Index
African Union
52, 80, 86, 97, 117, 119, 135, 148, 153, 154, 160, 166, 169, 170, 175, 178, 227, 242, 291
Allan Rock
7, 84, 85, 87, 91, 92, 95, 97, 98
Algeria
7, 9, 80, 97, 98, 112, 137, 155, 171, 200
Amr Moussa
7, 153, 172
Antonio Patriota
7, 280
Arab League (AL)
11, 13, 153, 154, 163, 167, 171, 172, 294
Argentina
79, 87, 112, 243
Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
248, 259, 262
atrocities
22, 79, 80, 81, 85, 89, 93, 94, 104, 114, 124, 125, 134, 135, 141, 144, 148, 157, 184, 211, 212, 217, 236, 241, 250, 251, 255, 258, 274, 275, 288, 291, 298, 314, 317
atrocity crimes
135, 194, 220, 236, 242, 248, 249, 268, 274, 278, 287, 306
Australia
9, 14, 79, 93, 94, 123, 127, 138, 198, 199, 201, 203, 227, 249, 251, 252, 253, 256, 271, 289
Ban Ki-Moon
114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 126, 172
Bashar Al Assad
56, 176, 177
Belarus
78, 238, 239, 244
Belgium
123, 128, 237, 243
Brazil
7, 9, 78, 95, 96, 144, 145, 156, 158, 159, 168, 169, 198, 199, 201, 280–283
Burundi
110, 286, 288
Canada
9, 14, 23, 75, 79, 85, 86, 87, 95, 96, 97, 98, 133, 207, 233–236, 238, 247
cascade
11, 12, 51, 52, 67, 68, 69, 107, 109, 148, 149, 160, 181, 183, 207,324, 325, 328, 329, 330, 331
Central African Republic (CAR)
185, 187, 189, 190, 266, 286, 287
Chile
79, 87, 95, 96, 237, 274
China
9, 14, 90, 92, 113, 1331, 157, 158, 159, 165, 169, 177, 186, 187, 202, 203, 220, 223–229, 232, 347, 267, 277, 305, 307, 313, 329
Congo
112, 189, 190, 192
Constitutive Act
34, 80, 97, 117
constitutive norm
29
contestation
52, 53–58, 60, 62, 65, 68, 69, 109, 121, 140, 178, 197, 205, 206, 207, 247, 271, 280, 324, 3328, 329
Cuba
9, 78, 83, 95, 96, 107, 116, 142, 143, 202, 203, 276
customary international law
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 15, 19, 25, 29, 31–50, 54, 57, 61, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 101, 102, 148, 178, 207, 293, 328, 331
crimes against humanity
23, 24, 80, 95, 100, 104, 105, 157, 158, 174, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 191, 192, 204, 205, 211, 219, 222, 228, 229, 230, 232, 235, 243, 291, 292, 294, 317, 318, 324, 327, 332
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)
190, 191, 192, 274
Denmark
9, 14, 111, 112, 198, 202, 233, 237, 238, 246, 247, 252, 289, 290
Ecuador
142, 143, 200, 277–280
Edward Luck
115, 116, 118, 123, 125
Egypt
7, 9, 80, 84, 97, 112, 116, 137, 151, 155, 171, 175, 176, 200, 203, 293, 294, 295–302, 317
ethnic cleansing
23, 24, 59, 85, 95, 100, 105, 181, 204, 205, 229, 262, 292, 294, 317, 324, 332
European Union (EU)
13, 14, 52, 79, 92, 98, 107, 117, 119, 121, 127–130, 131, 160, 172, 178, 201, 233, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 242, 244, 255, 294
France
9, 14, 85, 89, 90n65, 118, 119, 121, 126, 131, 133, 154n17, 156, 157, 159, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 215, 217, 218, 219–223, 246, 247, 273
Francis Deng
104, 114, 115, 118, 119
French Mexican Initiative
210, 210n12, 215, 220, 234, 251, 255, 269, 273, 289
Gabon
156, 158, 159, 168
Gareth Evans
74, 84, 87, 88, 123, 147
General Assembly (GA)
6, 12, 14, 21, 32, 41, 54, 62, 69, 74, 83, 87, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 134, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 171, 174, 183, 190, 191, 193, 195, 196, 198–205, 208, 209, 216, 217, 220, 221, 226, 230, 235, 241, 251, 252, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261, 263, 266, 268, 274, 277, 278, 279, 281, 285, 287, 288, 289, 291, 295, 300, 304, 317, 318, 323, 328, 331, 332
general principles
4, 25, 29, 31, 32
genocide
19, 22, 23, 23, 25n20, 59, 62, 80, 82, 90, 95, 100, 104, 105, 114, 115, 118, 119, 133, 134, 135, 148, 178, 181, 191, 192, 196, 197, 204, 205, 212, 217, 218, 219, 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 235, 241, 241n149, 243, 261, 262, 275, 291, 292, 293, 294, 306, 317, 323, 324, 332
Georgia
119, 120, 130, 131, 231, 246
Germany
87, 128, 146n163, 156, 157, 159, 168, 169, 236, 237, 238
Ghana
9, 112, 135, 198, 199, 201, 251, 252, 256, 289–291
