Index of Terms and Names
absolute conviction
73
absolute justification
58
absolute philosophical systems
11
absolute truth
40, 59, 62
abstraction
112, 266
action/actions
258â261, 263, 265
chain of
216
chief goals of
251
completion of
216
counteraction and
262
course of
216
creative
260
ethical
238, 240
initiation of
216
material lawyer of
229
mediated
216
norms of
243
objective-instrumental completion of
223
permissive
260
possible courses of
213
problem-related
213
purposive
260, 264
regressive
260
source of
216
âstrongâ
224
symbolic forms of
217
unwitting
240
âweakâ
224
activity
alternative
217
cognitive-symbolic
220
informational-strategic
221
informative-regulatory
221
layers of symbolic
218
multidirectional
218
objective mediation of
219
objective-utilitarian
222
perceive-and-test
218
practical
215â216, 220â221
purely cognitive
213
surrogate
217, 222â223
survival
214â215, 220
survival-objective
217â218, 221
symbolic
217
utilitarian-objective
221
acts of thought
11
adaptive behaviour
94
Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz
152, 154â155, 166, 171â175, 190
alternatives
269
alertness
288
algorithm
120â122
ambiguous
139â140, 162â163
animal
215â216
animal cognition
94
anti-metaphysical attitude
10
anxiety
28
a priori
11, 61
apriorism
71, 97
Aristotle
38, 235
Augustine
31, 256
awareness
259, 288, 292
axiom
11, 34, 70, 92
choice of
176
infinity of
187
axiomatic-deductive method
107
Bachelard, Gaston
22â23, 25, 100â101, 106, 110, 114, 116, 118, 122
Bacon, Francis
7
Barwise, Jon
206, 212
behavioural psychology
84
behavioural-cognitive subjectivity
94
beliefs
75
basic
208
epistemic
76
false
76
grounding of spontaneous
80
notion of
208
nonverbalized
209â210
nonetheless
79
pragmatic-semantic conception of
76
primary
208
reflective
80â81
spontaneous
20, 80â81
true
76
types of
209
unconscious
80
verbalized
20â210
benzene
120, 126
Berdyaev, Nikolai
289
Bergson, Henri
31, 189â190, 199
BiegaÅski, WÅadysÅaw
72
Bilikiewicz, Tadeusz
14
blood
45â51
Bordet, Jules
42
Bordet-Wasserman Reaction
42
Bordet-Wasserman Test
16
Borkowski Ludwik
190
Brandl, Johannes L.
193n1, 212
Buddhist ethics
245
Cackowski, ZdzisÅaw
21â28
calculation
129
Canguilhem, Georges
106
Carnap, Rudolf
18, 22, 172, 190
Cartesian method
59
Cartesian certainty
81
causation
38
Catholic University of Lublin
3, 16
categorial grammar
170, 172
category of necessity
88
category of practice
100
category of possibility
88
causality
35
certainty of failure
293
certainty of knowledge
97
chaos
125
Chechov, Anton
288n1
choice
270
Chomsky, Noam
174, 190
Christ
117
Chwistek, Leon
14
circular definition (ignotum per ignotum)
236
club
228
semiotic aspect of
228â229
cogito ergo sum
59
cognition
24â25, 27, 32, 53, 81, 92, 94, 100
pragmatic aspects of
26
social process of
55
cognitive activity
26â27, 34, 53, 86, 88, 91, 94â95, 99
cognitive abilities
91
cognitive authority
123
cognitive barrier
130
cognitive dissonance
210
collective driving force
49
collective empowers
56
cognitive effectiveness
120
collective memory
223
cognitive principles
11
cognitive process
86â87
cognitive psychology
84, 86
cognitive skill
26
cognitive social activity
100
collective suggestions
54
collective theory of knowledge
53
cognitive-regulatory abilities
92, 96
cognitive-regulatory subjectivity
95
collectives of national thought
55
commandments
250
common sense
56
communication
207â209, 211â212
communication obstacle
130
community
49
communities
54
complete helplessness
293
conceptual knowledge
93
condition of
continuity in time
10
identity of a sequence of events
10
life
263
unambiguity
19
consciousness
28, 225, 259, 263, 288, 292â294
of being
294
of something
294
pure
293â294
contemporary theory of knowledge
98
continualism
104â106
contradictory postulates
35
control
216
convention
81, 126
conventionalism
81
conviction
68
cooperation
96
cooperative activity
100
Copernicus
134
counteraction
261â265
aimed at suffering and pain
303
pre-emptive
261
reactive
261
Cresswell, Max J.
