Index
Italics indicate the reference is to an image.
abbots, granting of mitres to
6, 24, 32, 111–112, 154–155, 158, 169, 171–172, 181–182 182, 188, 215, 237
“Abbreviated Word” (Verbum Adbreviatum) (Peter Cantor)
172
Ackley, Joseph Salvatore
163, 164
Adalbert of Bremen, Archbishop
6n22, 159
Adalbert, Count of Canossa
232
Adela, Countess of Blois
186
Adelbert, Bishop
60
Adémar of Chabannes
90
Adrian IV, Pope
61, 174
Aelfleda (Aelflaid), Queen
147–148
Ælfgifu, wife of King Knut
183
Æthelthryth, nun
164
Æthelwynn
149
alb as part of ecclesiastical vestments
138
Alexander II, Pope
32, 158, 161, 203, 221
Alexander III, Pope
61, 62, 159, 182n101
Alficus trivius in the Carmina Burana
212n54
Alfonso VIII, King
146
Alphege, Archbishop
74
Amadeus, Saint, burial mitre of
110n125, 127n21
Amalarius of Metz
136n2
Amand, Saint
65, 67, 95
amice as part of ecclesiastical vestments
136–138
Ambrose (or Ambrosius), Saint
28, 31, 106
Amish women, hats of
2n5
Anacletus II, Pope
182n
Anagni, Bishop of
74
Anastasius IV, Pope
183
ancient literary sources on mitres
4–5
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, the
78
Anselm, Archbishop
39, 41, 126, 187
antecedents of the mitre
4–5, 9, 23
Antiochus Epiphane, Emperor
232
“Apostolic Tradition” (Hippolytus)
151
apparel art, mitre as
136
Apremont
33n
archaeology, experimental
bands and
53, 58
and evolution of mitre
120–125, 121–124, 128–135, 129–133, 236
Archpoet, the
179
Atri, Bishop of
74
Atto, Abbot
111
Augustine, Saint
39, 44, 45, 57, 59, 62, 63, 71, 89, 105, 118, 130, 223
City of God
223
Gospels of Augustine
78
“History of the Translation of Saint Augustine of the English”
(Historia translationis S. Augustini Anglorum)
159
avarice, ecclesiasts and
160, 162, 176, 179, 180, 186
mitres as representation of
160, 162, 182, 215, 239
Bamberg Cathedral
100n111, n114, 108, 164, 183
bands on mitres
14–17, 50–64
gold bands; ornamentation; Palermo bands; tabletwoven bands
circular
9, 14, 14, 17, 37, 51, 61, 62, 64, 65, 71, 73, 84, 110, 120
circulus
10–11, 14, 50, 235
colors of
34, 36–37, 65
locations of
10, 11, 14–16
median
16, 16, 46n34, 47, 50, 73, 100
on lobed mitres
56, 56–58, 61, 64, 127
purpose of
58, 127
on peaked mitres
28, 58, 58–61, 61, 64, 73–74
reuse of
108
terminal
15, 15, 18, 31, 50, 51, 51–52, 64, 100
terminology for
10–11, 14–16, 50
titulus
10, 15, 56
transverse
16, 16, 50, 62, 63–64, 64, 73, 100
vertical
15, 15, 40, 50, 53, 53–55, 56, 61, 100, 110, 132, 133, 226
Basil of Caesarea, Archbishop
68
Baudri, Abbot of Bourgueil
186
Bavoillot-Lassaude, Richard
225n89
Bayeux Tapestry
150
helmets depicted in
119
Beauvais Missal, dismemberment of
80–81
Becket, Thomas, Archbishop
74, 174, 180
martyrdom of
15n, 150, 171
Bede, Life of Saint Cuthbert
26
belt as part of ecclesiastical vestments
136–138, 146, 147, 168n50
Bender Jørgensen, Lise
33n
Benedict, Saint
217
Benedict IX, Pope
193, 195, 196, 214
Benedictional of Saint Æthelwold
168n50
Benevento
34, 182n101, 216, 218, 219, 220, 225, 237
Benson, Robert L.
