Bibliography
Primary Sources
Al-Afḍal al-ʿAbbās. The Manuscript of Al-Malik al-Afḍal al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAlī b. Dāʾūd b. Yūsuf b. ʿUmar b. ʿAlī Ibn Rasūl (d. 778/1377): A Medieval Arabic Anthology from the Yemen. Edited by Daniel M. Varisco and G. Rex Smith. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1998.
Al-Akwaʿ, Ismāʿīl b. ʿAlī. Al-Madāris al-islāmīya fī al-Yaman. Damascus: Dār al-fikr, 1980.
Al-Ashraf ʿUmar b. Yūsuf b. Rasūl. Ṭurfat al-aṣḥāb fī maʿrifat al-ansāb. Edited by K. W. Zettersteen. Damascus: n.p., 1949.
Al-Burayhī, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Saksakī al-Yamanī. Ṭabaqāt ṣulaḥāʾ al-Yaman. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥibshī. Sanaʿa: Markaz al-dirāsāt wa-l-buḥūt al-yamanī, 1983.
Al-Hādī īla al-Ḥaqq. Kitāb al-Aḥkām fī al-ḥalāl wa al-ḥarām. Edited by Abū al-Ḥassan ʿAlī b. al-Ḥassan Abū Ḥarīṣa. Sanaʿa: Maktabat badr lil-ṭabāʿa wa-l-nashr wa-l-tawziʿ, 2014.
Al-Ḥakamī, ʿUmāra b. ʿAlī. Al-Mufīd fī akhbār Zabīd. Edited by Henry Cassels Kay. London: Arnold, 1892.
Al-Ḥakamī, ʿUmāra b. ʿAlī. Tarīkh al-Yaman: Al-musamma al-mufīd fī akhbār Ṣanʿaʾ wa Zabīd wa-shuʿarāʾ mulūkihā wa-aʿyānihā wa-udabāʾihā. Edited by Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Al-Akwaʿ. Ṣanʿāʾ: Maṭbaʿat al-ʿilm, 1989.
Al-Hamdānī, al-Ḥasan b. Aḥmad. Kitāb al-gawharatayn al-ʿatīqatayn al-māʾiʿatayn aṣ-ṣafrāʾ wa al-bayḍāʾ. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1968.
Al-Hamdānī, al-Ḥasan b. Aḥmad. Ṣifat jazīrat al-ʿarab. Edited by Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Al-Akwaʿ. Sanaʿa: Maktabat al-irshād, 1990.
Al-Ḥibshī, ʿAbd Allāh. Muʿjam al-nisāʾ al-yamaniyāt. Sanaʿa: Dār al-fikr al-maʿāṣir, 1988.
Al-Ḥimyarī, Nashwān b. Saʿīd. Shams al-ʿulūm wa dawāʾ kalām al-ʿarab min al-kulūm. Edited by Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh Al-ʿAmrī, Muṭahar b. ʿAlī Al-Iryānī, and Yūsuf Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh. 12 vols. Damascus: Dār al-fikr, 1999.
Al-Ḥusayn, Yaḥyā b. Ghāyat al-amānī fī akhbār al-quṭr al-yamānī. Edited by Saʿīd ʿAshūr. 2 vols. Cairo: Dār al-kātib al-ʿarabī li-l-ṭabaʿa wa-l-nashr, 1968.
Al-Idrīsī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Kitāb nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. Edited by Alessio Bombacci, Umberto Rizzitano, and Laura Veccia Vaglieri. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, 1970.
Al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿUthmān ʿAmr b. Baḥr. The Life and Works of Jāḥiẓ: Translations of Selected Texts. Translated by Charles Pellat and D. M. Hawke. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969.
Al-Janadī, Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf. Al-Ṣulūk fī ṭabaqāt al-ʿulamāʾ wa al-mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Al-Akwaʿ. 2 vols. Ṣanʿāʾ: Maktabat al-irshād, 1993.
Al-Khazrajī, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Al-ʿUqūd al-luʾluʾiyya fī taʾrīkh al-dāwla al-rasūliyya (The Pearl-Strings; A History of the Resúliyy Dynasty of Yemen). Edited by James William Redhouse and Alexander Rogers. Leiden: Brill, 1906.
Al-Khazrajī, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Al-ʿIqd al-fākhir al-ḥasan fī ṭabaqāt akābir ahl al-Yaman, wa huwa ṭirāz aʿlām al-zaman fī ṭabaqāt aʿyān al-Yaman. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh b. Qāʾid ʿAbbādī, Mubārak b. Muḥammad al-Dūsarī, ʿAlī ʿAbd Allāh Sāliḥ al-Wusābī, and Jamīl Aḥmad Saʿd al-Ashwal. 5 vols. Sanaʿa: Maktabat al-jīl al-jadīd, 2009.
Al-Maqrīzī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Kitāb al-Sulūk li-maʿrifat duwal al-mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya, 1997.
Al-Mujāwir, Yūsuf ibn Yaʿqūb. Tārīkh al-mustabṣir. Edited by Oscar Löfgren. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1951.
Al-Muqaddasī, Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Kitāb Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿarifat al-aqālīm. Edited by Michael J. de Goeje. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 1906.
Al-Nawawī, Yaḥyā b. Sharaf. Minhāj al-ṭālibīn wa ʿumdat al-muftīn. Edited by Muḥammad Ṭāhir Shaʿbān. Beirut: Dār al-Minhāj, 2005.
Al-Qalqashandī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās. Nihāyat al-ʿarab fī maʿrifat ansāb al-ʿarab. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiya, n.d.
Al-ʿUmārī, Ibn Faḍl Allāh. Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār. Edited by Kāmil Salmān al-Jubūrī and Mahdī Al-Najm. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiya, 2010.
Al-Zabīdī, Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Aḥmad al-Sharjī. Ṭabaqāt al-khawāṣṣ ahl al-ṣidq wa-l-ikhlāṣ. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥibshī. Ṣanʿāʾ: Al-dār al-yamaniya li-l-nashr wa al-tawziʿ, 1992.
Anonymous. Hudūd al-ʿālam: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.–982 A.D.; The Regions of the World. Edited by Vladimir F. Minorskij. E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937.
Anonymous. Nūr al-maʿārif fī nuẓum wa-qawānīn wa-aʿrāf al-Yaman fī al-ʿahd al-muẓaffarī al-wārif (Lumière de la connaissance. Règles, lois et coutumes du Yémen sous le règne du sultan rasoulide al-Muẓaffar). Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Jāzim. 2 vols. Sanaʿa: Centre français d’archéologie et de sciences sociales (Sanaa), 2003.
Anonymous. Irtifāʿ al-dawla al-muʾayyadiyya. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Jāzim. Ṣanʿāʾ: Al-maʿhad al-faransī li-l-thār wa-l-ʿulūm al-ijtimāʿiyya bi-Ṣanʿāʾ, 2008.