166, 144, 205
critical attitude
10, 81
critical stance
73
criticism
61, 123â124
critique
61, 73
curiosity
117
cybernetics
26
Cyrenaic ethics
243
Czarnecki, ZdzisÅaw Jerzy
5
Darwin, Charles
117, 134
DÄ
mbska, Izydora
14
deceit
73
decisions
74
definiendum
285â286
definiens
285â286
degree of regulatory alertness
216
Democritus
217
deontic logics
283
Descartes, Rene
7, 31, 58, 61, 97
descriptive attitude
90
descriptive statements
74
desired state of affairs
261
destruction
264
determinism
35, 61
Detienne, Emil
23
development of knowledge
95
dialectical materialism
62, 103â104
dialectical continualism
25
dialectical discontinualism
25
difficulty
131
direct objet of sensory cognition
111
directives
70
discontinualism
106â111
disorder
131, 262â263
dissonance
131
dogma
73
Donagan, Alan
181n12, 190
doubt
58
Dziemidok, Bohdan
5
Eccles, John
23, 226n2
education
113
Eddington, Arthur
34
effects of action
negative
263â264
positive
263â264
Einstein, Albert
37
empirical sources
85
empirical-inductive method
107â108
empirically justified knowledge
62
empiricists
69, 79
Engels, Friedrich
225n1
environment
94, 215, 219, 230
subjective-objective character of
215
epigenetics
62
epistemé
84
epistemological idealism
86
epistemological inquiry
85
epistemological investigations
85
epistemological obstacle
26, 116, 118â120, 122â125, 127, 135
axiological
133â134
narrative
133â134
epistemological postulates
40
epistemology
3, 24, 72, 84, 99, 103, 256
Erkenntnistheorie
84
error
132
ethical action
240
ethical conduct
239
negative
245
ethical evaluation
236
ethical humanitarianism
238
ethical norms
246, 256
ethical responsibility
237
ethical system
236, 241, 244
appropriate
243
ethics
237â238, 245, 248, 256
descriptive
235
Holy Inquisitionâs
241â242
normative
235, 246, 248, 252, 273
socialist
261
ethological purposes
244
ethology
12, 255â256
Euclid
72
Euclidean geometry
90, 107
evaluation
265, 270
valuation
contextual-normative
298
event
192â195, 197, 199â202, 204, 211
sign event
198, 200â201, 206, 208
everyday cognition
111
everyday discontinualism
111
everyday knowledge
84, 111
everyday thinking
109, 111
exchange of ideas
54
existence of set
178â179, 188
exoteric circle of direct participants
55, 57
exoteric knowledge
56
experience
62, 72
all possible
59
direct
60
immediate
60
painful
290
experiments
221
explanatory attitude
90, 135
explanatory impatience
134
extensional semantics
16, 149â151, 154, 156, 159, 162, 168â178, 181, 189
achievement of
169, 171â172
challenge to
170, 173â174
extreme empiricism
97
extreme rationalism
97
failure
297
faith in absolute dogma
62
false
173â175, 177, 189
falsification
124
fear
28, 68, 288, 293â294
feedback
negative
264
positive
263â264
Festinger, Leon
210, 212
Feuerbach, Ludwig
98
Feynman, Richard
133, 184, 190
Fichte, Johann
40
fictional objects
77
fictional signs
192, 195
fictional world
76
first principles
71
fixed causes and effects
61
Fleck, Ludwik
12â16, 116, 120
folk science
84
formal languages
114
formalization
98
Foucault, Michel
25, 106, 296
frambiosa tropica
43
Frankl, Victor
299â301
Free Polish University
7
free choice
61
free will
61
freedom
259, 298
idea of
299
Frege, Gottlob
18
fundamentalism
98
Galileo, Galilei
117
games
217
Geigel, Alois
43
general empirical laws
59
genetic empiricism
11
genetic fatalism
62
geometry
87
given idea
42
logical development of
42
Ghandi, Mahatma
12
gnoseological eidetism
71
gnoseology
3, 72, 84, 256
gnostic
53
goals of action
38
goals of activity
61
God
273, 276
blamed for human suffering
302â303
existence of
61, 68, 251
