonami Keiko
159
Tokugawa Shogunate
34, 48, 49, 49n27, 67
Tokyo
33, 64n7, 68, 74, 76, 77, 77n19, 78, 79, 80, 82, 91, 94, 99, 102, 102n16, 104, 106, 107, 109, 114, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131, 132, 133, 157, 157n17, 161, 163, 177, 178, 182
Panic after defeat
64, 65, 66
Torii Ryūzō
11n16
Torio Tsuruyo (Tae), Viscountess
100, 100n16, 100n17, 140
Tsuboi Shōgorō
11n16, 39
Tsubouchi Shōyō
49, 51n32
Uchimura Hiroyuki
103
Uchiyama Iwatarō
100n16
Uchiyama Toshiko
100n16
Ueno Chizuko
16, 45n23
Valluvan, Sivamohan
26, 198
VD (venereal disease)
23, 48, 78, 79, 104, 124
Vietnam
19, 20
Vietnam War
19
Wagatsuma, Hiroshi
163
Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi
40n16, 72n15
Wakakuwa Midori
44n19
Wakita Haruko
43n19
Walkowitz, Judith
195
“war brides” (“sensō hanayome”)
141, 141n2, 142n7, 143, 144
Watanabe Akeo
152
wedding night (shoya)
126, 127, 128, 129
White, Luise
17–18, 19
Willoughby, Charles
100
womanhood
8, 10, 12, 13, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 51, 56–57, 59, 62, 66, 69, 73, 74, 82, 83, 84, 86, 103, 106, 110, 112, 113, 120, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141, 169, 172, 176, 182, 185, 186, 193, 198, 199
women’s education chastity education
35, 50, 122
World War I
47n25
World War II
147n6
Yamada Meiko
14, 16
Yamada Waka
44
Yamagata Aritomo
49, 49n29
Yamakawa Kikue
44, 45n22
Yamamoto Fujiko
183, 184, 185
Yamamoto Sugi
189n6
Yamamuro Shinichi and Nakanome Tōru
50n31
Yamamuro Tamiko
73, 86, 121, 121n8, 121n10, 122, 123, 123n11, 123n12, 189n6
Yamashita Yuichi
93n3
Yamataka Shigeri
6
Yamato
55, 136
Yamato nadeshiko
56
Yanagita Kunio
9
Year 1953 Society
152, 152n8, 153, 154, 159, 162
Yokohama
64, 64n7, 64n9, 80, 146, 156, 163, 165, 177
Yokosuka
64, 64n7, 64n9, 65, 65n10, 82, 111, 111n23
Yoneyama Lisa (Lisa Yoneyama)
5
Yosano Akiko
47, 50
Yoshida Hidehiro
49n28
Yoshimi Kaneko
13, 16, 44n18
Yoshimi Yoshiaki
14
Yoshimura Akira
141
Yuval-Davis, Nira
8
Zeiger, Susan
142n4