1.1 Biblical Summary (Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Cpg 110, fol. 2r) 22
1.2 Peter of Poitiers: Compendium historiae in genealogia Christi (Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 12538, fol. 1r) 31
1.3 Biblical Summary (Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Cpg 110, fol. 9r) 33
1.4 Biblical Summary (Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Cpg 110, fol. 44v) 34
1.5 Biblical Summary (Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Cpg 110, fol. 1r) 37
1.6 Biblical Summary (Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Cpg 110, fol. 1v) 38
2.1 Title page of De Bibel: Tgeheele Oude ende Nieuwe Testament (Antwerp: Vorsterman, 1528–29), Appendix, no. 30 (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library, P22.055.1/Fo BIJB 1528–1529 A, 1528–29 ed.) 53
2.2 Printing patent or “privilege” of the Vorsterman Bible, issued by the Antwerp city government on 9 November 1528, De Bibel (Antwerp: Vorsterman, 1528), Appendix, no. 28 (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library, P22.055.1/Fo BIJB 1528 B, 1528 ed., vol. 1, fol. *1r) 55
2.3 Mark of ownership of Berndt Strick, steward of the convent or cloister called Mary Magdalen in Wijk bij Duurstede, Appendix, no. 4 (Antwerp, Heritage Library Hendrik Conscience, F 28209: ex.1., 1528 ed., vol. 1, fol. *4v) 65
2.4 A contemporary reader linking a printed gloss in the Vorsterman Bible to a gloss in Luther’s Pentateuch, Appendix, no. 30 (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library, P22.055.1/Fo BIJB 1528–1529 A, 1528–29 ed., Exodus 17, vol. 1, fol. e1v) 69
2.5 Mark of ownership: “Sub custodia … alias Judoci,” made partially legible with multilight and multispectral imaging, Appendix, no. 30 (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library, P22.055.1/Fo BIJB 1528–1529 A, 1528–29 ed., Title page) 70
2.6 Mark of ownership of Wilhelmus Kerpen, made legible with multilight and multispectral imaging, Appendix, no. 30 (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library, P22.055.1/Fo BIJB 1528–1529 A, 1528–29 ed., Title page) 71
2.7 Mark of ownership of the widow Scheerders, a lacemaker from Mechelen, Appendix, no. 3 (Antwerp, Heritage Library Hendrik Conscience, F 134234, 1528 Vorsterman & Seversz. ed., endleaf) 74
3.1 Handwritten alterations in the liturgical reading schedule (Brussels, Royal Library, L.P.586.A) 124
3.2 Map of the Israelites’ wanderings, inserted in a 1534 Liesvelt Bible (Cambridge, University Library, BSS.223.B34) 130
3.3 Paper slips glued onto Ephesians 5:32 (Tilburg, Faculty of Theology of Tilburg University, TF PRE 10) 137
3.4 Scraped off “alone” in Romans 3:28 (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library, P22.005.1/Fo BIJB 1535) 139
3.5 Decorated beginning of the Epistles of Saint Paul (The Hague, Royal Library, KW 230 G 30) 144
3.6 Coloured woodcut of the Washing of the Feet in John 13 (Private collection) 146
4.1 1530 Bible of Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Réserve A. 283) 168
4.2 1566 Bible of René Benoist (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Réserve A. 323) 173
4.3 1578 Bible of the Theologians of Leuven (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Résac. A. 287) 182
4.4 and 4.5 Signature in 1565 Bible of Artus Prunier (Paris, Bibiothèque nationale de France, Résac. A. 320) 187
4.6 1553 Geneva Bible labelled as a “Heretic Bible” (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Résac. A. 15342) 190
5.1 and 5.2 Franciszek Skoryna, Malaâ podrožnaâ knižca [Small Travel Book] (Wilno: [Franciszek Skoryna], ca. 1525), binding and title page. The only copy of Skoryna’s editions possessed by a Polish library (Cracow, Jagiellonian Library, BJ St.Dr.Cim. 561, in-12o, [153] ff.; Digital reference: https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/387035/edition/368197/content [NDIGSTDR016728]) 210