Bā Makhrama, Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭayyib b. ʿAbd Allāh. “Tārīkh thaghr ʿAdan.” In Arabische Texte zur Kenntnis der Stadt Aden im Mittelalter, edited by Oscar Löfgren. Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1936.
Bā Makhrama, Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭayyib b. ʿAbd Allāh. Taʾrīkh thaghr ʿAdan wa-tarājim ʿulamāʾihā. Edited by ʿAlī Ḥasan ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-jīl, 1987.
Clot-Bey, Antoine B. Aperçu général sur l’Égypte. Paris: Fortin, Masson, et cie, 1840.
Goitein, Shelomo Dov. “From Aden to India: Specimens of the Correspondence of India Traders of the Twelfth Century.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 23, no. 1/2 (1980): 43–66.
Goitein, Shelomo Dov. Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.
Goitein, Shelomo Dov. “Portrait of a Medieval India Trader: Three Letters from the Cairo Geniza.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, no. 3 (1987): 449–464.
Goitein, Shelomo Dov, and Mordechai Akiva Friedman. India Traders of the Middle Ages: Documents from the Cairo Geniza (India Book). Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Ḥallāq, Ḥassān, and ʿAbbās Ṣabbāgh. Al-Muʿjam al-jāmiʿ fīl-muṣṭalaḥāt al-ʿuthmāniyya dhāt al-uṣūl al-ʿarabiyya wa al-fārisiya wa al-turkiya. Beirut: Dār al-ʿilm lil-malāʾīn, 1999.
Ibn al-Daybaʿ, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. Qurrat al-ʿuyūn bi-akhbār al-Yaman al-maymūn. Edited by Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Al-Akwaʿ. 2nd ed. Sanaʿa: Maktabat Abū Dhar al-Ghafārī, 1988.
Ibn al-Furāt, Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm. Taʾrīkh al-duwal wa al-mulūk. Edited by Qusṭanṭīn Zurayq. Beirut: Al-maṭbaʿa al-amrīkānīya, 1936.
Ibn al-Mujāwir, Yūsuf b. Yaʿqūb. A Traveller in Thirteenth-Century Arabia: Ibn al-Mujāwir’s Tārīkh al-mustabṣir. Edited by G. Rex Smith. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008.
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd Allāh. The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa: A.D. 1325–1354. Edited by H. A. R. Gibb. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2004.
Ibn Buṭlān, Yawānīs al-Mukhtār. Trattato generale sull’acquisto e l’esame degli schiavi. Translated by Antonella Ghersetti. Catanzaro: Abramo, 2001.
Ibn Ḥātim, Badr al-Dīn. Al-simṭ al-ghālī al-thaman fī akhbār al-mulūk min al-ghuzz bi-l-Yaman. Edited by G. Rex Smith. London: Luzac and Co., 1974.
Ibn Ḥawqal, Muḥammad. Ṣūrat al-arḍ. Cairo: Sharikat nawābigh al-fikr, 2006.
Ibn Iyās al-Ḥanafī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Badāʾiʿ al-zuhūr fī waqāʾiʿ al-duhūr. Edited by Muḥammad Muṣṭafā. Vol. 1, part 2. 5 vols. Cairo: Al-hayʾat al-maṣriya al-ʿāma lil-kitāb, 1974.
Ibn Manẓūr. Lisān al-ʿarab. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ʿAlī al-Kabīr, Ḥasab Allāh Ḥāshim Muḥammad, and Muḥammad Aḥmad al-Shādhilī. 6 vols. Cairo: Dār al-maʿārif, 1981.
Ibn Sīda, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Ismāʿīl. Al-Mukhaṣṣaṣ. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya, n.d.
Ibn ʿAbd al-Majīd, ʿAbd al-Bāqī al-Yamānī. Bahjat al-zaman fī tārīkh al-Yaman. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥibshī and Muḥammad Aḥmad al-Sanabānī. Sanaʿa: Dār al-ḥikma al-yamāniyya, 1988.
Idrīs al-Ḥamzī, Imād al-Dīn b. ʿAlī. Tārīkh al-Yaman min kitāb kanz al-akhyār fī maʿrifat al-siyar wa-l-akhyār. Edited by ʿAbd al-Muḥsin Mudʿij al-Mudʿij. Kuwait: Muʾassasat al-shirāʿ al-ʿarabī, 1992.
Madden, Richard R. Travels in Turkey, Egypt, Nubia and Palestine in 1824, 1825, 1826 and 1827. London: Henry Colburn, 1829.
Rāgib, Yusuf. Actes de vente d’esclaves et d’animaux d’Égypte médiévale. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 2002.
Serjeant, Robert B. The Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast: Ḥaḍramī Chronicles, with Yemeni and European Accounts of Dutch Pirates off Mocha in the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.
Serjeant, Robert B. “Forms of Plea: A Shafiʾi Manual from al-Shihr.” Customary and Shariʾah Law in Arabian Society, Rivista degli Studi Orientali XXX (1992), 1–15.
Smith, G. Rex. A Medieval Administrative and Fiscal Treatise from the Yemen: The Rasulid Mulakhkhaṣ al-Fiṭan of al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Ḥusaynī. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Varthema, Ludovico de. Itinerario di Ludovico de Varthema, bolognese: Nello Egypto, nella Surria, nella Arabia deserta et felice, nella Persia, nella India et nella Etiopia; La fede, el vivere et costumi de tutte le prefate provincie. Edited by Paolo Giudici. Milan: Alpes, 1928.
Secondary Sources
Abbott, Nabia. Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn al-Rashīd. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946.
Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. London: Frank Cass, 1980.
Abu-Lughod, Lila. “A Community of Secrets: The Separate World of Bedouin Women.” Signs 10, no. 4 (1985): 637–657.
Al-ʿAmrī, Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Umarāʾ wa al-ʿabīd wa al-mamālīk fī al-Yaman: baḥth taʾrīkhī muqārin bayn al-sharq wa al-gharb ḥatta al-qarn al-ʿashrīn. Beirut: Dār al-fikr al-maʿāṣir, 1989.
Albrecht, Sarah. “Dār Al-Islām and Dār al-Ḥar.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25867).
Ali, Kecia. “Concubinage and Consent.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Roundtable “Locating Slavery in Middle Eastern and Islamic History,” 49 (2017): 148–152.
Ali, Kecia. Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.
Ali, Omar H. Malik Ambar: Power and Slavery across the Indian Ocean. The World in a Life Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Al-Shamrookh, Nayef A. The Commerce and Trade of the Rasulids in the Yemen, 630–858/1231–1454. Kuwait: State of Kuwait, 1996.
