All images from libraries and other holding institutions have been attributed and used with kind permission; photographs from sources other than holding institutions have been attributed and used with kind permission of the photographer; all photographs of the models developed using experimental archaeology are by the author; all line drawings are by the author.
Figures
1 Evolution of the mitre, from Braun, Die Liturgisches Gewandung im Occident und Orient (1907) 2
2 Bishop. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 592, fol. 5r 3
3 Pope and bishop. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 592, fol. 5r 4
4 Bishop Engilmar Celebrating Mass. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, MS. Ludwig VII 1, fol. 16r 7
5 World War Two k Army Officer’s Piped Garrison Side Cap 12
6 Pope Urban II. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Lat. 4939, fol. 145v 12
7 Bishop. Lewis chess piece 12
8 Saint Blaise. Church of San Nicolo, Perugia, Spoleto Museum 12
9 A lobed mitre 13
10 A peaked mitre 13
11 A circular band 14
12 A circular band 14
13 A vertical band 15
14 Terminal bands 15
15 A median band 16
16 A median band 16
17 A transverse band 16
18 Pendants falling from center back of circular band 17
19 Pendants falling from bottom of circular band over left ear 17
20 Pendants knotted together over the right ear of a lobed mitre 17
21 Evolution of the mitre, from Braun, Die Liturgisches Gewandung im Occident und Orient (1907) 20
22 Pope Urban II. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Lat. 4939, fol. 145v 25
23 Abbot Martinus. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 9865, fol. 11r 25
24 Saint Geminiano. Modena, Archivio Capitolare, MS O.III 14, fol. 2r 25
25 Bishop. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 592, fol. 5r 28
26 Saint Ambrose. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 8 (1), fol. 2r 28
27 Bishop. London, British Library, Harley MS 2928, fol. 18r 30
28 Bishop. Troia, Archivio Capitolare, Exultet roll 2 30
29 Archbishop Ambrose. London, British Library, Royal MS 6 B VI, fol. 2r 31
30 Seal of Ralph, Archbishop of Canterbury. London, Public Record Office, DL 27/46 31
31 Bishop Gotefredus (Godfrey). Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 20r 33
32 Tedaldo of Canossa, Bishop of Arezzo. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. Lat. 4922, fol. 21v 33
33 Priests and archbishops. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Lat. 4939, fol. 152r 35
34 Pope Urban II. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Lat. 4939, fol. 145v 35
35 Archbishop Bezelius. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 57, 183r 36
36 Archbishop Modoaldus. Cologne, Schnütgen Museum, Inv. no. G579 36
37 Archbishop Friedrich. Cologne, Dombibliothek, MS 59, fol. 1r 36
38 Bishop. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 592, fol. 5r 38
39 Tedaldo of Canossa, Bishop of Arezzo. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 21v 38
40 Bishop Herulf of Langres. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 55, 158r 38
41 High Priest Eli. Cambridge, Corpus Christi Library, MS 2, fol. 147v 38
42 Archbishop Anselm. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Auct. D.2.6, fol. 156r 39
43 Saint James. Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 501, fol. 54r 39
44 Saint Augustine. Strasbourg, Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire, MS 37, fol. 5r 39
45 High Priest Eli. New York, The Morgan Library and Museum, MS M 619v 39
46 Bishop. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, MS Clm 17161, fol. 103v 40
47 Saint Martin. Fulda, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 100 C 1, fol. 1v 40
48 Bishop Martialis. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, HB XIV 6, fol. 71v 40
49 Bishop Theodred of London. New York, The Morgan Library and Museum, MS M 736, fol. 19r 41
50 Archbishop Anselm. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Auct. D.2.6, fol. 185v 41
51 Bishop. Venosta, Monte Maria Abbey 41
52 Saint Ambrose. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 8 (1), fol. 2r 42
53 Bishop. London, British Library, Harley MS 2928, fol. 18r 42
54 Bishop. Troia, Archivio Capitolare, Exultet roll 2 42
55 Archbishop Modoaldus. Cologne, Schnütgen Museum, Inv. no. G579 42
56 Bishops attending the death of Henry I. Oxford, Corpus Christi Library, MS 157, fol. 383r 43
57 Bishop. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Nouv. Acq. Lat. 710 43
58 Bishop. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Nouv. Acq. Lat. 710 43
59 Bishop Hugh of St. Calais. Le Mans, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 224, fol. 113r 44
60 Saint Augustine. Church of St. Jacques-des Guérets 44
61 Bishop Chromatius and Bishop Heliodorus. Bibliothèque du Patrimoine, Clermont Auvergne Métropole, MS 1, fol. 203r 44
