Index
Some extremely common terms such as female, male and woman, ritual, witch and witchcraft have been left out, except for references to terminological issues. Only a small number of personal names of better-known Chinese protagonists has been included. Chinese characters are usually included in the main text at the first mention of a Chinese term or name.
Amitābha
23
amulets (fu)
61–66, 69, 75, 81, 123, 137–138, 145, 148–149, 165–166, 168–169, 172, 177, 214–215, 217–218, 225–226, 228, 230, 233–234, 239, 283, 285, 297, 319, 387–390, 397–398, 421, 428
amulet-water (fushui)
65, 166 (definition), 225–226, 228, 234, 285, 390
ancestor(s)
27, 30, 53, 89, 115, 135, 162, 184, 371
ashes (other than in amulet-water, q.v.)
66, 73, 107–108, 234–235, 263, 285, 294
astrology
25, 330
Auntie Tiger
49, 356
Ban Gu
184–185, 187, 190–193, 199–201, 205
bazi
.
see Eight Characters
“beating petty people (da xiaoren)”
46, 79, 85, 121–126, 130–132, 161
blaming (demon blaming, victim blaming, witch blaming)
3–4, 21, 96, 138, 314, 326n59, 327, 347, 429
Bon
103, 105, 111, 113
Buddhism (Buddhist, Buddha)
16–18, 23–24, 33, 53, 55–56, 81–82, 93, 102–104, 107–112, 114–115, 117–118, 130–132, 138, 142, 160, 169, 220, 256, 261–262, 338, 356, 369, 371, 373, 423
Chan, Tantric Buddhism
Buddha relic
237
Buddhist monk(s) and priests
60, 138, 142, 160, 356, 369, 390–391
Buddhist nun
74, 109, 219, 354
Cai Lun
183, 196, 198–199
Camphor and Willow Deity (Deities) (zhangliushen)
6, 65, 120, 148, 230, 289–293, 297–300, 303, 305, 367, 372, 415
carpenter(s)
161, 165–178, 236, 373, 421, 424, 428
cat(s)
13, 49, 91, 213, 246, 284, 350 (difference with the cat demon), 353, 355, 360–361, 365, 371–372, 376, 378, 411
Poisonous Cat Demon
Cat Demon (maogui) (Furry Demon [maogui])
13, 215, 258, 349 (names), 350–363, 365, 367–376, 379, 385, 409, 423, 426
Chan
117–118
chong
.
see creepy crawlies
Christian
8–10, 17, 130, 237, 286, 299–300, 338, 340, 401–407, 416, 428
City God
60, 68, 92, 156–158, 163, 412
confession
8, 10, 39–41, 48, 69, 141, 145, 151, 154, 158, 172, 174–175, 180, 194–195, 205–206, 211, 222, 233–235, 271, 274–276, 282, 295, 297, 299, 303, 353–355, 387, 389
Confucianism (Confucius; Neoconfucianism)
33, 67 (Neo), 90, 154 (Neo), 184 (Confucius), 239, 256, 270–271 (neo), 287 (neo), 335, 337, 347, 426 (neo)
Consort Ban
184, 186, 191–192, 205, 219
creepy-crawlies (chong)
3, 35, 37 (definition), 80, 246–247, 249, 251–254, 256–261, 266–269, 284, 304–307, 309–311, 316, 324–325, 349, 351, 359, 378, 380, 423–424
curse (cursing)
8, 9, 14–15, 22, 23, 27–28, 34, 46, 59, 77–82, 85–94, 100–101, 105–106, 110–117, 120–123, 125, 127–128, 130–136, 138, 142–146, 151, 159–161, 163, 165, 169, 171–174, 179–180, 182, 184, 186–189, 191, 193–195, 197, 202–205, 207–208, 210–213, 217–221, 231, 234, 236–238, 245, 250–252, 304, 314, 328, 342, 349–350, 355, 383, 390, 399, 415, 421–422, 425
Dai (local culture)
.
see Thai
daxiaoren
.