5.3 and 5.4 Stanisław Murzynowski’s translation of the Gospel of Matthew, Królewiec Pruski (Köningsberg) 1551, title page and karta XXIIIr. The only preserved copy is possessed by the University Library in Warsaw. The anastatic print (Płock 2003) is also available (Warsaw, University Library, Sd.614.82, in-4o, [15] + CXXXI +[1] ff.; Digital reference: http://ebuw.uw.edu.pl/dlibra/publication?id=104566) 214–15
5.5 and 5.6 Biblia Brzeska (The Brest Bible), Brest, 1563. Both copies come from the Warsaw University Library: Sd.612.66, f. 343v and Sd.612.69, binding, back side r 220–21
6.1 The Quincuplex Psalterium, 1509; an early instance of psalm verse numeration (Urbana, IL, Rare Book & Manuscript Library of the University of Illinois, IUQ00104, fol. 140r) 239
6.2 One and Fiftie Psalmes, 1556; the first biblical text in English bearing verse numbers (New York, The Morgan Library & Museum, PML 16410.2, 8–9; Photographic credit: New York, The Morgan Library & Museum) 242–43
6.3 The Psalmes of David, 1557 (Cambridge, University Library, Peterborough D.1.150, 11) 248
6.4 Psalmes of David, 1558 (San Marino, CA, Huntington Library, RB89914, fol. 6v) 249
6.5 Reader imitation of printed cross-references at Deuteronomy 27:26 in a 1560 Geneva Bible (Cambridge, University Library, Syn. 5.56.4, fol. 92v) 260
6.6 A heavily cross-referenced 1576 Geneva Bible (Cambridge, University Library, Syn. 4.57.15, fol. 219r) 261
6.7 The Psalmes of David from a 1562 Great Bible with handwritten verse numbers (Cambridge, University Library, BSS.201.B62.2, sig. FFvr) 264
7.1 Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), title-page. Engraving, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 276
7.2 Matthew 1:11–24, with scriptural glosses in the narrow columns at left and right and Costerus’s glosses in the wide column at right, from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 3 (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 277
7.3 Saints Ignatius and Francis Xavier Flanking the Virgin and Child, interpolated at the close of Matthew 28:20, n. 20, from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 101. Engraving, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 283
7.4 Blessed Aloysius Gonzaga in Prayer and Communion of Stanislaus Kostka, with Blessed Franciscus Borgia, Third General of the Society of Jesus, Receiving the Sacred Heart and Offering his Heart in the Presence of the Trinity, Mary, and Saints Ignatius and Francis Xavier, interpolated at the close of “Van der Catholiicke oft Canoniicke Brieven,” from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 845. Engraving and watercolor, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 284
7.5 Christ on the Cross Attended by Mary and John and Ecce Homo, at Mark 15:12–27, n. 21, from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 152. Engraving, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 286
7.6 Christ on the Cross Attended by Angels Worshiping the Holy Blood and Longinus Pierces the Side of Christ, interpolated at Mark 16:28–41, n. 39, from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 153. Engraving, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 288
7.7 Crucifixion, facing page interpolated at Mark 16:28–41, from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 153. Engraving, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 289