Alshaif, Gokh Amin. “Black and Yemeni: Myths, Genealogies, and Race.” POMEPS Studies 44 (Racial Formations in Africa and the Middle East: A Transregional Approach) (2021): 129–134.
Amitai, Reuven. “The Mamlūk Institution, or One Thousand Years of Military Slavery in the Islamic World.” In Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age, edited by Christopher L. Brown and Philip D. Morgan. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
Anchassi, Omar. “‘A Trace of the Traces of Unbelief’: Notes on Some Aspects of Slavery in Pre-modern Legal and Theological Texts.” London: Unpublished, 2016.
Appadurai, Arjun. “The Past as a Scarce Resource.” Man 16, no. 2 (1981): 201–219.
Arabi, Oussama. “Capacity, Legal.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25467).
Arabi, Oussama, David S. Powers, and Susan A. Spectorsky, eds. Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists. Studies in Islamic Law and Society 36. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
Ayalon, David. Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study in Power Relationships. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1999.
Ayalon, David. The Eunuchs in the Mamluk Sultanate. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1977.
Ayalon, David. “Names, Titles and Nisbas of the Mamluks.” In The Mamluk Military Society, 189–232. Collected Studies Series 104. London: Variorum Reprints, 1979.
Ayalon, David. “Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army I.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 15, no. 2 (1953): 203–228.
Ayalon, David. “Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army II.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 15, no. 3 (1953): 448–476.
Ayalon, David. “Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army III.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 16, no. 1 (1954): 57–90.
ʿAbd al-Rāziq, Aḥmad. La femme au temps des mamlouks en Égypte. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire, 1973.
Baba, Tamon. “Yemen under the Rasūlids during the 13th Century.” Chroniques du Manuscrit au Yémen 17 (2014. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (https://doi.org/10.4000/cmy.2041).
Balafrej, Lamia. “Domestic Slavery, Skin Colour, and Image Dialectic in Thirteenth-Century Arabic Manuscripts.” Art History 44, no. 5 (2021): 1012–1036.
Balog, Paul. “History of the Dirhem in Egypt from the Fāṭimid Conquest until the Collapse of the Mamlūk Empire.” Revue numismatique 6, no. 3 (1961): 109–146.
Barker, Hannah. “Egyptian and Italian Merchants in the Black Sea Slave Trade, 1260–1500.” PhD diss., Columbia University, 2014.
Barker, Hannah. “Purchasing a Slave in Fourteenth-Century Cairo: Ibn al-Akfānī’s Book of Observation and Inspection in the Examination of Slaves.” Mamlūk Studies Review 19 (2016): 1–23.
Bauer, Thomas. Warum es kein islamisches Mittelalter gab: Das Erbe der Antike und der Orient. Munich: C. H. Beck, 2018.
Bauer, Thomas, and Angelika Neuwirth, eds. Ghazal as World Literature I: Transformations of a Literary Genre. Beirut: Orient-Institut Beirut, 2005.
Bellagamba, Alice, ed. African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Bellagamba, Alice. “Freedom from Below: Some Introductory Thoughts.” Journal of Global Slavery 2, no. 1–2 (1 January 2017): 1–9.
Bellagamba, Alice, Marco Gardini, and Laura Menin. “Shadows of Slavery: Refractions of the Past, Challenges of the Present.” Open Democracy, 2018. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/shadows-of-slavery-refractions-of-past-chal).
Bellefonds, Yvon. “Kafāʾa.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3772).
Benkheira, Mohammed Hocine. “Un libre peut-il épouser une esclave? Esquisse d’histoire d’un débat, des origines à al-Shāfiʿī (m.204/820).” Der Islam 84, no. 2 (2008): 246–355.
Benson, Susan. “Injurious Names: Naming, Disawoval, and Recuperation in Contexts of Slavery and Emancipation.” In The Anthropology of Names and Naming, edited by Gabriele vom Bruck and Barbara Bodenhorn, 178–199. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Blachère, Régis, and Alessandro Bausani. “G̲h̲azal.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0232).
Bonacci, Giulia, and Alexander Meckelburg. “Revisiting Slavery and the Slave Trade in Ethiopia.” Edited by Lee V. Cassanelli. Northeast African Studies 17, no. 2 (2017): 5–30.
Bosworth, Clifford E. “Lālā.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8793).
Bouanga, Ayda. “Gold, Slaves, and Trading Routes in Southern Blue Nile (Abbay) Societies, Ethiopia, 13th–16th Centuries.” Northeast African Studies 17, no. 2 (2017): 31–60.
Bouderbala, Sobhi. “Les Najāḥides,” ed. Amélie Chekroun, Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, Islam éthiopien: une histoire connectée de la Corne de l’Afrique médiévale, no. 153 (2023): 135–152.
Brandt, Marieke. Tribes and Politics in Yemen: A History of the Houthi Conflict. London: Hurst, 2017.
Bray, Julia. “Men, Women and Slaves in Abbasid Society.” In Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300–900, edited by Leslie Brubaker and Julia M. H. Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Brockopp, Jonathan E. Early Mālikī Law: Ibn ʿAbd al-ḥakam and his Major Compendium of Jurisprudence. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
Bruck, Gabriele vom. Islam, Memory, and Morality in Yemen: Ruling Families in Transition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Brunschvig, Robert. “ʿAbd.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003).
Bulakh, Maria. “Al-Malik al-Afḍal’s 14th-Century ‘Arabic–Ethiopic Glossary’ as an Attempt at Language Documentation.” Edited by Anne Regourd and Nancy Um. Chroniques du Manuscrit au Yémen 1 (2017): 1–30.
Bulakh, Maria, and Leonid Kogan. The Arabic–Ethiopic Glossary by al-Malik al-Afḍal: An Annotated Edition with a Linguistic Introduction and a Lexical Index. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
Burckhardt, John L. Travels in Nubia. London: John Murray, 1819.
Campbell, Gwyn. “East Africa in the Early Indian Ocean World Slave Trade: The Zanj Revolt Reconsidered.” In Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World, edited by Gwyn Campbell, 275–303. Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies. Cham: Springer International, 2016.
Campbell, Gwyn. “Slavery and the Trans-Indian Ocean World Slave Trade.” In Cross Currents and Community Networks: The History of the Indian Ocean World, edited by Himanshu Prabha Ray and Edward A. Alpers, 286–305. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Campbell, Gwyn, and Alessandro Stanziani. “Slavery and Bondage in the Indian Ocean World, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery 4, edited by David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, Seymour Drescher and David Richardson. 226–245. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Chaudhuri, Kirti N. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Chekroun, Amélie. “Le Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša: Écriture de l’histoire, guerre et société dans le Barr Saʿd ad-Dīn (Éthiopie, xvie siècle).” PhD diss., Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2013.
Christiansen, Connie Carøe, and Sabria al-Thawr. “Muhamesheen Activism: Enacting Citizenship during Yemen’s Transition.” Citizenship Studies 23, no. 2 (2019): 115–138.