see “beating petty people“
Daoism (Daoist)
7, 17–18, 20, 25, 31–33, 53, 61–64, 68, 71, 79, 81–83, 101–103, 110–112, 132, 140, 143, 148–149, 157–160, 165, 169, 208, 213, 218–220, 222–223, 226, 230–231, 292–295, 303, 422–423
Daoist nun
222, 226–227, 229, 233–234
Daoist priest
7, 62–63, 71, 130, 138, 159–160, 176, 219–220, 225, 236, 283, 285–286, 293, 297–299, 303, 374, 387–391, 413
demon(s) (demonic)
3, 5, 13, 25, 28, 30, 34, 36, 45, 47, 53–54, 59, 61, 63, 65–66, 68–69, 71–73, 77, 79, 81, 84–85, 96–97, 99, 108–111, 117–119, 121, 125–126, 132, 139, 143, 145, 149, 151, 163, 166, 179, 189, 193, 216, 221, 245–247, 254, 259–260, 274, 287, 289–290, 343, 371, 380, 385, 387, 395–397, 403, 413, 429–430
cat demon, fetus demon, kim, phii pob, raising demons
demon as a familiar
5, 34, 36, 245–246, 251, 252, 260, 289, 301, 305–306, 308–310, 316, 318–320, 325, 329, 331–334, 369–370, 380, 383, 407–409, 411, 415–416, 421, 424–425, 429
divine generals (divine soldiers; divine army or force; spirit soldiers)
61, 66, 68–69, 71–72, 84, 110, 215, 395
divine soldiers
.
see divine generals
doctor (physician)
18, 20, 29, 34–35, 152–153, 192–195, 211, 226, 258, 268, 287, 292, 323–325, 338 (as an old term for a spirit medium), 353, 414
healing, medicine
Drought Demon
49, 428
Dugu Tuo
213, 352–355, 360, 426
Earth God
125
Eight Characters (bazi)
54, 58, 75, 125, 128, 289
Eight Trigrams
68–69, 149, 231–232
emic
24, 31, 33, 245, 318, 326
Emperor Cheng (Western Han dynasty)
183, 196, 199
Emperor Gaozong (Southern Song dynasty)
222–224
Emperor He (Eastern Han dynasty)
196
Emperor Hongwu
.
see Zhu Yuanzhang
Emperor Huizong (Northern Song dynasty)
222–223, 226–227
Emperor of the North
92
Emperor Ping (Western Han dynasty)
192, 194–195
Emperor Wu (Western Han dynasty)
18, 35, 185–186, 190, 194–195, 199–203, 205, 240, 428
Emperor Wu
.
see Wu Zetian
Emperor Yang
.
see Yang Guang (Sui dynasty)
Emperor Yuan (Western Han dynasty)
186, 191–192, 195–196
Emperor Zhang (Eastern Han dynasty)
196–198
Emperor Zhezong (Song dynasty)
222–224, 226–227, 229, 235–236
Empress Dou (Eastern Han dynasty)
188, 196–198
Empress Meng (Northern Song dynasty)
222–227, 229, 234, 241–242, 290
ethnicity (ethnic minority; shaoshu minzu)
20–21 (problems of term shaoshu minzu), 44–46, 75–77, 86, 101, 106, 149–150, 206–207, 246–249, 254, 256, 260, 266, 278, 306–308 (defined as local cultures), 314, 316n14 (naming issues), 320, 322, 335, 346–347, 349, 358, 363, 366, 383, 419, 422, 424, 427
local culture(s)
etic
31, 33, 245, 318, 420
eunuch
154–155, 157, 181, 183, 188, 196–198, 207, 211, 217–219, 224, 226, 229–230, 231, 235, 237–240, 242, 298, 367–368
exorcism
6–7, 18, 29, 32, 66, 69, 73, 78, 83, 88, 113, 117, 122, 125–126, 132, 135, 139–141, 145, 147–149, 151, 156, 166, 169, 189, 192–193, 205, 207, 215–216, 221, 228, 235, 245, 273–274, 287, 306, 308, 314, 330, 332, 338–345, 356, 362, 374, 380, 387, 397, 413, 421, 429
fa (method)
23, 25, 71, 78, 103, 107, 159, 226, 315, 362
false accusations (wugao)
100, 131, 383–384, 427
fetus demon
303–304
familiar(s)
