Chapter 1 Darwinism, Materialism, and Social Evolution
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Ǧadʿān, Fahmī. Usūs al-taqaddum ʿinda mufakkirī l-islām fī l-ʿālam al-ʿarabī al-ḥadīṯ. Amman, Beirut, 1988.
Saʿd, Ḥusayn. Bayna l-aṣāla wa-l-taġrīb fī l-ittiǧāhāt al-ʿalmāniyya ʿinda baʿḍ al-mufakkirīn al-ʿarab al-muslimīn fī Miṣr 1900/1318–1964/1384. (Beirut, 1413 H/1993).
von Kügelgen, Anke. Averroes und die arabische Moderne. Ansätze zu einer Neubegründung des Rationalismus im Islam. Leiden, New York, Köln, 1994.
Wittkau-Horgby, Annette. Materialismus. Entstehung und Wirkung in den Wissenschaften des 19. Jahrhunderts. Göttingen, 1998.
Glaß, Dagmar. Der Muqtaṭaf und seine Öffentlichkeit. Aufklärung, Räsonnement und Meinungsstreit in der frühen arabischen Zeitschriftenkommunikation. I: Analyse medialer und sozialer Strukturen, I: Streitgesprächsprotokolle. Würzburg, 2004.
Ayoub, Mahmoud. “Creation or evolution? The reception of Darwinism in modern Arab thought.” In Science and Religion in a Post-colonial World. Interfaith Perspectives. Ed. by Zainal Abidin Bagir, Hindmarsh, 2005, 173–190.
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Sorani, Saman. Der irakische Dichter und Philosoph Ǧamīl Ṣidqī az-Zahāwī 1863–1936. PhD Diss. Heidelberg, 2012.
Moghith, Anwar. “Le darwinisme et la sécularisation de la pensée en Égypte.” Rue Descartes 78 (2013): 57–67.
Elshakry, M. Reading Darwin in Arabic, 1860–1950. Chicago, London, 2013.
Khuri-Makdisi, Ilham. “The conceptualization of the social in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Arabic thought and language.” In A Global Conceptual History of Asia, 1860–1940. Ed. by Hagen Schulz-Forberg, London, 2014, 91–110.
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Zemmin, Florian. Modernity in Islamic Tradition. The Concept of ‘Society’ in the Journal al-Manar (Cairo, 1898–1940). Berlin, Boston, 2018. – PhD Diss. Bern, 2016.
Rudolph, Ulrich. “§ 8 Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī”. In Philosophy in the Islamic World, vol. 1: Philosophy in the Islamic World, vol. 1: 8th–10th Centuries. Ed. by Ulrich Rudolph, Rotraud Hansberger, and Peter Adamson, Leiden, Boston, 2017, Engl. transl. by Rotraud Hansberger, Leiden, Boston, 2017, 526–654.
Gutas, Dimitri, et al. “§ 1 Ibn Sīnā”. In Philosophy in the Islamic World, vol. 2/1: 11th–12th Centuries: Central and Eastern Regions. Ed. by Ulrich Rudolph and Peter Adamson, Engl. transl. by Gwendolin Goldbloom, Leiden, Boston, 2023, 37–286.
Landolt, Hermann and Renate Würsch. “§ 5 Šihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī”. In Philosophy in the Islamic World, vol. 2/1: 11th–12th Centuries: Central and Eastern Regions. Ed. by Ulrich Rudolph and Peter Adamson, Engl. transl. by Gwendolin Goldbloom, Leiden, Boston, 2023, 534–592.
Rudolph, Ulrich. “§ 3 Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī”. In Philosophy in the Islamic World, vol. 2/1: 11th–12th Centuries: Central and Eastern Regions. Ed. by Ulrich Rudolph and Peter Adamson, Engl. transl. by Gwendolin Goldbloom, Leiden, Boston, 2023, 336–443.