Godâs caprice
291
Gödelâs theorem
91, 169, 220
Gombrowicz, Witold
23, 258â259, 289â291, 293â296, 300
goodness
255â256
good
244, 274â275
highest
238â239, 243
Gonseth, Ferdinand
73
Greif, Hajo
15n17
growth of knowledge
87, 93, 98
Haarasek, Stefan
4
Hartshorne, Charles
199
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
190, 199, 266, 298
Heidegger, Martin
23
Heisenberg, Werner
184, 190
Heisenberg principle
35
Heinrich, WÅadysÅaw
35
Heraclitus
199
heresy
117
heretic
242
Herling-GrudziÅski, Gustaw
289n5
Hindu philosophy
12
hierarchy of goals
61
hierarchy of values
238, 243
history of postulates
61
history of science
54, 86, 115
hope
68, 293â294
horizontal discontinualism
114
human action/activity
dynamic-oriented
217
goal-oriented element of
215
multi-layered
217
objects of
231
objective result of
222
problematization of
219
practical efficiency
219
practical-survival
217, 220
social mediation of
219â220
symbolic function of
229
tools of
231
human cognition
100, 103
human communication
228â229
human evolution
217
human hand
96
human needs
251
human practical needs
109
human subjectivity
101
human thinking
110
human world
218â219
axiological modes of
262
problem-based nature of
218
vertical construction of
218
humanitarian ethics
243â244
humanitarianism
245
humankind
291
Hume, David
87, 286
Husserl, Edmund
271
idealism
62, 85, 94
idealistic epistemology
99
ideology
100, 119
ignorance
132
illusion of omnipotence
120
illusion of universal applicability
117
illusions
73
image
125â128
imagery
127â128
imagination
127
receptive
38
reproductive
38
immediacy
36, 39, 41
immunology
48
impatience
135
incompleteness theorem
169
indeterminism
62
individual objects
178, 181
individualist theory of knowledge
53
information
96â97, 100, 214â215, 226
information theory
26
ingenious intuition
43
inmediacy
33, 40
inmediate whole
33
intellectual intuition
59
inteligibility
33, 61
intensional semantics
16, 19, 149â151
intensionality
81
interest mode of thinking
121
introjection
38
intuition
282
Ionian school
246
Jarnicki, PaweÅ
15n17
Jedynak, StanisÅaw
5
Jerusalem, Wilhelm
38
judgements
20, 58, 109
analytic
255
assertive-conditional
249
conditional-normative
249
ethical
237, 246
moral
237
normative
248
scientific
250
social
246
judgments of normative ethics
250â251
Judt, Tony
2
Jünger, Ernst
290
justification
40, 58, 69, 90, 108
justification of beliefs
20, 80
justified sentence
67
Kant, Immanuel
38, 61â62, 71â72, 87, 90, 97, 240
Kekulé, August
120â121
knowledge
22, 25â26, 58, 116â118, 122, 132â134, 294
emergence of
43
essentialist treatment of
99
factual understanding of
86
general theory of
24, 94â95
increase of
96
non-scientific
84
practical types of
25
structure of
124â125
theoretical-reflective
81
value of
97
Koestler, Arthur
125
Koj, Leon
16â21
KotarbiÅski, Tadeusz
12, 179, 179n7, 179n9, 181, 191
KotarbiÅskiâs normative ethics
252â255
KrÄ
piec, Albert
23
Kuhn, Thomas
14, 25, 115â116, 120
Laas, Ernst
72
ladder of personality development
132â133
Laland André
7
language
192â195, 197, 203, 205, 208â210
ordinary
105, 107
scientific
105, 107
laws of logic
277
layman
56
leprosy
43
Leibnizâs principle
183â185
level of objective activity
218
levels of misunderstanding
135
levels of understanding
135
Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien
71
Lewis, David
143, 155, 167
âlightâ objects
95
Litwin, Jakub
5
living being
243
logic
70
logic of error
132
logical laws
72
logical justification
67, 72
logical postulates
34
logical principles
11, 35
logician-formalist
72
Loux, Michael J.