7.8 Resurrection (reversed copy of Schelte à Bolswert after Rubens, Resurrection) and Scenes Postdating the Resurrection: Angel on the Tomb Slab, Holy Women Visit the Sepulcher, Peter and John Visit the Sepulcher, Christ Appears to the Magdalene, and Supper at Emmaus (framing elements of a Resurrection print cut and pasted onto the print after Bolswert), interpolated at the opening of Mark 16:1–2, n. 1–2, from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 154. Engraving, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 291
7.9 Schelte à Bolswert after Rubens, Resurrection, ca. 1630–45. Engraving, 415 × 295 mm (London, British Museum, Inv. no. R,3.85) 292
7.10 Holy Women Visit the Tomb of Christ, detail of fig. 7.8 293
7.11 Peter and John Visit the Tomb of Christ, detail of fig. 7.8 294
7.12 Mary of James and Joanna (or Mary of James and Mary Salome) and Resurrection, opening interpolated at John 20:1–13, n. 11, from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 360. Engraving, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 298
7.13 Alexander Voet, Christ Reveals Himself to the Magdalene in the Garden and Mary Magdalene, opening interpolated at John 20:1–13, n. 11, from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 360. Engraving, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 299
7.14 Pieter de Bailliu after Theodoor van Thulden, Effigies of the Risen Christ and the Virgin Mary (The Risen Christ Appears to his Mother Mary), opening interpolated at John 20:29–31, n. 29–30, from Het Nieu Testament onses Heeren Iesu Christi, met korte uytlegghinghen door Franciscum Costerum, Priester der Societeyt Iesu (Antwerp: Ioachim Trognaesius, 1614), 364. Engraving, in folio (Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library) 304
8.1 and 8.2 Bíblia Historiada de Lamego (Museu de Lamego, ms. 951; © Photo: Luísa Oliveira – Direção-Geral do Património Cultural / Arquivo de Documentação Fotográfica [DGPC/ADF]) 316–17
8.3 Vidas e Paixões dos Apóstolos, primeiro compilado por Bernardo de Brihuega; editado e copiado por Frei Bernardo de Alcobaça e Frei Nicolau Vieira, monges de Alcobaça, por iniciativa de D. Fr. Estêvão de Aguiar (Alcobaça, 1442–1443) (Lisbon, National Library of Portugal, Alc. 280) 320
8.4 and 8.5 Os Autos / dos apl’os. / A epístola de santiago apostollo / As duas epístolas de sam Pedro apostollo / As tres epl’as de sam Ioham apl’o e evangelista / A epistola de sam Judas apostollo ([Lisboa:] [Valentim Fernandes], 1505) (Évora, Public Library, Res. 0234) 322–23
8.6 Vita Christi. Primeira parte / Ludolfo de Saxónia; traduzida e copiada por Nicolau Vieira (Alcobaça, ca. 1440) (Lisbon, National Library of Portugal, Alc. 451) 326
8.7 Vita Christi / Ludolfo de Saxónia; traduzida por Nicolau Vieira e Bernardo de Alcobaça (Lisboa: Nicolau de Saxónia e Valentim Fernandes, 14 Agosto 1495, 7 Setembro 1495, 20 Novembro 1495, 14 Maio 1495–4 partes) (Lisbon, National Library of Portugal, Inc-1541_4) 327
8.8 and 8.9 Evangelhos e epistolas con suas exposicões en romãce (Porto: Rodrigo Alvares, 1497) (Lisbon, National Library of Portugal, Inc-533) 330–31
8.10 Ecclesiastes de Salamam, con algũas annotações neçessarias, trans. Damião de Góis (Venice: Stefano Nicolini da Sabio, 1538) (Oxford, Library All Souls College, 12SR.70.b.24; © The Warden and Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford) 337
8.11 O Novo Testamento … (Amsterdam: Viúva de J. V. Someren, 1681) (Lisbon, National Library of Portugal, Res. 4465 V) 350
8.12 Do Velho Testamento … (Batavia: na Oficina do Seminário; por H. Mulder, 1748) (Lisbon, National Library of Portugal, 349 P) 355
8.13 Os Cinco Livros de Moyses … (Trangambar: Na Officina da Real Missaõ de Dinamarca, 1757) (Lisbon, National Library of Portugal, 456 V) 359
8.14 O Novo Testamento … (Amsterdam: Joam Crellius, 1712) (Lisbon, National Library of Portugal, 763 P) 361
8.15 O Novo Testamento … (Trangambar: Na Officina da Real Missaõ de Dinamarca, 1765) (Copenhagen, Royal Danish Library, 1,-186) 363