Cilardo, Agostino. “Bequest.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22776).
Clarence-Smith, William G. The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. London: Frank Cass, 1989.
Clarence-Smith, William G. Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. London: Hurst, 2006.
Comaroff, John. “Dialectical Systems, History and Anthropology: Units of Study and Questions of Theory.” Journal of Southern African Studies 8, no. 2 (1982): 143–172.
Comaroff, John L., and Jean Comaroff. Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.
Cooper, Frederick. “The Problem of Slavery in African Studies.” Journal of African History 20, no. 1 (1979): 103–125.
Cortese, Delia, and Simonetta Calderini. Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
Coser, Lewis A. “The Political Functions of Eunuchism.” American Sociological Review 29, no. 6 (1964): 880–885.
Croken, Barbara E. “Zabid under the Rasulids of Yemen, 626–858 AH/1229–1454 AD.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 1990.
Crone, Patricia. Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Crone, Patricia. Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Daum, Werner. Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix. Innsbruck: Pinguin-Verlag, 1987.
De la Puente, Cristina. “Free Fathers, Slave Mothers and Their Children: A Contribution to the Study of Family Structures in Al-Andalus.” Imago Temporis: Medium Aevum 7 (2013): 27–44.
De la Puente, Cristina. “Mano de obra esclava en Al-Andalus.” Espacio Tiempo y Forma: Serie III, Historia Medieval 23 (2010).
De la Puente, Cristina. Sin linaje, sin alcurnia, sin hogar: eunucos en al Andalus en la época omeya. Vol. Identidades marginales. EOBA, 13. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2003.
De la Puente, Cristina. “Slaves in Al-Andalus through Maliki Wathaʾiq Works (4th–6th Centuries H/10th–12th Centuries CE): Marriages and Slavery as Factors of Social Categorisation.” Annales Islamiques (Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale) 42 (2008).
De Regt, Marina, and Aisha Aljaedy. “Muwalladeen in Yemen: Racialization, Stigmatization and Discrimination in Times of War.” Sanaʿa: Sanaʿa Center for Strategic Studies, 2022.
Deny, J. “Rikābdār.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0925).
Derat, Marie-Laure. “Chrétiens et musulmans d’Ethiopie face à la traite et à l’esclavage aux XVe et XVIe siècles.” In Traites et esclavages en Afrique orientale et dans l’océan indien, edited by H. Médard, Marie-Laure Derat, T. Vernet, and M.-P. Ballarin, 121–148. Paris: Karthala, 2013.
Derenbourg, Hartwig. ʿOumāra du Yémen: Sa vie et son oeuvre. Paris: Leroux, 1897.
Dorsky, Susan. Women of ʿAmran: A Middle Eastern Ethnographic Study. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1986.
Dostal, Walter. Egalität und Klassengesellschaft in Südarabien. Anthropologische Untersuchungen zur sozialen Evolution. Horn: F. Berger, 1983.
El Cheikh, Nadia Maria. “An Abbasid Caliphal Family.” In Approaches to the Byzantine Family, edited by Leslie Brubaker and Shaun Tougher, 327–344. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.
El Cheikh, Nadia Maria. “The ‘Court’ of al-Muqtadir: Its Space and Its Occupants.” In ʿAbbasid Studies II: Occasional Papers of the School of ʿAbbasid Studies Leuven, 319–336. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2010.
El Cheikh, Nadia Maria. “Revisiting the Abbasid Harems.” Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 1, no. 3 (2005): 1–19.
El Cheikh, Nadia Maria. “Servants at the Gate: Eunuchs at the Court of al-Muqtadir.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no. 2 (2005): 234–252.
Erlich, Haggai. “Jabarti.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27730).
Esch, Arnold. “Überlieferungschancen und Überlieferungszufall als methodisches Problem des Historikers.” Historische Zeitschrift 240 (1985): 529–570.
Ewald, Janet J. “Slavery in Africa and the Slave Trades from Africa.” American Historical Review 97, no. 2 (1992): 465–485.
Farmer, H. G. “Ṭabl-K̲h̲āna.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7261).
Fauvelle, François-Xavier. “The Production of Eunuchs in Abyssinia Ethiopia and Somaliland, around 1340.” In The Golden Rhinoceros: Histories of the African Middle Ages, translated by Troy Tice, 209–214. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.
Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier, and Bertrand Hirsch. “Muslim Historical Spaces in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa: A Reassessment.” Northeast African Studies 11, no. 1 (2004): 25–53.
Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier, Bertrand Hirsch, Régis Bernard, and Frédéric Champagne. “Le Port de Zeyla et son arrière-pays au Moyen Âge: Investigations archéologiques et retour aux sources écrites.” In Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l’Afrique au Moyen Âge, 27–74. Annales d’Éthiopie hors-série. Addis Ababa: Centre français des études éthiopiennes, 2017.
Ferguson, James. Give a Man a Fish: Reflections on the New Politics of Distribution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.
Fleisch, H. “Ism.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3642).
Frank, Louis. Mémoire sur le commerce des Nègres au Kaire et sur les maladies auxquelles ils sont sujets en y arrivant. Paris: Migneret; Brigithe Mathe, 1802.
Franz, Kurt. “Slavery in Islam: Legal Norms and Social Practice.” In Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1000–1500 CE), edited by Reuven Amitai and Christopher Cluse, 51–141. Turnhout: Brepols, 2017.
Freamon, Bernard K. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
Freeman-Grenville, Greville S. P., and Alexandre Popovic. “Al-Zand̲j̲.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1379).
Friedmann, Yohanan. “Dhimma.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Devin J. Stewart, 2012. Everett Rowson, 2010. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733912_ei3_COM_26005).
Gellner, Ernest. Muslim Society. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology 32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Gemery, Henry A., and Jan Hogendorn, eds. The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Gerholm, Thomas. “Market, Mosque and Mafraj: Social Inequality in a Yemeni Town.” PhD diss., University of Stockholm, 1977.
Ghosh, Amitav. In an Antique Land. N.p.: Ravi Dayal Publisher, 1992.
Gilli-Elewy, Hend. “On the Provenance of Slaves in Mecca during the Time of the Prophet Muhammad.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Roundtable “Locating Slavery in Middle Eastern and Islamic History,” 49 (2017): 164–168.
Gingrich, Andre. “Der Agrarkalender der Munebbih: Eine ethnologische Studie zu sozialem Kontext und regionalem Vergleich eines tribalen Sternenkalenders in Südwestarabien.” PhD diss., Habilitationsschrift an der grund- und integrativwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien, 1989.
Gingrich, Andre. “Ehre, Raum und Körper: Zur sozialen Konstruktion der Geschlechter im Nordjemen.” In Körper, Religion und Macht: Sozialanthropologie der Geschlechterbeziehungen, edited by Ulrike Davis-Sulikowski, Hildegard Diemberger and Andre Gingrich. Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2001.