190â191
Lukács, György
266â271
Luria, Alexander
21, 127
Lvov-Warsaw School
4, 21
Åubnicki, Narcyz
5â12
mace (bulava)
228, 230â231
semiotic aspect of
228â229
Machiavelliâs ethics
238
Margul Tadeusz
5
Mainong, Alexius
77
Marx, Karl
98, 225n1, 298
Marxism
3, 8, 94, 98
Marxist epistemology
99â100
Marxist theory of knowledge
25, 98, 105
mathematical thinking
106
mathematics
109, 124
matter
86, 227
Mead, George Herbert
27, 230n4
meaning
139, 141â142, 145, 148, 150, 154â155, 157, 159, 160, 163, 170â172, 174â176, 226
mechanism
62
mediacy
33, 36, 39
mediation
215â216
chain of
216
objective-instrumental
216
mediation of human activity
medical education
56
mental disorder
45
mental evidence
74
meta-objective attitude
85
metaphysical judgements
59, 61â62
metaphysical postulate of reality
38
metaphysical postulates
37, 39
metaphysical problems
11, 61â62
metaphysical-theological attitude
299
metaphysician
62
method of everyday thinking
111
method of postulates
62
method of thinking
115
methodological directives
11
Meyerson, Ignac
23
mind-body problem
23
mistake
131
model
109
Monod, Jacques
115
Montague, Richard
18
moral evaluation
236
moral human being
236
moral right to resist pain and suffering
298
morality
236â238, 262, 266
Mumford, Lewis
23
mysticism
55
mysterious intuition
45
mythological convictions
217
natural diversification of society
53
natural postulates
34
natural sciences
85
necessity
90â91, 93
necessity of knowledge
88
negative feedback
261
Nelsonâs paradoxes
40
Neo-Thomism
3, 84
new cognitive abilities
93
nominalism
181, 187â188
nominalist
179, 185, 187â188
non-Euclidean geometry
87
non-human cognition
83, 93
non-linguistic world
78
normativity
245
social
246
norms
conditional
249
ethical
247, 252, 255, 257
scientific
250
social
247, 252, 255, 257
Nowaczyk, Adam
140, 147n6, 167, 171n1, 191
object
271
alternative
217
objects of thought
105â106, 109â110
objects of scientific thinking
110
objective mediation
220
objective reality
110â111
objective world
98
obligation
273â274, 281, 287
absolute
250
definition of
277
instrumental
277
moral
303
sentence
285â286
social
250
observation
81
observational competence
118
observational sentences
74
observational statements
79
obstacle
213
epistemological obstacle
occasion expression
140â141, 143â144, 156, 163
occasion sentence
140, 163
Ockhamâs razor
176
OmyÅa, MieczysÅaw
200, 212
opinion
122â123
opposition
298
ordinary knowledge
103â104
ordinary thinking
109, 111, 113
organism
215â216
origin of consciousness
289â290
Osborn, Alexander
136
Ossowska, Maria
254n24
âoughtsâ
276â277, 285
pain
28, 258â259, 288, 290, 292â293, 297
irreversibility of negative value of
294
manifestations of
297
negative value of
294
objective sources of
301
resistance of
299
reversibility of negative value of
294
sign of
297
unavoidable
299
as antithesis of freedom
297
as unacceptable necessity
297
painful experience
28o
paradigm
121
paradox of Eubulides
241
PaÅniczek, Jacek
77, 206, 212
patient
57
pedagogical experience
55
perception
57, 77, 112
perfectionism
245
Perry, John
206, 212
petitio principi
11, 40, 67
phenomenology
84, 98
philosophical anthropology
27
philosophical theory of knowledge
86â87
physical phenomena
62
physics
experimental
218
theoretical
218
Piaget, Jean
116
Plato
31, 58, 69, 295
pleasure
243, 258â259, 276, 298
Poincaré, Henri
Polish Philosophical Society
3, 6
Polish Society of Semiotics
18
Popper, Karl R.