3, 5, 15–16, 34, 36, 45, 246–249, 251–252, 255, 257–261, 266, 268–269, 272–273, 275–278, 282–289, 289, 293, 301, 303–306, 308, 333–336, 339, 342, 349, 355–359, 364–366, 370, 372, 374, 377, 379–380, 383–384, 400, 407–409, 414–415, 421–422, 424–426, 428–429
figurine(s) (ren, renxing, xing)
5, 15, 17, 34, 36, 46, 53–55 (definition), 58–61, 64–66, 73, 75, 77–84, 101, 105–106, 112–117, 119–120, 122, 132, 134, 136–145, 147–148, 150–151, 156–157, 161, 163–166, 170, 172–174, 177, 179, 186, 193, 202–203, 206–208, 211, 213–214, 216, 220, 237, 239, 245–247, 251, 255, 289–290, 292, 295, 297–301, 305, 308, 342, 349–350, 383–386, 388–393, 395–397, 401, 404, 413, 415, 421, 424–425, 428–429
Five Penetrations (wutong)
30, 94–99, 166, 333, 357, 359, 362, 407, 422, 429
Five Phases
31, 231–232
fortune-teller (fortune-telling)
6, 65, 120, 200, 288–289, 291–293, 295, 297–301, 303, 305, 425
fox (fox immortal; fox demon)
6, 30, 32, 81, 166, 356–357, 362, 384–385, 387–389, 407–409, 411–414, 416, 425, 429
fu
.
see amulet
Furry Demon
.
see Cat Demon
fushui
.
see amulet-water
Gan Bao
254, 258–261, 309–310, 312–313, 346
gender
5, 14, 19, 33, 42–43, 77, 80, 86–87, 107–108, 129–130, 134, 226, 337, 377, 379–380, 405, 428–429
geomancy
25, 177–178, 287
ghost
soul
28–29, 36, 59, 65, 73, 109, 139, 159, 172, 264, 298–299, 302–303, 350, 366–367, 369, 393
ghost-seer
28 (definition), 160, 172, 202–203, 264–265
gossip
3, 6, 12, 40, 44, 93–100, 107, 112, 127, 130–131, 142, 155, 158–159, 173, 191–192, 195, 203, 207, 230, 241–242, 264, 270, 276–277, 301, 314, 322, 330, 333, 340, 362, 368, 373, 379, 399, 407, 421, 425, 429
gu
13, 15–16, 18, 34–38 (terminological issues), 42, 44–45, 65, 79, 152, 137, 170, 174, 182, 185, 188, 190–191, 197, 200, 202–203, 206, 208, 212–213, 217–219, 221, 247–249, 252–264, 268–270, 272, 275–288, 302, 304, 307, 311, 313–314, 317–318, 322, 325, 335, 349, 352, 357, 362, 388, 399, 427
“raising gu”, suppression
gu through suppression (yagu)
80, 137, 139, 142, 208, 213, 217
Guan Yu
.
see Lord Guan
guangong
.
see Lord Guan
guanhua (in its traditional sense of Mandarin)
42, 152
Guanyin
23, 56, 109, 142
hair (fa as well as mao)
16–17, 47, 54, 59, 74–75, 79, 81, 95, 98–99, 115, 117, 136, 158, 165, 239, 260, 283, 289, 293, 313, 339, 342–343, 364, 367, 371–373, 377, 379, 389–391, 409, 411 (body hair or mao versus head hair or fa), 413
queue
healing (heal, healer)
3, 6, 8, 15, 20, 22–23, 29, 38, 53–54 (terminology), 80, 82–83, 85, 101, 111, 113, 116–120, 136, 138–139, 147–148, 156–157, 166, 168–169, 189, 192, 194, 205, 220–221, 225–228, 230–231, 235, 245, 251, 258, 282, 285–288, 298, 308, 311, 319, 332, 345, 398, 423, 429
healer
7, 54, 59, 151, 336, 395, 397, 403–404, 420
doctor, medicine
heteropractic(al)
.
see yao
Hlai
.
see Li (local culture)
Hmong
.
see Miao
Hong Mai (as an observer)
29–30, 32, 40, 67–68, 95–97, 144–146, 270–273, 276–278, 315, 400
imperial heartland
14, 45–46, 74–75, 77, 85, 106, 109–110, 112, 115–117, 146, 148–149, 179, 204, 246–248, 256–258, 266, 269, 277–278, 288, 304, 306–307, 309–310, 316–317, 320, 325, 337, 341–342, 344, 346–347, 349–351, 364, 380, 383, 411, 415, 420, 422, 424–425, 427–428
Ji Yun
170, 177
jin (demonic familiar)
.