Global Action Against Mass Atrocity Crimes (GAMAAC)
274, 274n13, 289, 319, 324
Grotian Moment
47
Hillary Clinton
161, 162, 163, 173
Human Rights Council (HRC)
6, 12, 14, 74, 92, 99, 134, 143, 156, 171, 183, 190, 191, 192, 204, 209, 217, 221, 226, 231, 2332, 235, 250, 257, 261, 266, 267, 269, 274, 285, 287, 289, 294, 299, 300, 313, 317
India
79, 84, 94–95, 138, 139, 156, 158, 159, 168, 201, 202, 267
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (the Commission/ICISS)
1, 19, 20, 21, 75, 323
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
4, 7, 11, 25, 25n20, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 47, 69, 101, 227
International Law Association (ILA)
46
International Law Commission (ILC)
4, 5, 11, 28, 29, 30, 30n40–n42, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 41, 42, 46, 327
Japan
9, 15, 93, 112, 141, 142, 201, 202n109, 249, 254–257, 271, 326
John Bolton
83, 84, 88, 89
Jordan
137, 171, 172, 258, 294, 304, 308
Kenya
116–119, 123, 131
Kofi Annan
19, 22, 23, 75, 82, 87–88, 114, 118n40, 148, 290
Kosovo
1, 22, 64, 75, 85, 119, 121
Lebanon
146n162, 156, 158, 159, 163, 167, 171, 293, 295, 305, 308–313
Liberia
286–289
Libya
3, 7, 11, 13, 14, 25n20, 56, 109, 149–177, 182, 183, 193, 194, 199, 206, 208, 218, 226, 231, 233, 239,241, 247, 256, 258, 274, 280, 282, 291, 303, 305, 311, 312, 313, 329
Lichtenstein
9, 258
Malaysia
79
Mexico
9, 95, 96, 142, 203, 220, 273, 274, 275, 277, 326
Morocco
116, 137, 172, 295, 304, 308
Muammar Gaddafi
65, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 163, 165, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177
Myanmar
15, 126, 140, 267–271, 325, 326
NATO
64, 91, 119, 120, 161, 165, 168, 176, 177, 178, 282
New Zealand
14, 79, 93, 94, 127, 138, 249, 250–253, 271
Nigeria
156, 158, 159, 168, 169
Non Align Movement (NAM)
7, 79, 92, 130, 131, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 257, 283, 303
non-intervention
63–65, 80, 92, 96, 120, 123, 131, 132, 136, 139, 141, 144, 226, 268, 273, 276, 296, 303n143, 305
norm
2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27–31, 27n30, 38, 39, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58–65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 77, 87, 90, 98, 99, 104, 107, 109, 110, 114, 115, 122, 128, 129, 131, 136, 138, 139, 140, 148, 182, 183, 185, 197, 205, 207, 230, 256, 258, 263, 271, 283, 284, 301, 319, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331
norm cascade
51, 68, 107, 149
Norm Contestation
53, 54–58, 60
Norm Dynamism
52–54
norm emergence
51, 68, 69, 73, 74–78, 323
norm erosion
53, 58–65, 73, 74
norm internatlisation
52, 183
norm life cycle
9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 48, 49–68, 73, 74, 107, 121, 148, 149, 178, 182, 207, 324, 326
norm robustness
12, 15, 58–65, 73, 74
Norway
128
opinio juris
4, 5–15, 19, 25, 31, 33, 37–47, 49, 50, 53, 68, 73, 101, 102, 103, 109, 122, 149, 181, 182, 206, 207, 216, 219, 221, 226, 247, 248, 254, 263, 267, 270, 271, 275, 286, 291, 300, 302, 313, 318, 323, 328, 329, 330, 331
Organisation of American States (OAS)
272
P3
89, 199, 218
P5
9, 9n18, 14, 79, 84, 85, 88–92, 95, 95n93, 99n110, 131–135, 138, 154, 161–166, 204, 208–233, 247, 258, 259, 267, 293
Pakistan
9, 63, 79, 84, 85, 86, 94–95, 112, 116, 138, 139, 254, 263–267, 271
peacekeeping
14, 22, 113, 148, 181, 185, 210, 212, 222, 224, 228, 235, 249, 262, 266, 273, 290, 300, 301, 302, 305, 312, 324, 328
Peacekeeping Operations
9, 113, 228, 262, 294, 300, 312
persistent objector
43, 58
Peru
79, 96, 112
Pillar I
9, 10, 14, 15, 122, 127, 135, 141, 143, 144, 160, 164, 167, 178, 181, 184, 190, 206, 207, 211, 216, 244, 245, 247, 249, 252, 254, 259, 260, 266, 267, 270, 271, 277, 279, 282, 287, 292, 296, 299, 300, 302, 311, 314, 323, 326, 327, 328, 329, 331
Pillar II
9, 10, 11, 15, 122, 127, 128, 135, 137, 143, 144, 188, 190, 206, 207, 211, 233, 237, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 252, 254, 259, 260, 271, 282, 287, 296, 299, 301, 304, 311, 313, 318, 326, 328, 329, 331
Pillar III