23, 74, 124, 226n2
âthird worldâ of
226
possible world
146â151, 154, 157â158, 161, 164
possibility
86â87, 89â91, 93
postulate
10
postulate of
causality
36
continuity of time
10, 35
determinism
10
economy
61
explanation
10
freedom of choice
62
identity over time
10
logical
10
natural
10
non-contradiction
61
objectivity
9
permanence in nature
34, 36
purposefulness
10
reality
38
postulate method
11
practical ability
96
practical action
11
practical activity
69, 92, 98, 100
practical philosophy
236
practical reason
277, 282â283
practical reasoning
277, 279, 281â283, 285
practice
69, 92, 99â100
pragmatic belief
75
pre-idea
57
pre-reflective beliefs
79
pre-scientific knowledge
84
prejudges
117â118, 133â134
premises
278
prescriptions
246
presence
32
pretend actions
217
principle of
action
40
adequacy
34
analogy
34, 38
asymmetry
95
causality
36
creativity
determinism
35
economy
10, 37, 81
entailment
10
identity
10
implication
34, 36
indeterminism
35
individualism
12
induction
36
liberalism
12
non-contradiction
10, 34, 72
unity
37
principle of tat twam asi
12, 243
principle to the âselfâ
35
principle of logical laws
72
probability of statements
75
probable judgements
58
problem
131, 215â216
problematic situation
213
professional
56
prohibitions
246
propositions
74
psychological phenomena
62
psychophysical problem
62
psychophysics
37
psychophysical dualism
38
public opinion
56
punishment
273, 286
purpose
279â280, 282, 286
purposiveness
37
quanta of energy
227
Quine, Willard Van Orman
17, 177â178, 180, 182n13, 191
Raabe, Henryk
3, 5
radical dualism
100
rational attitude
28
rational requirements
135
rationalist route
52
rationality
24, 33
conception of
45
reaction
298
Read, Herbert
31
real objects
77
realism
62
of knowledge
109
reality
88
reduction of growing indeterminacy
96
referential semantics
170
reflective thoughts
78
region of meaningful things
227
region of pure meaning
227
regularities
35
Reichenbach, Hans
23
reism
179â180
religious collectives
55, 265
religious convictions
217
religious rites
217
religious-ethical system
242
resistance
116, 132, 134, 298
of objective world
219
resistance to pain and suffering
303
revelatory idea
123
Rudnicki, Adolf
263n2, 266â268
Russell, Bertrand
108, 183, 191
Sacks, Oliver
23
Sady, Wojciech
15
Sak, JarosÅaw
15
Sanavia, Piero
289n4
Sartre, Jean-Paul
253n21, 256, 295
satisfaction
259, 293
scale of difficulty
130â131
Schannon, Claude E.