see kim
Khara Khoto
23, 85, 93, 101, 106–107, 117, 120–121, 131–133, 235
kim (demonic familiar; jin)
342–345
label(s) (labelling)
3, 7, 12–13, 16n39, 19–20, 24–25, 27–28, 31–34, 36, 38, 41–42, 45 (its dangers), 54, 71, 83, 102–103, 106, 110–111, 116, 123, 125, 149, 157, 162, 173, 182–183, 190, 200, 212, 248–249, 252, 256, 269, 278, 282, 307, 313–314, 316–318, 324, 328, 333, 345, 348–349, 358, 383, 386, 399, 403, 419–420
White Lotus Teachings as a label
11, 17, 40
Lama
.
see Tibetan Lama
law (illegal, legal, lawsuits, statutes)
5, 10, 18, 25, 27, 38, 44, 46–47, 64, 98, 100, 121, 123, 127, 131, 141, 147, 150–151, 153, 156, 159–160, 162–163, 167–168, 171–174, 191, 198, 200, 202, 205–206, 209, 215, 220–222, 233, 240, 245, 249–253, 266, 270–271, 280, 282, 290, 295, 314–315, 323, 333, 335–336, 341, 355, 383, 394, 426–427
sentence
lawsuits
.
see law
legal
.
see law
Li (local culture) (Hlai)
307, 341–345, 399
Li Fengge
18, 397–398, 429
local culture(s)
5, 14, 45–46, 75–76, 86, 127, 179, 246, 248–249, 256, 257, 266, 278, 306–308 (terminological discussion), 310, 313, 316–318, 322, 326, 333, 337, 341, 346, 349–350, 363–364, 378–380, 383, 400, 415, 422, 424, 426–427
ethnicity
Longshu wuming lun
82, 293
Lord Guan (Guan Yu; guangong)
58, 92, 159, 162, 288
Lord of the Stove
55, 269, 377
love (love rituals)
3, 8, 68, 73–76, 93, 108–109, 159–160, 179, 191, 205, 207, 211, 217–221, 233–236, 238, 245, 349, 390, 408, 421
magic (as an analytical concept)
6, 9–10, 15, 21–25 (terminology), 27, 102–103, 116, 396
Maitreya
23
Manchu
183, 307, 350
maogui
.
see Cat Demon
medicine (medical)
20, 35–38, 54, 56, 59, 73, 75, 83, 115–116, 119–120, 141, 150–152, 190, 197–198, 225, 230, 233, 247, 249, 253, 255–257, 259, 262–263, 268–270, 275, 282–283, 285, 287–288, 292–293, 305, 311, 313–314, 317, 323, 325, 329–330, 336–338, 347, 390, 397–398, 405–406, 414, 427, 429–430
doctor, healing
medium (as a religious specialist)
6–8 (terminological discussion), 20, 27–28, 30–34 (local terminology), 45, 53, 60, 66, 95–97, 125, 135, 162–163 (through spirit writing), 186, 210, 290, 295, 303, 323, 362, 376, 408, 411–414, 416, 420
spirit medium
method
.
see fa
Miao (Hmong) (local culture)
44–45, 76, 109, 246, 256–258, 269, 302, 307, 316 (autonyms), 317–320, 322–327, 331, 333–334, 341, 345, 351, 362, 404–405, 423
missionary
13, 17, 29, 53, 86–87, 89, 92, 161, 237, 286, 299, 302, 323–324, 338, 340, 400–401, 403–407, 416, 428
Mongghul
376
Mongol(s)
112–113, 155, 236, 307, 350, 422
Ni (Yi)
44, 278, 307–308, 316, 326, 336–337
oral (orality)
17, 19, 30–31, 33, 36, 41–42, 54, 86, 105, 124, 129, 139, 185, 318, 358–359, 391, 420, 423
Our Lady of Taishan (Taishan niangniang)
59
peace-makers (peace-talkers)
48, 90, 132, 134, 332
Peng Xu
152–155, 426
phii pob
333, 336–338, 340–341
physician
.