Qabbānī, ʿAbd al-Qādir and Muḥammad Rašīd Riḍā. “Al-Duktūr Šiblī Afandī Šumayyil.” Al-Manār 12 (1909): 632–637. – Letter to the editor by ʿAbd al-Qādir Qabbānī and response by Muḥammad Rašīd Riḍā entitled “Maḏhab Darwīn lā-yunāqiḍ al-islām” [634–637]. Qabbānī warns of the consequences the Darwinist positions embraced by Šumayyil would have for religion and society, with Riḍā replying that Darwinism (maḏhab Darwīn) does not contradict any Islamic tenets or the Quran.
Riḍā, M.R. “Taqrīẓ al-maṭbūʿāt al-ǧadīda. Falsafat al-nušūʾ wa-l-irtiqāʾ.” Al-Manār 13 (1328 H/1910): 374–376.
ʿAlī, Kurd. “Muʾallafāt al-duktūr Šumayyil.” Al-Muqtabas 7 (1912): 632–633.
al-Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Riḍā. Naqd falsafat Dārwīn, 2 vols. Baghdad, 1331 H/[1913].
Riḍā, M.R. “Al-Duktūr Šiblī Šumayyil.” Al-Manār 19 (1335 H/1917): 625–632. – Speech on the occasion of Šumayyil’s memorial.
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Haroun, Georges. Šiblī Šumayyil. Une pensée évolutionniste arabe à l’époque d’an-nahḍa. Beirut, 1985. – PhD Diss. Strasbourg, 1977. – This is by far the most comprehensive study of Šumayyil’s life and work. In addition Haroun explores the Arab debate of the theory of evolution around the turn of the 20th century.
Anawati, Georges C. “Shiblī Shumayyil. Medical philosopher and scientist.” In The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times. Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis. Ed. by C.E. Bosworth et al. Princeton, 1989, 637–650.
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al-Musulmānī, Maḥmūd. Al-Falsafa al-nušūʾiyya wa-abʿāduhā l-iǧtimāʿiyya. Qirāʾa fī taǧribat Šiblī Šumayyil al-falsafiyya. Beirut, 2003.
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Kīzū. Al-Tuḥfa al-adabiyya fī tārīḫ tamaddun al-mamālik al-ūrūbbiyya. Alexandria, 1294 [H]/1877. – According to Sarkīs 1928 [*64: I 845], this is Ḥanīn al-Ḫūrī ‘Niʿmatallāh’s Arabic translation of an English translation of François Guizot’s Histoire générale de la civilisation en Europe (Paris, 1828), which the translator dedicated to the khedive Ismāʿīl.
ʿAbduh, Muḥammad. “Al-Tuḥfa al-adabiyya.” Ǧarīdat al-Ahrām 41 (1294 [H]/1877). – Repr. in Riḍā 2012 [*60: II 45–48] (quoted here). – Review of Kīzū 1877 [*50] in the form of a lengthy quotation of al-Afġānī’s positive assessment (46–48) of Guizot’s work and its translation into Arabic [*50].
Renan, Ernest. “L’Islamisme et la science.” Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires (30 March 1883). – Publication of the lecture given at the Sorbonne the day before (regarding the differing details on the date of the lecture and the publications see Cündioğlu 1996 [*96: 16–20]). – Repr. as a separate publication Paris, 1883 (Cündioğlu 1996 [*96: 17]), further reprints in: Discours et Conférences (Paris 1887): 375–401, and in Œuvres complètes d’Ernest Renan, I. Ed. by Henriette Psichari, Paris, 1947, 945–960 (quoted here). – Ar. transl. with a preface by Ḥasan Bāšā ʿĀṣim, Dīn al-islām wa-l-ʿilm, Cairo, [1883] (cf. Cündioğlu 1996 [*96: 21]). On further translations into Arabic, Russian, Turkish, and Persian see Cündioğlu 1996 [*96: 22–25]. – Germ. transl. Der Islam und die Wissenschaft. Vortrag gehalten am 29. März 1883. Kritik dieses Vortrags vom Afghanen Scheik Djemmal Eddin und Ernest Renan’s Erwiderung. Autorisierte Übersetzung. Basel, 1883, 3–28; repr. in Schäbler 2016 [*108: 133–149].