62 Saint Martin of Tours. Mount Sinai, Egypt, Monastery of Saint Catherine 45
63 A pope. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 103, fol. 11r 45
64 Bishop Timothy. Lyon, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 411, Bible latine, fol. 207r 45
65 Saint Augustine. Klosterneuburg, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 219, fol. 155r 45
66 Bishop or Archbishop. Perpignan, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 1, fol. 14v 46
67 Saint Geminiano. Modena, Archivio Capitolare, MS O.III 14, fol. 2r 47
68 Bishops. London, British Library, Arundel 36, fol. 1r 47
69 Bishop Chromatius and Bishop Heliodorus. Bibliothèque du Patrimoine, Clermont Auvergne Métropole; MS 1, fol. 203r 47
70 Bishop. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 103, fol. 153v 48
71 Bishop. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 103, fol. 243v 48
72 Saint Cornelius and Saint Cyprianus. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. fol. 415, 63r 49
73 A bishop consecrating an abbot as a bishop. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, MS Clm 17161, fol. 103v 49
74 Saint Martin of Tours being consecrated by another bishop. Tours, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 193, fol. 89v 50
75 Bishop. Lewis chess piece 51
76 Bishops Chromatius and Heliodorus. Lyon, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 411, Bible latine, fol. 12v 51
77 Saint Ambrose. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 8 (1), fol. 2r 51
78 Pope Gregory. Cleveland, Museum of Art, J.H. Wade Fund 1955.74, fol. 1v 52
79 Bishop. Lewis chess piece 52
80 Saint James. Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 501, fol. 54r 52
81 Saint Sylvester. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. fol. 415, fol. 83r 52
82 Bishop or Archbishop. Perpignan, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 1, fol. 14v 53
83 Saint Hilaire. Poitiers, Church of Saint Hilaire 54
84 Bishop. Lewis chess piece 54
85 Bishop Henry of Blois. Winchester, Cathedral Library, fol. 3r 54
86 Saint Blaise. Church of San Nicolo: Spoleto, Museo Civico 54
87 Saint Cuthbert. Durham Cathedral 55
88 Saint Sulpicius. Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 500, fol. 55r 55
89 Bishops. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 76 F 13, fol. 74v 55
90 High Duke Mieszko III the Old. Kalisz, collegiate Church in Kalisz 55
91 Bishop Gotefredus (Godfrey). Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 20r 56
92 Bishop Theodred of London. New York, The Morgan Library and Museum, MS M 736, fol. 19r 57
93 Two clerics with Pope Stephen II. Vatican, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 2724, fol. 60r 57
94 Saint Nicholas. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Auct. D.2.6, fol. 180v 57
95 Saint Augustine. Nonnberg, Abbey Church 57
96 Saint Martin. Fulda, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 100 C 1, fol. 1v 58
97 Bishop Martialis. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, HB XIV 6, fol. 71v 58
98 Saint Ambrose. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 8 (1), fol. 2r 58
99 Archbishop Modoaldus. Cologne, Schnütgen Museum, Inv. no. G579 59
100 Saint Gregory. Engelberg, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 22, fol. 6r 59
101 Saint Augustine. Engelberg, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 87, fol. 5r 59
102 Saint Augustine. Church of St. Jacques-des Guérets 59
103 Saint Augustine. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 790, fol. 1r 60
104 Bishop Adelbert. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale. Latin 5411, fol. 185v 60
105 Saint Martin of Tours. Mount Sinai, Egypt, Monastery of Saint Catherine 60
106 Gregory. Fulda, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 100 Aa 39, fol. 7v 60
107 Pope Celestine. Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Cod. 120. II, fol. 128r 61
108 Saint Augustine. Klosterneuburg, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 219, fol. 155r 61
109 Bishop. Anagni Cathedral 61
110 Bishop Theodred of London. New York, The Morgan Library and Museum, MS M 736, fol. 19r 62
111 Pope Alexander III. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale. Latin 5411, fol. 258v 62
112 Bishop Theophilus. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 60, 33r 63
113 Bishop. Poitiers, Church of Saint Hilaire 63
114 Zacharias. Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum, MS 64, fol. 11r 63
115 Saint Augustine. Engelberg, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 17, fol. 91r 63
116 Bishop Heliodorus. Moulins, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 1, fol. 228r 64
117 Saint Nicholas. Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, W. 26, fol. 115r 64
118 Pope Leo IX. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale. Latin 5411, fol. 218v 64