see doctor, healing, medicine
“plucking life (force)”
314–315
poison (excluding its metaphorical usage)
10, 37, 45, 79–80, 115–116, 120, 123, 142, 188, 194, 197–199, 206–208, 212, 214, 221, 247, 249–253 (poisonous words), 255 (definition as infection), 257, 260–263, 265, 270, 273, 275, 278–280, 282–286, 311, 313, 316–319, 322–325, 328, 344–346, 350–351, 357, 362, 364–367, 372, 379, 384, 399–407, 415, 421, 428
Poisonous Cat (Demon)
13, 364–365, 367, 370–371, 377–379
Cat Demon
possess (possession) (by deities or demons)
3, 6–8, 27–28, 30–31 (Chinese terminology), 33–34, 36, 54, 132, 135–136, 147, 151, 157, 210, 246, 251, 259–260, 290, 325, 337–342, 344–345, 349, 356, 373, 376, 388, 400, 411, 415, 422, 425
prognosticate (prognostication)
6, 27, 64, 148, 203, 231, 272–273, 275, 279, 290, 292, 319
prophylactic
89, 113, 122–123, 126, 169, 287, 306, 310, 362, 373–374, 395
puppet(s) (puppeteer)
6, 56–57, 65, 71–73, 83, 120, 172, 174, 176, 208, 288–296, 301, 305
Qiang (Rrma)
13, 247, 307, 358, 363–366, 370–371, 377–379
Qianlong Emperor
169, 391, 393
queue (queue-cutting)
16, 18, 74, 300, 389–391, 393–396, 398, 401
hair
“raising demons” (“raising gu”)
36, 254–255, 260, 264, 270, 276, 280, 282, 284, 287, 301–303, 305, 311, 313, 316, 318, 324–325, 331–332, 335, 352, 357–358
demon(s), gu
regional culture
32, 66, 86, 256–258, 271, 289, 307 (terminological discussion), 308, 349, 351, 358, 366, 383, 429
renqing
329, 375–376
revenge
.
see vengeance
ritual
22–27 (terminological discussion)
Chinese terms for ritual
25–26, 103
ritual specialist (ritual expert, ritualist)
6–9, 13, 18–20, 24–25, 27–33 (terminological discussion), 46, 53–54, 61, 63–64, 66–67, 69, 71, 79–80, 83, 101–103, 107, 109–111, 113–121, 123, 126–132, 138–139, 146–151, 156–158, 162–163, 165–167, 174, 180, 186, 191, 194–195, 197, 203–204, 207, 209–211, 217–219, 228, 231, 256–257, 264, 287, 290, 293, 300, 303, 315, 323–324, 328–329, 338, 344–345, 358, 362, 369–370, 373–374, 376, 386–390, 394, 404, 414, 419–420, 427–429
rumors
3, 12, 16–17, 40, 83, 85, 123, 163, 165, 167, 202–203, 218, 239, 281–282, 295, 330, 332, 351, 355–356, 362, 373, 384–387, 389, 391, 393–399, 401, 403–406, 409, 411, 415, 426, 429
scapegoat
4, 116, 173, 227, 317, 327, 361, 379, 394, 401, 404–405
seeing ghosts (jiangui, shigui)
28–30, 160, 172, 202–203, 264–265
sentence (verdict)
10, 147, 151–152, 154, 172–174, 229–231, 233–234, 262, 265, 276, 280, 282, 297–298, 336, 341, 355, 406
law
sex
3, 8, 14, 56, 73–77, 95–99, 107–110, 115, 120, 179, 181, 233, 275, 292, 296, 326, 379, 408, 425
shaman (wu and other local terms)
7–8 (terminological discussion), 20, 27–34, 45–46, 135, 146–151, 154, 157, 172, 174, 187, 191, 194, 202–204, 210–211, 251, 290, 292, 295, 300, 307, 414, 420
“shamanic gu” (wugu)
38 (terminological discussion), 174, 188, 191, 200, 202, 206–207, 210–211
shaoshu minzu
.
see minorities
shu (techniques)
23, 25, 137–138 (definition), 139, 146, 208, 299, 387–388, 399
Sima Qian
35, 77, 139, 183, 190–191, 203
Sinister Way
.