Gingrich, Andre. “How the Chiefs’ Daughters Marry: Tribes, Marriage Patterns and Hierarchies in Northwest Yemen.” In Kinship, Social Change and Evolution: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Honour of Walter Dostal, edited by Andre Gingrich, Siegfried Haas, Sylvia Haas, and Gabriele Paleczek, 5: 75–85. Horn: Wiener Beiträge zur Ethnologie und Anthropologie, 1989.
Gingrich, Andre. “Spirits of the Border: Some Remarks on the Connotation of Jinn in North-Western Yemen.” Quaderni di Studi Arabi 13 (1995): 199–212.
Goitein, Shelomo Dov. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967.
Goitein, Shelomo Dov. Studies in Islamic History and Institutions. Leiden: Brill, 1968.
Goodich, Michael, Piotr O. Scholz, John A. Broadwin and Shelley L. Frisch. “Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History.” American Historical Review 106, no. 5 (2001): 1750–1751.
Goody, Jack, and Stanley J. Tambiah. Bridewealth and Dowry. Cambridge Papers in Social Anthropology 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Gordon, Matthew S. “Abbasid Courtesans and the Question of Social Mobility.” In Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, edited by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain. Oxford University Press, 2017.
Gordon, Matthew S. “The Place of Competition: The Careers of ʿArīb al-Maʾmūniya and ʿUlayya Bint al-Mahdī, Sisters in Song.” In Occasional Papers of the School of ʿAbbasid Studies, 135: 62–81. Cambridge: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 2004.
Gordon, Matthew S., and Kathryn A. Hain, eds. Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Gordon, Murray. Slavery in the Arab World. New York: New Amsterdam, 1989.
Grabar, Oleg. The Illustrations of the Maqamat. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Grayson, A. Kirk. “Eunuchs in Power: Their Role in the Assyrian Bureaucracy.” In Vom Alten Orient zum Alten Testament. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker, 1995.
Guha, Ranajit. An Indian Historiography of India: A Nineteenth-Century Agenda and Its Implications. Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi & Co., 1988.
Guthrie, Shirley. “Everyday Life in the Near East: The Evidence of the 7th/13th-Century Illustrations of Al-Hariri’s Maqamat.” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 1991.
Hain, Kathryn A. “Epilogue: Avenues to Social Mobility Available to Courtesans and Concubines.” In Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Hall, Bogumila. “‘This Is Our Homeland’: Yemen’s Marginalized and the Quest for Rights and Recognition.” Arabian Humanities 9 (7 December 2017): online, https://journals.openedition.org/cy/3427. Consulted online on 20.12.2023).
Halm, Heinz. Die Ausbreitung der šāfiʿitischen Rechtsschule von den Anfängen bis zum 8./14. Jahrhundert. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1974.
Hardy-Guilbert, Claire. “The Harbour of Al-Shiḥr, Ḥaḍramawt, Yemen: Sources and Archaeological Data on Trade.” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 35 (2005): 71–85.
Hathaway, Jane. The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem: From African Slave to Power-Broker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Hatke, George. “Africans in Arabia Felix: Aksumite Relations with Ḥimyar in the Sixth Century C.E.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 2011.
Heinze, Marie-Christine. Weiblichkeit und öffentlicher Raum im Jemen. Edited by Stephan Conermann. Bonner Islamwissenschaftliche Hefte. Bonn: EB-Verlag, 2006.
Heiss, Johann. “Caravans from South Arabia: Roads and Organization.” In Camels in Asia and North Africa: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Their Past and Present Significance, edited by Eva-Maria Knoll and Pamela Burger, 18: 131–140. Veröffentlichungen der Sozialanthropologie. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2012.
Hidayatullah, Aysha. “Māriyya the Copt: Gender, Sex and Heritage in the Legacy of Muhammad’s Umm Walad.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 21, no. 3 (2010): 221–243.
Hirsch, Bertrand, and François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar. “L’Éthiopie médiévale: État des lieux et nouveaux éclairages (Ethiopia in the Middle Ages. Present Research and New Results).” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 42, no. 166 (2002): 315–335.
Ho, Engseng. “The Two Arms of Cambay: Diasporic Texts of Ecumenical Islam in the Indian Ocean.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, no. 2/3 (2007): 347–361.
Hogendorn, Jan. “The Hideous Trade: Economic Aspects of the ‘Manufacture’ and Sale of Eunuchs.” Paideuma 45 (1999): 137–160.
Hopkins, Keith. Conquerors and Slaves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Hunwick, John O., and Eve T. Powell. The African Diaspora in the Mediterranean Lands of Islam. Princeton Series on the Middle East. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2002.
Keall, Edward J. “The Changing Positions of Zabîd’s Red Sea Port Sites.” Arabian Humanities 15 (2008): 111–125.
Khusraw, Nasir-i. Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2001.
Kimber, Richard. “Boundaries and Precepts.” In Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-the-quran/boundaries-and-precepts-EQSIM_00059 (accessed on 10.01.2024). Leiden: Brill Online, 2016.
Kooria, Mahmood. Islamic Law in Circulation: Shāfiʿī Texts across the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022).
Kopytoff, Igor. “Slavery.” Annual Review of Anthropology 11, no. 1 (1982): 207–230.
Labīb, Ṣubḥī. Handelsgeschichte Ägyptens im Spätmittelalter: (1171–1517). Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1965.
Lane, Edward William. Arabic–English Lexicon. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1863.
Latham, J. D. “Salam.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6519).
Lecocq, Baz, and Éric Komlavi Hahonou. “Introduction: Exploring Post-slavery in Contemporary Africa.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 48, no. 2 (2015): 181–192.
Levanoni, Amalia. “Atābak (Atabeg).” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Devin J. Stewart, 2012. Everett Rowson, 2010. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23689).
Levanoni, Amalia. A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of al-Nāsir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341). Leiden: Brill, 1995.
Lewis, Bernard. “The Crows of the Arabs.” Critical Inquiry 12, no. 1 (1985): 88–97.
Lewis, Reina. Rethinking Orientalism: Women, Travel and the Ottoman Harem. London: I. B. Tauris, 2004.
Lovejoy, Paul E. The Ideology of Slavery in Africa. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981.
Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Lutfi, Huda. Al-Quds al-Mamlūkiyya: A History of Mamlūk Jerusalem Based on the ̣Haram Documents. Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 113. Berlin: Schwarz, 1985.
Mahoney, Daniel. “Obituaries in the Service of the Rasulid State: A Biographical Collection in an Early Fifteenth-Century Chronicle from South Arabia.” In Medieval Biographical Collections in Comparison: Perspectives from the Buddhist, Christian and Islamic Worlds. Leiden: Brill, 2022. Consulted online on 05.05.2024 (medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5576%200x003d78a7.pdf).