199
Schlick, Moritz
23
Schmaltz, Florian
15n15
Schnelle, Thomas
15n15
Schopenhauer, Arthur
31, 262, 290, 295
scientific cognition
111
scientific discovery
42, 49, 57
scientific judgements
59
scientific knowledge
103â105, 108â109, 117
scientific thinking
110, 113
scientific thought
112
Scotus, John Duns
31
self-transgression of knowledge
91
semantic atomism
171, 173
semantic antinomies
194
semantic belief
75
sensation
32, 292â293
sensations
painful
293
sense
227
sentence
192â199, 283
arbitrary declarative
283
normative
274
serologist
56
Sextus Empiricus
40
âshouldsâ
276â277, 281â282, 286
side-effects
92
sign/signs
192â221, 230â231
artificial
19
circulation of
229
communication
206
communicable
207â209, 211â212
communicative
206, 212
concept of
192
event as
193
fact of
193â194
fictional
20, 195
formula for
194â195
information
199
linguistic
194â195, 204â205, 209
material bearer of
229
material domain of
231
materiality of
27
natural
19, 192â195
pain as
292
semiotic function of
227, 229, 231
situation
199
substance of
231
theory of
194â195
sign-event
20, 194
sign-objects
27, 193
sign-tools
27
skills
131
Simon, Friedrich Alexander
43
social institutions
245
social mood
49, 53
social philosophy
236, 245, 248
social sentiment
47
social-humanistic sciences
85
society
245
Socrates
69, 117, 246, 296
solipsism
33, 59
source of knowledge
97
specialist
45
speculation
62
speech
225
Spinoza, Baruch
7, 38, 252n18
Stanosz, Barbara
140, 147n6, 167, 171n1, 191
starting point
58
statements
basic
79
derivative
79
mixed
81
observational
79
reducibility of
79
secondary
79
Stirner, Max
239, 243
Stoic ethics
236
stoics
236, 240
Strawson, Peter
142n2
âstrongâ objects
95
structure
117
subject
118, 213, 219, 222, 265, 271
subjectâs mental world
96
subjectivity
213, 219, 265
suffering
28, 290, 297â300
counteracted
302
sacrifice of
302
sources of
302
sufficient conditions
89
supernatural properties
68
superstition
26, 242
surprise
219
Suszko, Roman
178
symbol
32
symbolic action/activity
decorative form of
223
layers of
217
magical
222
necessity of
216
normal
222
possibility of
216
problematization of
pure
222
symbolic function of money
229
symbolism
223
symbolized
209â210
syphilis
6
Symotiuk, Stefan
5, 15
symptom
193, 194
synonymous
170, 172, 174â175
syphilis
6, 42â48
Szylewicz, Arthur
193n1, 212
Tarski, Alfred
18
theologians
53
theoretical activity
69
theoretical deconstructions
40
theoretical thinking
126
theory of knowledge
3, 22, 24, 46, 74, 84, 86, 97, 256
meta-theoretical nature of
85
Thomason, Richard H.
155n8, 167
thought
logical development of
43
mechanisms of
105
pre-idea of
46
spontaneous
208
thought collective
16, 43, 49, 53â55, 121
thought style
16, 43, 49, 54â55, 57
threat
261, 263, 265
of pain
289, 292
perceived
263
prevention of
262
Tichý, Pavel
143n4, 167
Tolstoy, Leo
256
tool/tools
96, 215, 219, 223, 227â229
semantic aspect of
228â229
transcendental-teleological attitude
266
true
171, 173â175, 177, 180, 183â184
proposition
169, 177
sentence
169, 171, 179â180
statement
179â180
truth
43, 99, 122, 139, 143â149, 152â154, 161â165, 169â170, 173, 181, 190
truth in life
297
âtruthâ
42, 43
tuberculosis
51
Tuszkiewicz, Maria
15n16
Twardowski, Kazimierz
21, 193n1, 212
ultimate justification
11, 58, 67â68, 72
ultimate meaning
129
unambiguous determination
216
Unamuno, Miguel de
288, 291
utilitarianism
266
Vaihinger, Hans
40
valuation
265, 270â271, 294
evaluation
value/values
28, 100, 265â266, 271
ethical
246, 256
fetishization of
268
highest
251, 265
homogeneity of
266
moral
246
objective
250
positive
263
spiritual
266
Value
265â266, 268, 271, 302
verbalization
129
Vernant, Jean Pierre
23
Vienna Circle
69
visualization
129â130
Vygotsky, Lev
27, 228
Wasserman, August von
42
Wasserman reaction
45, 47
Weizsäcker, Richard von
184n17, 191
Weil, Simone
23, 296â297
Werner, Sylwia
15n15
Wertenstein, Ludwik
35n8
Whitehead, Alfred North
199
wishful thinking
293
Wittgenstein, Ludwig
182, 191, 198â199, 202
Witwicki, WÅadysÅaw
62
WoleÅski, Jan
193n1, 212
Wolniewicz, BogusÅaw
200, 212
Wolterstorff, Nicolas
181, 182n14, 185n19, 191
worldview
125â127
Zermeloâs Axioms
187
Zilsel, Edgar
36
Zittl, Claus
15n15
Znamierowski, CzesÅaw
244n12