119 Bishop Gotefredus (Godfrey). Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 20r 66
120 Archbishop Bezelius. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 57, 183r 66
121 Bishop Narcissus. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 56, 55v 66
122 Bishop Herulf of Langres. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 55, 158r 66
123 Saint Amand. Valenciennes, Municipale Library, MS 501, fol. 58v 67
124 Saint Sylvester. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. fol. 415, 83r 67
125 The eleventh-century German burial cap of Kaiser Heinrich IV. Speyer, Historisches Museum der Pfalz, D 330 68
126 Saint Jerome. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 458, fol. 2r 68
127 Archbishop Basil of Caesarea. Paris, Bibliothèque de l’École des Beaux Arts, MS 12 68
128 Pope Gregory. Cleveland, Museum of Art, J.H. Wade Fund 1955.74, fol. 1v 69
129 Saint Nicholas. Winchester Cathedral 69
130 Three bishops (‘the elect’). London, British Library, Cotton Nero C iv, fol. 34r 69
131 Saint Gregory. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 2288, fol. 1r 70
132 Bishop. Lewis chess piece 70
133 High Priest Eli. New York, The Morgan Library and Museum, MS M. 619v 70
134 Saint Cornelius. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. fol. 415, fol. 63r 70
135 Pope Leo IX. Coligny, Fondation Martin Bodmer, Cod. Bodmer 127, fol. 191r 71
136 Saint Augustine. Klosterneuburg, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 219, fol. 155r 71
137 Bishop Heliodorus. Moulins, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 1, fol. 228r 71
138 Bishop Martialis. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, HB XIV 6, fol. 71v 72
139 Saint Nicholas. Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, W. 26, fol. 115r 72
140 Saint Ulrich. Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, W. 26, fol. 131v 72
141 Bishop. Anagni Cathedral 72
142, 143, 144 Bishops. Barcelona, Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya, Inv. no. 015786-000 87
145 Moses. Avranches, Bibliothèque Municipale MS 159, fol. 5r 89
146 Saint Augustine. Engelberg, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 87, fol. 5r 89
147 Saint John. Cambridge, St. John’s College, MS H. 6, fol. 2v 89
148 Saint Gregory. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 2288, fol. 1r 92
149 Bishop. Poitiers, Church of Saint Hilaire 92
150 Bishop. Admont, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 18, fol. 210v 92
151 Saint Ulrich. Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, W. 26, fol. 131v 92
152 Archbishop Walter of Palermo. Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Cod. 120 II, fol. 100r 93
153 Abbot Roffredo of Montecassino. Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Cod. 120 II, fol. 108r 93
154 and 155 Archbishop Matthaeus of Capua. Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Cod. 120 II, fols. 108r and 113r 93
156 Bishop Narcissus. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 56, 55v 94
157 Archbishop Basil of Caesarea. Paris, Bibliothèque de l’École des Beaux Arts, MS 12
158 Saint Nicholas. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Auct. D.2.6, fol. 180v 94
159 Bishop Hugh of St. Calais. Le Mans, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 224, fol. 113r 95
160 Saint Amand. Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 500, fol. 65r 95
161 A pope. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 103, fol. 11r 95
162 Saint Amand. Valenciennes, Municipale Library, MS 501, fol. 58v 96
163 Saint Augustine. Strasbourg, Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire, MS 37, fol. 5r 97
164 Bishops Chromatius and Heliodorus. Lyon, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 411, Bible latine, fol. 12v 97
165 Saint Martin. Fulda, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 100 C 1, fol. 1v 97
166 Bishops. Fulda, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 100 Aa 39, fol. 8v 97
167 Archbishop Modoaldus. Cologne, Schnütgen Museum, Inv. no. G579 99
168 Noah and his three sons. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. fol. 410, 1v 99
169 Saint Valerius. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. fol. 415, fol. 20r
170 Bishop. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 592, fol. 5r 101
171 Bishop Ulger of Angers. Drawing, after a depiction in Angers Cathedral 101
172 Bishop Theophilus. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 60, 33r 101
173 Pope Gregory. Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 512, fol. 4v 101
174 Saint Augustine. Engelberg, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 17, fol. 91r 102
175 Gregory. Fulda, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 100 Aa 39, fol. 7v 102
176 Bishop. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 592, fol. 5r 103