10, 11, 13, 15, 122, 128, 136, 137, 141, 142, 144, 160, 165, 171, 181, 190, 194, 198n89, 206, 207, 211, 224, 234, 239, 245, 246, 247, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260, 269, 271, 273, 282, 284, 292, 297, 311, 313, 318, 326, 329, 331, 332
Philippines
139, 305
Portugal
156, 158, 159, 168
Qatar
9, 112, 113, 137, 153, 154, 171, 172, 203, 295, 302–308, 326
Ramesh Thakur
60, 61, 75, 76, 88, 147, 197, 207
Responsibility while Protecting (RwP)
7, 144, 198, 198n89, 199, 242, 280, 281
Russia
9, 9n18, 14, 90–91, 113, 119, 120, 131, 132, 154, 157, 158, 159, 165, 166, 169, 176, 177, 178, 186, 187, 200, 202, 203, 210n12, 220n53, 226, 229–233, 238, 247, 313, 329
Rwanda
1, 9, 19, 62, 75, 80, 82, 84, 85, 96, 97, 124, 135, 163, 174, 202, 283, 289, 326
Saudi Arabia
8, 154, 295
Security Council (SC)
6, 12, 13, 14, 21, 41, 54, 64, 74, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 99n110, 106, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 126, 127, 128, 131, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 149, 154, 155, 156, 157,158,159,160, 163, 167, 171, 72, 173, 176, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 193, 199, 203, 204, 209, 210, 214, 215, 217, 220, 221, 224, 226, 227, 228, 232, 234, 235, 246, 250, 256, 258, 260, 265, 267, 273, 277, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 287, 289, 297, 299, 300, 301, 305, 308, 310, 312, 313, 315, 323, 329, 331, 332
Singapore
9, 15, 79, 81, 93, 141, 201, 202, 203, 254, 257–263, 271, 326
Slovakia
111, 112, 128
South Africa
9, 80, 84, 95n93, 96, 97, 135, 156, 158, 159, 169, 170, 283–286
South Korea
9, 14, 93–94, 127, 198, 249, 251, 253
South Sudan
149, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 218, 312
sovereignty
1, 5, 19, 20, 21, 31, 50, 59, 63, 64, 65, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 85, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 104, 105, 112, 113, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 129, 131, 132, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 155, 157, 171, 187, 190, 209, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 231, 250, 254, 257n44, 260, 263, 268, 269, 272, 276, 277, 282, 287, 296, 299, 301, 303, 304, 313, 317, 323, 329, 331
Sri Lanka
140, 141, 267–271
state practice
4, 5–9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 25, 31, 32–37, 40, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 59, 67n76, 68, 73, 74, 103, 110, 149, 181, 182, 206, 207, 209, 218, 219, 222, 227, 232, 236, 247, 248, 249, 254, 267, 270, 271, 272, 286, 288, 289, 291, 299, 307, 312, 313, 323, 325, 328, 330, 331
Sudan
9, 80, 97, 98, 112, 116, 136, 155, 185, 189, 283, 286, 300
Syria
7, 9, 56, 109, 155, 176, 177, 182, 186, 190, 191, 192, 200, 203, 221, 231, 233, 235, 256, 257, 266, 274, 282, 293, 295, 304, 305, 306, 311, 312, 313–318, 325, 326, 327, 329
Turkey
175, 176, 244
Ukraine
202, 236
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
153, 154, 171, 172, 294, 308, 318n211
United Kingdom (UK)
9, 9n18, 14, 78, 85, 86, 89, 90, 131, 133, 154, 154n17, 156, 157, 158, 164, 167, 169, 170, 171, 202, 203, 213–219, 243, 244, 246, 247
United States (US)
9, 9n18, 14, 78, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 117, 118, 119, 132, 133, 134, 135, 154, 157, 159, 161–164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 176, 201, 202, 203, 208–213, 215, 217, 247, 256, 276, 279, 288, 303
Venezuela
9, 78, 83, 95, 96, 98, 107, 116, 143, 276–277, 298, 302, 313, 317, 326, 327
war crimes
23, 24, 59, 80, 95, 100, 104, 105, 135, 157, 176, 181, 184, 185, 186, 191, 204, 205, 219, 222, 228, 232, 235, 243, 253, 262, 270, 291, 292, 317, 318, 323, 324, 332
World Summit Outcome Document
1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 22, 23, 47, 63, 64, 65, 68, 74, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 124, 125, 126, 127, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 181, 184, 185, 188, 190, 191, 192, 198, 209, 216, 223, 224, 238, 239, 247, 254, 267, 295, 297, 313, 323, 328, 329