Mahoney, Daniel. “The Political Agency of Kurds as an Ethnic Group in Late Medieval South Arabia.” Medieval Worlds 3 (2016): 146–157.
Mahoney, Daniel. “The Political Landscape of the Dhamar Plain in the Central Highlands of Yemen in the Late Medieval and Early Ottoman Periods.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2014.
Mahoney, Daniel. “The Role of Horses in the Politics of Late Medieval South Arabia.” Arabian Humanities 8 (2017). Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (https://journals.openedition.org/cy/3287).
Mahoney, Daniel. “Writing the Ethnic Origins of the Rasulids in Late Medieval South Arabia.” Medieval History Journal 21, no. 2 (2018): 380–399.
Makhlouf, Carla. Changing Veils: Women and Modernisation in North Yemen. London: Croom Helm, 1979.
Malti-Douglas, Fedwa. Woman’s Body, Woman’s Word: Gender and Discourse in Arabo-Islamic Writing. Princeton Paperbacks. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Margariti, Roxani E. Aden & the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
Margariti, Roxani E. “Ashabuna L-Tujjar: Our Associates, the Merchants: Non-Jewish Business Partners of the Cairo Geniza’s India Traders.” In Jews, Christians and Muslims in Medieval and Early Modern Times, edited by Arnold E. Franklin, Roxani E. Margariti, Marina Rustow, and Uriel I. Simonsohn, 40–58. Leiden: Brill, 2014.
Margariti, Roxani E. “Thieves or Sultans? Dahlak and the Rulers and Merchants of Indian Ocean Port Cities, 11th–13th Centuries AD.” Archaeopress, Society for Arabian Studies Monographs, Proceedings of Red Sea Project 4 (2009): 155–164.
Marín, Manuela. Mujeres en Al-Ándalus. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.
Marmon, Shaun E. Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society. Oxford University Press, 1995.
Marmon, Shaun E. “Intersections of Gender, Sex, and Slavery: Female Sexual Slavery.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2; AD 500–AD 1420, edited by Craig Perry, David Eltis, David Richardson, and Stanley L. Engerman, 2: 185–213. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Marmon, Shaun E. Slavery in the Islamic Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Wiener, 1999.
McDougall, E. Ann, Emmanuel Martinoli, and Sebastien Boulay, eds. Devenir visibles dans le sillage de l’esclavage: La question haratin en Mauritanie et au Maroc L’Ouest saharien volumes 10 & 11. Paris: Editions L’Harmattan, 2020.
Meillassoux, Claude. Anthropologie de l’esclavage: Le ventre de fer et d’argent. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1986.
Meillassoux, Claude. The Anthropology of Slavery: The Womb of Iron and Gold. Translated by Alide Dasnois. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Meillassoux, Claude. L’Esclavage en Afrique précoloniale. Paris: Maspero, 1975.
Meinardus, Otto. “The Upper Egyptian Practice of the Making of Eunuchs in the XVIIIth and XIXth Century.” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 94, no. 1 (1969): 47–58.
Meneley, Anne. “Fashions and Fundamentalisms in Fin-de-Siècle Yemen: Chador Barbie and Islamic Socks.” Cultural Anthropology 22, no. 2 (2012): 214–243.
Meneley, Anne. “Living Hierarchy in Yemen.” Anthropologica 42, no. 1 (2000): 61–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/25605958.
Meneley, Anne. Tournaments of Value: Sociability and Hierarchy in a Yemeni Town. London: Routledge, 1996.
Mernissi, Fatima. Women’s Rebellion & Islamic Memory. Translated by Emily Agar. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1996.
Messick, Brinkley M. The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies 16. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Miers, Suzanne. Britain and the Ending of the Slave Trade. London: Longman, 1975.
Miers, Suzanne, and Igor Kopytoff. Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.
Miller, Joseph C. “Appreciation and Response: Historical Paths Forward from Here.” Journal of Global Slavery 2, no. 3 (1 January 2017): 337–377.
Mintz, Sidney W. “The Caribbean as a Socio-cultural Area.” Journal of World History 9 (1966): 912–937.
Mintz, Sidney W., and Richard Price. The Birth of African-American Culture: An Anthropological Perspective. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.
Mintz, Sidney W., and Eric R. Wolf. “An Analysis of Ritual Co-parenthood (Compadrazgo).” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6, no. 4 (1950): 341–368.
Miran, Jonathan. “Red Sea Slave Trade.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.
Mirzai, Behnaz A., Ismael M. Montana, and Paul E. Lovejoy, eds. Slavery, Islam and Diaspora. 1st ed. Harriet Tubman Series. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2009.
Mochtari de Pierrepont, Zacharie. “Espaces sacrés et lignages bénis dans La Tihāma yéménite: Société, identités et pouvoirs (VIe–IXe/XIIe–XVe siècle).” PhD diss., Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2018.
Moorthy Kloss, Magdalena. “Race and the Legacy of Slavery in Yemen.” History and Anthropology (19 January 2023).
Moorthy Kloss, Magdalena. “Eunuchs at the Service of Yemen’s Rasulid Dynasty (626-858 H /1229-1454 CE)”, Der Islam, Vol. 98/1 (2021), pp. 6–26.
Müller, Hans. Die Kunst des Sklavenkaufs: Nach arabischen, persischen und türkischen Ratgebern vom 10. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert. Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 57. Freiburg im Breisgau: Schwarz, 1980.
Mundy, Martha. Domestic Government: Kinship, Community and Polity in North Yemen. New York: I. B. Tauris, 1995.
Myrne, Pernilla. “A Jariya’s Prospects in Abbasid Baghdad.” In Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, edited by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Myrne, Pernilla. Narrative, Gender and Authority in ʿAbbāsid Literature on Women. Gothenburg: Orientalia et Africana Gothoburgensia, 2010.
Nevola, Luca. “On Colour and Origin: The Case of the Akhdam in Yemen.” Open Democracy: Beyond Trafficking and Slavery, 2018. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/on-colour-and-origin-case-of-akhdam-in-yemen/).
Northrup, Linda. From Slave to Sultan: The Career of al-Mansur Qalawun and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998.
Northrup, Linda. “The Bahrī Mamlūk Sultanate, 1250–1390,” in The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Cambridge: University Press, 1998), 242–289.
Oßwald, Rainer. Das islamische Sklavenrecht. Baden-Baden: Ergon-Verlag, 2017.
Palacios, Miguel Asin. “El ‘Libro de Los Animales’ de Jâḥiẓ.” Isis 14, no. 1 (1930): 20–54.
Pankhurst, Richard. “Across the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: Ethiopia’s Historic Ties with Yaman.” Africa: Rivista trimestrale di Studi e documentazione dell’istituto italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente 57, no. 3 (2002): 393–419.