177 Pope Clement. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Latin 5411, fol. 272v 103
178 Bishop Hedda. London, British Library, Harley Roll Y 6, fol. 3r 103
179 Bishop Gotefredus (Godfrey). Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 20r 104
180 Tedaldo of Canossa, Bishop of Arezzo. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 21v 104
181 Bishop. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Nouv. Acq. Lat. 710 104
182 Saint Augustine. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 40, vol. iv, fol. 1r 105
183 Archbishop Eberhard I. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, MS Clm. 15812, fol. 1v 105
184 Bishop Ulger of Angers. Drawing, after a depiction in Angers Cathedral 105
185 Bishop, 1150–1175, Italy. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 60, fol. 7r 105
186 Saint Ambrosius. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. fol. 415, 33v 106
187 Bishop. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, MS Clm 17161, fol. 103v 106
188 Bishop. Douai, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 751, fol. 115r 106
189 Bishop. Admont, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 18, fol. 210v 106
190 Bishop. Anagni Cathedral 107
191 Remains of the mitre attributed to Archbishop Bezelin (Bezelius). Bremen, Dom Museum 109
192 The top line of Braun’s chart showing his straight-line theory of mitre evolution 114
193 Pope (possibly Victor III). Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 592, fol. 5r
194 Saint Leo. Bethlehem, Church of the Nativity 115
195 Saint. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. fol. 415, 83r 115
196 Saint Heliodorus. Torcello Cathedral 115
197 David. Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 20, fol. 2v 117
198 Bishop Hilarius of Poitiers. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 57, 192r 117
199 Pope Stephan. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 56, 49v 117
200 Prophet. France. Paris, Cluny Museum 117
201 Bishop Peter Lombard. Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 186, fol. 2v 118
202 Saint Nicholas. St. Blasien, Abbey of St. Blasius 118
203 Job. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 15675, fol. 7v 118
204 Saint Augustine. Cambrai, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 559, fol. 1v 118
205 The four triangular shapes of equal size and shape required for a conical or round hat 121
206 The four triangles sewn together 121
207 The completed hat (conical or round) with lining and circular band 121
208 A reproduction of a conical hat 122
209 Templates for making a conical hat and a round hat
210 A reproduction of a round hat 122
211 Denting the top of a round hat with the side of the hand 123
212 The resulting dip in the top of the round hat 123
213 The dip in the round hat as seen from front above 123
214 The dip and resulting “bulges” in the round hat as seen from the front 123
215 A template for a lobed mitre 124
216 A lobed mitre with lining and a circular band 124
217 Tedaldo of Canossa, Bishop of Arezzo. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 21v 125
218 Archbishop Friedrich. Cologne, Dombibliothek, MS 59, fol. 1r 125
219 Bishop Herulf of Langres. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 55, 158r 125
220 Saint Nicholas. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Auct. D.2.6, fol. 180v 125
221 Saint Gregory. Brussels, Koninklijke Bibliotheek Royale, MS 9916-17, fol. 2vA 126
222 Archbishop Anselm. Admont, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 289, fol. 2r 126
223 Bishop. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, MS Clm 17161, fol. 103v 126
224 Saint Martin. Fulda, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 100 C 1, fol. 1v 126
225 Step one in the construction of a peaked mitre 129
226 Step two in the construction of a peaked mitre 129
227 A peaked mitre with lining and a circular band 129
228 A reconstruction of a simple peaked mitre 130
229 Bishop. London, British Library, Harley MS 2928, fol. 18r 130
230 Saint Ambrose. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Lat. 8 (1), fol. 2r 131
231 A manipulation of the peaks of a peaked mitre 131
232 Saint Augustine. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 40, fol. 1r 131
233 Saint Jerome. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 458, fol. 2r
234 Bishop Leander. Tours, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 321, fol. 2r 132
235 A pattern for a peaked mitre with the peaks curved rather than sharp 132
236 Bishop. Troia, Archivio Capitolare, Exultet roll 2 133
237 Bishop. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Nouv. Acq. Lat. 710 133
238 A pattern for a peaked mitre which puts the peaks over the ears instead of sticking out beyond the head 133
239 Braun’s chart re-evaluated: A conical hat and a round hat which are two variations on the same hat style 134