Renan, E. “Appendice à la précédente conference.” Journal des Débats (19 May 1883). – Response to al-Afġānīs comment [*74] on Renan’s lecture “L’Islamisme et la science”. [*51]. – Repr. in Discours et Conférences (Paris, 1887), in Œuvres completes d’Ernest Renan, I. Ed. by Henriette Psichari, Paris, 1947, 960–965 (quoted here), and in Ernest Renan, L’islam et la science avec la réponse d’Al-Afghânî, préface de François Zabbal. Apt, 2005, 61–68. – Translations into Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and English are listed by Cündioğlu 1996 [*96: 38–40]. – Germ. transl. Der Islam und die Wissenschaft. Vortrag gehalten am 29. März 1883. Kritik dieses Vortrags vom Afghanen Scheik Djemmal Eddin und Ernest Renan’s Erwiderung. Autorisierte Übersetzung. Basel, 1883, 43–48; Repr. in Schäbler 2016 [*108: 161–165].
ʿAbduh, M. [“Maulāya al-muʿaẓẓam.”] (8 Šaʿbān 1300 [H]/[14 June 1883]). – Partial Engl. transl. by Elie Kedourie, [no title]. In Kedourie 1966 [*79: 45]. – Partial Germ. transl. by Werner Ende, [no title], in Ende 1969 [*82: 656]. – Letter to al-Afġānī, printed facsimile in Asnād va madārek [*33: 138–140]. – The letter has no title and is listed here with its salutation.
al-ʿAnḥūrī, Salīm Rafāʾīl Ǧirǧis. Siḥr Hārūt. Damascus, 1885 [Kedourie 1966 [*79: 90 fn. 21]. – Includes a brief biography of al-Afġānī by al-ʿAnḥūrī in the form of a marginal commentary on a poem about al-Afġānī. The biography was reprinted in Radd [*76] and under the title “Tarǧamat Salīm Bey al-ʿAnḥūrī li-l-Sayyid Ǧamāl al-Dīn” in Riḍā 2012 [*60: I 42–49] (quoted here). – Partial Engl. transl. by Nikki R. Keddie, “Biography of Afghānī,” in Keddie 1972 [*86: 30–31]. – Soon afterwards, al-ʿAnḥūrī retracted his statements regarding al-Afġānī’s atheism [*56].
al-ʿAnḥūrī, S.R.Ǧ. [“Taḫṭiʾa”]. Lisān al-Ḥāl and al-Ǧanna ([1885 or 1886]); (Riḍā 2012 [*60: I 50]). – ‘Correction’ of al-Afġānī’s believer status, in Radd [*76] and Riḍā 2012 [*60: I 50–51]. – Cf. al-ʿAnḥūri 1885 [*55].
Isḥāq, Adīb. “Ǧamāl al-Dīn.” In Al-Durar, Beirut, 1886. – Ed. by ʿAwnī Isḥāq, Beirut, 1909 (4th ed.), 220–224 (Khayati 1989 [*94: 140]). – Repr. in Riḍā 2012 [*60: I 39–42], (quoted here).
al-Maġribī, ʿAbd al-Qādir. [“Raʾy al-Sayyid fī iṣlāḥ ḥāl al-muslimīn”] (1310 [H]/[1892/1893]). In Riḍā 2012 [*60: I 82–83]. – Letter to Riḍā concerning the subjects discussed in conversations between al-Maġribī and al-Afġānī in Istanbul.
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ʿAmāra, Muḥammad. “Tamhīd.” In al-ʿAmāl al-kāmila [*20: 4–113]. – Introductory study on al-Afġānī’s collected works.
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Daiber, Hans. “Ein bisher unbekannter pseudoplatonischer Text über die Tugenden der Seele in arabischer Überlieferung.” Der Islam 47 (1971): 25–42.
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Kudsi-Zadeh, A.A. “Afghānī and freemasonry in Egypt.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 92/1 (1972): 25–35.
Hairi, Abdul-Hadi. Shīʿīsm and Constitutionalism in Iran. Leiden, 1977.
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Khayati, Mustapha. “Un disciple libre penseur de Al-Afghani: Adib Ishaq.” Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée 52–53 (1989): 138–149.
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Rust, Helena. A nahḍa of sexology? Anthropology and Aesthetics in Arabic Sexual Science 1900–1940. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Zürich, 2023 (forthcoming as a book in 2025).
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