Pankhurst, Richard. The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1997.
Pankhurst, Richard. History of Ethiopian Towns from the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century. Äthiopistische Forschungen 8. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1982.
Patterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Peirce, Leslie P. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Studies in Middle Eastern History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Peli, Audrey. “A History of the Ziyadids through Their Coinage (203–442/818–1050).” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 38 (2008): 251–263.
Pellat, Charles, Ann K. S. Lambton, and Cengiz Orhonlu, “K̲h̲āṣī”. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0499).
Perry, Craig. “The Daily Life of Slaves and the Global Reach of Slavery in Medieval Egypt, 969–1250 CE.” PhD diss., Emory University, 2014.
Perry, Craig. “Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Western Indian Ocean World.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2; AD 500–AD 1420, edited by Craig Perry, David Eltis, David Richardson, and Stanley L. Engerman, 2: 123–152. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Peters, Rudolph, and P. J. Bearman. The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014.
Petry, Carl F. “From Slaves to Benefactors: The Ḥabashīs of Mamlūk Cairo.” Sudanic Africa 5 (1994): 57–66.
Piamenta, Moshe. Dictionary of Post-classical Yemeni Arabic. Leiden: Brill, 1990.
Popović, Alexandre. Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq in the Third/Ninth Century. Translated by Léon King. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1999.
Power, Timothy. The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate: AD 500–1000. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2012.
Rapoport, Yossef. “Women and Gender in Mamluk Society: An Overview.” Mamlūk Studies Review 11, no. 2 (2007): 1–47.
Rasmussen, Susan J. “The Slave Narrative in Life History and Myth, and Problems of Ethnographic Representation of the Tuareg Cultural Predicament.” Ethnohistory 46, no. 1 (1999): 67–108.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha. “The West Coast of India and the Maritime World of the Western Indian Ocean.” African Archaeological Review 31, no. 4 (2014): 583–598.
Reilly, Benjamin. Slavery, Agriculture, and Malaria in the Arabian Peninsula. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2015.
Reynolds, Dwight. “A Thousand and One Nights: A History of the Text and Its Reception.” In Arabic Literature in the Post-classical Period, edited by Roger Allen and D. S. Richards. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Ringrose, Kathryn M. The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Robin, Christian Julien. “Arabia and Ethiopia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, edited by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Robinson, Majied. “Statistical Approaches to the Rise of Concubinage in Islam.” In Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, edited by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Rosenthal, F., and A. Lewis. “Ḥurriyya.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0301).
Rossi, Benedetta. “African Post-slavery: A History of the Future.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 48, no. 2 (2015): 303–328.
Rossi, Benedetta. From Slavery to Aid: Politics, Labour, and Ecology in the Nigerien Sahel, 1800–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Rougeulle, Axelle, ed. Sharma: Un entrepôt de commerce medieval sur la côte du Ḥaḍramawt (Yémen, ca 980–1180). British Foundation for the Study of Arabia Monographs. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2015.
Roxburgh, David J. “In Pursuit of Shadows: Al-Hariri’s Maqamat.” Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World 30 (2013): 171–212.
Sadek, Noha. “In the Queen of Sheba’s Footsteps: Women Patrons in Rasulid Yemen.” Asian Art 6, no. 2 (1993): 14–27.
Sadek, Noha. “Notes on the Rasulid Historian Al-̲Hazrağī’s Career as a Craftsman.” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 27 (1997): 231–233.
Sadek, Noha. “Rasūlid Women: Power and Patronage.” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 19 (1989): 121–136.
Sadek, Noha. “Zabid: The Round City of Yemen.” In Studies on Arabia in Honour of G. Rex Smith, edited by John F. Healey and Venetia Porter. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Sato, Tsugitaka. “ʿUs̲h̲r.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1309).
Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
Schine, Rachel. “On Blackness in Arabic Popular Literature: The Black Heroes of the Siyar Shaʿbiyya, Their Conceptions, Contests, and Contexts.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019.
Schultz, Warren C. “Mamlūk Metrology and the Numismatic Evidence.” Al-Masāq 15, no. 1 (2003): 59–75.
Seif, Huda. “Marginality and Allegories of Gendered Resistance: Experiences from Southern Yemen.” In Gendered Resistance: Women, Slavery, and the Legacy of Margaret Garner, edited by Mary E. Frederickson and Delores Walters, 147–170. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2013.
Seif, Huda. “Moralities and Outcasts: Domination and Allegories of Resentment in Southern Yemen.” PhD diss., Columbia University, 2003.
Sergeant, Robert B. “Material for a History of Islamic Textiles up to the Mongol Conquest.” Ars Islamica 13 (1948): 75–117.
Sergeant, Robert B. “Ports of Aden and Al-Shihr.” In Studies in Arabian History and Civilization. London: Variorum Reprints, 1981.
Sergeant, Robert B. “Al-S̲h̲iḥr.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx-doi-org.uaccess.univie.ac.at/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6937).
Sergeant, Robert B. “South Arabia and Ethiopia: African Elements in the South Arabian Population.” In Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Addis Ababa: n.p., 1966.
Sergeant, Robert B. “The ‘White Dune’ at Abyan: An Ancient Place of Pilgrimage in Southern Arabia.” Journal of Semitic Studies 16, no. 1 (1971): 74–83.
Sergeant, Robert B. “Ẓafār.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8065).
Serjeant, Robert B., and Ronald B. Lewcock. “Early and Medieval History of Ṣanʿā, ca. 622–953/1515.” In Ṣanʿāʾ: An Arabian Islamic City. London: World of Islamic Festival Trust, 1983.
Serjeant, Robert B., and Ronald B. Lewcock, eds. Ṣanʾāʾ, an Arabian Islamic City. London: World of Islam Festival Trust, 1983.
Smith, G. Rex. “The Ayyubids and Rasulids: The Transfer of Power in 7th/13th Century Yemen.” Islamic Culture 43 (1969): 175–188.
Smith, G. Rex. “Have You Anything to Declare? Maritime Trade and Commerce in Ayyubid Aden: Practices and Taxes.” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 25 (1995).
Smith, G. Rex. “Ibn Al-Mujāwir’s 7th/13th-Century Arabia: The Wondrous and Humorous.” In A Miscellany of Middle Eastern Articles: In Memoriam Thomas Muir Johnstone 1924–83. Harlow: Longman, 1988.
Smith, G. Rex. “Magic, Jinn and the Supernatural in Medieval Yemen: Examples from Ibn Al-Muǧāwir’s 7th/13th Century Guide.” Quaderni di Studi Arabi 13 (1995): 7–18.
Smith, G. Rex. “More on the Port Practices and Taxes of Medieval Aden.” New Arabian Studies 3 (1996).