see zuodao
soothsayer
.
see fortune-teller
sorcerer (mostly as a synonym for witch)
6, 10–11, 15–16, 18, 20–22 (terminological issues), 24–25, 40, 58, 101, 221, 263, 265, 270, 276, 279, 296, 301, 303, 317, 335
witch
soul(s)
7–8, 16, 28, 60, 64–65, 68–69, 82–83, 113, 120, 141, 148–149, 151, 157, 160, 162, 165, 192, 215–216, 224, 239, 274, 279, 288–289, 291–292, 294–296, 298–299, 301–303, 305, 334, 338, 340, 364–365, 371, 387, 393, 396, 399, 415
ghost
spirit medium
.
see medium
spirit soldiers
.
see divine soldiers
spirit writing
34, 162–163, 286
spitting (as a form of cursing)
185, 189, 251–252
statue(s) (ou, xiang)
6, 9, 23, 53–56 (definition), 58–59, 66, 111, 147–148, 203, 237, 288–294, 297, 305, 359, 402, 415
statutes
.
see law
Step of Yu
32, 149
stereotype(s)
10–11, 39–40, 73, 76–77, 95, 97, 130, 259, 283, 292, 294, 300, 302, 318, 322, 355, 363, 384
suppression (ya; to press down) (as a form of ritual)
137, 139 (definition), 140–142, 145, 151, 159, 167, 197, 208, 213–215, 217–219, 229–230, 287, 315
Taishan niangniang
.
see Our Lady of Taishan
Tantric Buddhism
102–106, 108, 110, 114, 116
technician(s), technique(s)
.
see shu
Thai (local culture) (Dai)
75, 307–308, 333–338, 340–341
Tibetan
54, 103–107, 109–110, 113, 116, 169, 256–258, 260, 269, 307, 350–351, 362–363, 366, 371, 373–374, 377–378
Tibetan Lama
110, 362, 373
torture
8, 10, 48, 97–98, 141, 172, 175, 193–195, 198, 205–206, 209, 211, 222, 229, 234–236, 271, 274, 282, 295, 323, 332, 339, 354, 388–389, 420
Tradition of Zuo (zuozhuan)
34–36, 422
vengeance (revenge)
4, 88, 125, 131, 164, 167, 170, 179, 314, 320, 323, 357, 369–370, 373, 376–377, 383
verdict
.
see sentence
victim blaming
.
see blaming
Wang Zhen (eunuch)
154–155, 242
Wanli Emperor (Ming dynasty)
237–241
Way of the Left
.
see zuodao
were-creatures (were-)
17, 310, 356
White Lotus Teachings
11, 17, 40, 396–397
White Tiger
121–122, 126, 128
witch (witchcraft)
5–9 and 22–27 (terminological discussions)
witch blaming
.
see blaming
wu
6–9, 19, 27–33 (terminological issues), 38, 42, 45, 67, 71, 135, 146, 148, 150–151, 157, 162, 172, 187, 191, 194, 202–204, 207, 209, 211, 219, 287, 307, 315, 362, 420
Wu Zetian (Empress/Emperor Wu)
143, 212, 216–217, 219–220, 241
wugao
.
see false accusation
wutong
.
see Five Penetrations
xie (heretic)
24–25, 148, 154, 189, 361–362, 388, 395, 399
Xu Hong (Xu Zhongdao)
152–153
Xue Jixuan
67–69
Xue Xuan
154–155, 426
ya
.
see suppression
yagu
.
see gu through suppression
yan (“to press down”)
153, 156, 167, 172
Yang Guang (Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty)
212–215, 241
Yao (local culture)
307–308, 316
yao (heteropractical)
24–25, 146 (definition), 147, 158, 239, 361, 387–388, 393, 395–398, 403–405
Yi (ethnic group)
.
see Ni
Yin and Yang
231–232, 305, 369
Yongzheng Emperor (Qing dynasty)
169, 391
zhangliushen
.
see Camphor and Willow Deities
Zheng Xuan
252–253
Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu; Ming dynasty)
170, 236 (as a persecutor)
Zhuang (local culture)
307–308, 316, 400
zuodao (Way of the Left/Sinister Way)
26, 188, 208, 213–215, 221
zuozhuan
.
see Tradition of Zuo