240 Braun’s chart re-evaluated: the lobed mitre 134
241 Braun’s chart re-evaluated: the peaked mitre, oriented sideways and front-to-back 134
242 The Virgin doing embroidery. Vilafranca, Basilica of St. Maria 143
243 A queen doing tablet weaving. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce MS 131, fol. 18v 146
244 The brocaded tabletwoven cingulum (belt) made by or commissioned by Queen Hemma for Witgarius, Bishop of Augsburg. Augsburg, Diözesanmuseum, no. DM 111.1 147
245 The brocaded tabletwoven stole made by or commissioned by Alienor, Queen of Castile. León, La Real Colegiata de San Isidoro 147
246 Three queens doing spinning, tablet weaving, and embroidery. New York, The Morgan Library and Museum, MS 456, fol. 56 149
247 Two bishops in short robes. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, MS Clm 17161, fol. 111v 178
248 Archbishop Bezelius. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 57, 183r 199
249 Archbishop Modoaldus. Cologne, Schnütgen Museum, Inv. no. G579 199
250 Archbishop Friedrich. Cologne, Dombibliothek, MS 59, fol. 1r 199
251 Pope Urban II and six bishops; Abbot Hugh of Cluny. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale. MS Lat. 17716, fol. 91r 201
252 A reconstruction of a peaked mitre 202
253 A reconstruction of a lobed mitre 202
254 Rook chess piece. London, British Museum, no. 1892.0620.1 204
255 Rook chess piece. Pineuilh (Gironde), present location unknown 204
256 Rook chess piece. Isère, Paladru Lake Colletière
257 Rook chess piece. London, British Museum, no. 1892.0620.1 205
258 Pope Gregory. Cleveland, Museum of Art, J.H. Wade Fund 1955.74, fol. 1v 205
259 Abbot Martinus. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 9865, fol. 11r 205
260 Bishop Johannes. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale. Latin 5411, fol. 131r 206
261 Rook chess piece. Pineuilh (Gironde), present location unknown 206
262 Bishop. Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 60, fol. 7r 206
263 Bishop. Douai, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 751, fol. 115r 206
264 Pope Gregory. Douai, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 340, fol. 39v
265 and 266 Arabic elephant chess pieces. Sandomierz, District Museum 208
267 Arabic elephant chess piece. Northampton, Museum of London Archaeology 208
268 Arabic elephant chess piece. New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, MMA 67.151.1 208
269 and 270 Arabic elephant chess piece. Paris, Musée de Cluny CL 23885 209
271 Arabic elephant chess piece. New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, MMA 67.151.1 210
272 Bishop. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 592, fol. 5r 210
273 Seal of Ralph, Archbishop of Canterbury. London, Public Record Office, DL 27/46 210
274 Tedaldo of Canossa, Bishop of Arezzo. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 21v 210
275 Bishop Herulf of Langres. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 55, 158r 211
276 Saint Gregory. Brussels, Koninklijke Bibliotheek Royale, MS 9916-17, fol. 2vA 211
277 Archbishop Anselm. Admont, Stiftsbibliothek , Cod. 289, fol. 2r 211
278 Bishop. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, MS Clm 17161, fol. 103v 211
279 Map showing the location of the four earliest mitre images attributed to Italy
280 Bishops Johannes I and Jindrich Zdik with Pope Gregory I and Deacon Peter. Stockholm, National Library of Sweden, MS A 144, fol. 34v 222
281 High Duke Mieszko III the Old. Kalisz, collegiate Church in Kalisz 223
282 Baptism of the Bohemian duke, Borivoj. Prague, National Gallery, MS XXIII.C.124 (detail) 224
283 Louis I “the Fair” of Brieg, Duke of Lecnica. Los Angeles, Getty Museum, MS Ludwig XI 7, fol. 12v 224
284 Saint Wenceslas. Prague, National Gallery 224
285 Mitre of Saint Rosenda. Orense, Museu de la Catedral, Inv. Nr. 90 229
286 Emperor Antiochus Epiphane. Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale Dijon, MS 14, fol. 191r 232
287 Blacksmiths. Saint Quentin, Eglise Saint-Quentin/Guy de Maupassant Media Library, MS 1, fol. 41r 232
288 Adalbert (Atto), Count of Canossa. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 20v 232
289 Tedaldo of Canossa, Bishop of Arezzo. Vatican Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. lat. 4922, fol. 21v 232
290 Boethius. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Auct. F.6.5., fol. 1v 233
291 Physician Grimbald. Oxford, Corpus Christi College MS 157, fol. 382v 233
292 A man by the fire (“Winter”). Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek. Cod. hist. fol. 415, 17v 233
293 A man. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek. Cod. bibl. fol. 57, 234v 234
294 A man. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek. Cod. bibl. fol. 58, 107r 234
Tables
1 Dates and locations of the first mitre images in Italy 216