Smith, G. Rex. “The Political History of the Islamic Yemen down to the First Turkish Invasion (1–945/622–1538).” In Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilization in Arabia Felix, edited by Werner Daum, 129–139. Innsbruck: Pinguin-Verlag, 1987.
Smith, G. Rex. “The Rasulid Administration in Ninth/Fifteenth Century Yemen: Some Government Departments and Officials.” Studia Semitica: The Journal of Semitic Studies Jubilee Volume (2005): 257–276.
Smith, G. Rex. “The Yemenite Settlement of Thaʾbat: Historical, Numismatic and Epigraphic Notes.” In Studies in the Medieval History of the Yemen and South Arabia, XIV: 119–134, 1997.
Sourdel, Dominique., Bosworth, Clifford E., Hardy, Peter and İnalcık, Halil, “G̲h̲ulām”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs, online (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0237). Consulted online on 30.12.2023.
Steingass, Francis J. Arabic–English Dictionary. London: W. H. Allen, 1884.
Steingass, Francis J. The Assemblies of Hariri. London: Sampson Low, 1897.
Steingass, Francis J. The Assemblies of Hariri, English Text. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1989.
Stevenson, Walter. “The Rise of Eunuchs in Greco-Roman Antiquity.” Journal of the History of Sexuality 5, no. 4 (1995): 495–511.
Strauch, Ingo, and Michael D. Bukharin. “Indian Inscriptions from the Cave Ḥoq on Suquṭrā.” Annali Dell’Università Degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” 64 (2004).
Sultan al-Afḍal al-ʿAbbās. Al-ʿAṭāyā al-Saniyya Waʾl-Mawāhib al-Ḥaniyya Fī al-Manāqib al-Yamaniyya. Edited by ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad al-Khāmirī. Sana’a: Yemeni Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2004.
Surūrī, Muḥammad ʿAbduh Muḥammad al-. “Al-Madhhāhib al-Islāmiya Fī al-Yaman.” In Al-Ḥayāt al-Siyāsiya Wa Maẓāhir al-Ḥaḍāra Fī al-Yaman Fī ʿahd al-Dawīlāt al-Mustaqila, 606–619. Sanaʿa: Sanaʿa University, 1997.
Terray, Emmanuel. “Long-Distance Exchange and the Formation of the State: The Case of the Abron Kingdom of Gyaman.” Economy and Society 3, no. 3 (1974): 315–345.
Thomas, Philip. “Slavery.” In Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, edited by Alan Barnard, 509–510. London: Routledge, 2004.
Tobi, Yosef. The Jews of Yemen: Studies in Their History and Culture. Études sur Le Judaïsme Médiéval 21. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
Toledano, Ehud R. As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
Toledano, Ehud R. “The Imperial Eunuchs of Istanbul: From Africa to the Heart of Islam.” Middle Eastern Studies 20, no. 3 (1984): 379–390.
Tolino, Serena. “Eunuchs in the Fatimid Empire: Ambiguities, Gender and Sacredness.” In Celibate and Childless Men in Power Ruling Eunuchs and Bishops in the Pre-modern World, 246–267. London: Routledge, 2018.
Tolino, Serena. Eunuchs in the Sunnī Legal Discourse: Reflections on the Gender of Castrated Men.” Studi Magrebini 20, no. 2 (2022), 117–136.
Tougher, Shaun, and Raʿanan S. Boustan. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. 1st ed. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2002.
Trabelsi, Salah. “Memory and Slavery: The Issues of Historiography.” International Social Science Journal 58, no. 188 (2006): 237–243.
Tsai, Shih-shan Henry. The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty. SUNY Series in Chinese Local Studies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Tsugitaka, Sato. “Slave Traders and Karimi Merchants during the Mamluk Period.” Mamlūk Studies Review 10, no. 1 (2006): 141–156.
Urban, Elizabeth. Conquered Populations in Early Islam: Non-Arabs, Slaves and the Sons of Slave Mothers. Edinburgh University Press, 2020.
Urban, Elizabeth. “The Early Islamic Mawālī: A Window onto Processes of Identity Construction and Social Change.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2012.
Vallet, Éric. L’Arabie marchande: État et commerce sous les sultans rasūlides du Yémen. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2010.
Vallet, Éric. “L’historiographie Rasūlide (Yémen, VIIe–IXe/XIIIe–XVe Siècle).” Studia Islamica 102/103 (2006): 35–69.
Vallet, Éric. “Pouvoir, commerce et marchands dans le Yémen Rasūlide (626–858/1229–1454).” PhD diss., Université Paris 1 – Panthéon – Sorbonne, 2006.
Varisco, Daniel M. “Heirs of the Ayyubids: The Formation of the Rasulid State in Yemen,” 1–23. New Orleans: Unpublished, n.d.
Varisco, Daniel M. “Making ‘Medieval’ Islam Meaningful.” Medieval Encounters 13, no. 3 (1 September 2007): 385–412.
Varisco, Daniel M. Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan. Publications on the Near East 6. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994.
Varisco, Daniel M. “Why the Sultan Is Rich: A Case Study of Bureaucracy in Rasulid Yemen (13th–14th Centuries).” Unpublished paper presented at the conference “Land and Power in the Ancient World”, Vienna, 21.02.2013.
Vernet, Thomas. “Slave Trade and Slavery on the Swahili Coast (1500–1750).” In Slavery, Islam and Diaspora, edited by B. A. Mirzai, I. M. Montana, and P. Lovejoy, 37–76. N.p.: Africa World Press, 2009.
Veselý, Rudolf. “De la situation des esclaves dans l’institution de wakf.” Archiv Orientální 32 (1964): 345–353.
Walters, Delores. “Perceptions of Social Inequality in the Yemen Arab Republic.” PhD diss., New York University, 1987.
Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: (Arabic–English). 4th ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1979.
Wensinck, A. J. “S̲h̲aʿbān.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6717).
Wensinck, A. J., and J. Jomier. “Kaʿba.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted online on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0401).
Wiedermann, E., and J. Allan. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by Peri Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel, Wolfhart P. Heinrichs, 2012. Consulted on 11.01.2024 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4487).
Willis, John R. Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: 1. Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement. London: Frank Cass, 1985.
Willis, John R. Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: 2. The Servile Estate. London: Frank Cass, 1985.
Wolf, Eric R. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982.
Wolf, Eric R. “The Slave Trade.” In Europe and the People without History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982.
Wright, William. A Grammar of the Arabic Language. Edited by William Robertson Smith and Michael J. de Goeje. 3rd edition. Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1996.
Würth, Anna. As-Sariʾa fi Bab al-Yaman: Recht, Richter und Rechtspraxis in der familienrechtlichen Kammer des Gerichts Süd-Sanaa (Republik Jemen), 1983–1995. Berlin: Dincker & Humboldt, 2000.