194n18
Benty Grange helmet
119n9
“Beowulf”
78
Bernard, Tristan
200
Bernard of Cluny
168–169
Bernardo degli Uberti, Saint, mitre of
228–229
Besançon, Church of St. Stephen
6n19, 155, 158, 159, 194n14, 215
Bezelius (or Bezelin), Archbishop
36
mitre of
109, 109, 110
Biblia Sancti Martialis Lemovicensis Altera
219
bishops
warrior bishops
behavior of
60, 158, 168–169, 179–182, 188, 189, 238
as chess piece
51, 51, 52, 54, 179, 182, 207, 212–213, 220n76
Church rituals and, mitre as part of
150–156, 215
expectations of
158, 168–169, 188, 238, 239
favored courtiers as
173
granting of mitres to
6–7, 158–159, 163, 215n62, 237
mitre as symbol of power of
156, 179, 182, 200
as princes of the Church
140, 169, 174, 179, 189, 194–195
as wearers of mitres
6–7, 7, 56, 71, 111, 113, 116, 158, 160, 163, 188–189, 200, 236, 237, 238
vestments of, mitre as part of
136–140, 156, 161, 215
Blaise, Saint
12
Blöcher, Heidi
2–4, 100, 108n116, 109n122, 110, 227, 228n5, 229n8
Boethius
233, 234
Bohemia, evidence for mitres from
7, 26, 32, 76, 166, 190, 220–225
Boleslav II, Duke
166
bonnet-like mitre
2n5
Book of Daun Burnel the Ass, The. see Mirror of Fools
bracteates
1, 19, 74, 83–84, 85, 86
braid
33n
Branitschewo, Bishop of
184
Braun, Joseph
chart on development of the mitre of, re-evaluation of
xi, 1–5, 2, 9, 20–21, 20, 102, 113, 114, 116, 119–135, 134
on first grant of mitre
214
on lobed mitre form
113n2, 119, 127
on ornamentation
98–99, 100n112, 113n2, 127
research method of
21, 75
Bremen Cathedral
grave 19
108–109
grave 23
14n31
grave of Archbishop Bezelius
109
British Museum Library, manuscript collections of
77–78
Broderick, Herbert R.
91
Brooke, Christopher
157n1
Bruno, Bishop of Toul. see Leo IX, Pope
Bruno, Saint
95, 166
Bruno of Kirchberg, Bishop, mitre of
230n12
bulges. see lobed mitre
Burchard, Bishop of Worms
175
burial caps or “crowns”
65, 67, 68, 110
Burnellus
180–182
buskins/stockings as part of vestments of the Christian Church
136–138
Byzantine vestments, as influence on western vestments
139n16
Cabrera, Ana
228n5
Cadalus, Bishop of Parma
160–161
Calixtus II, Pope
163, 170, 198, 238
Canossa
32, 33, 216, 218, 219
Canterbury Cathedral (stained-glass images in)
74
Capitula Ecclesiastica
142
cap-like mitre
2n5
Carmina Burana
177–179, 212n54
Cartularium monasterii Casauriensis
26, 61, 64
Celestine I, Pope
61, 140n17
Chandler, Paul
172n66
chasuble as part of ecclesiastical vestments
8, 136–138
chess, spread of
201–203, 212–213, 218
chessmen, Lewis
19, 26, 51, 51, 52, 54, 83, 207, 212–213
chess pieces as inspiration for mitres
201–214, 218, 225
Christina of Markyate
183–184
Chromatius, Bishop
44, 51
“Chronicle of the Czechs” (Chronica Boemorum) (Cosmas of Prague)
166
Chronicle of Montecassino, The
193
Chronicon Volturnense
26, 83, 111
Chronicon Sanctæ Sophiæ
24, 26, 34, 111, 216, 218
Church and state, vestments and parity between
173, 175, 186, 196, 200–201
Church treasuries as written evidence of mitres
163–164
cidaris
4
circulus
10–11, 14, 50, 235
City of God (Augustine)
223
Clement II, Pope
110, 196
clerical marriage. see nicolaitism
clerici vagi
177
Cluny Abbey
192, 200, 220
Cod. hist. fol. 415
83, 114, 116n7
coins, images of mitres on
19, 83–84, 85
color of mitres
50, 95–99, 96–97, 134, 166, 167
Concordat of London
198n35
Concordat of Worms
170n59, 198, 222
concubinage. see nicolaitism
conical hat
bands on
116, 120, 121
construction of
120–122, 121–123
helmet as
119
and round hat
4n14, 113, 119, 121
papal tiara and
4, 4, 114n5, 116
pendants on
114, 116
pileus
114
pilos
22, 114, 120n14
as precursor of mitre
xi, 1, 4, 20, 21, 113, 114, 114, 115, 116
construction of mitres
insides of mitres
lobed form
2, 113, 119, 122, 124, 124–126, 127
peaked form
2, 113, 127–134, 129–134, 226–231, 236
contour lines to show three-dimensionality
94, 94–95
Cornelius, Saint
70
cornua
10, 13, 140
Cosmas of Mahdiya, Bishop
165
Cosmas of Prague
166
Cotton, John
77–78
Cotton, Robert
77–78
Cotton, Thomas
77–78
Cowdrey, H.E.J.
192, 217
Cuixà Gospels
46, 46, 53
cuphia
159
Cushing, Kathleen G.
191, 194, 195, 197, 198
Cuthbert, Saint
55, 168n50
Life of Saint Cuthbert (Bede)
26
Cyprianus, Saint
49
dalmatic as part of ecclesiastical vestments
137–138, 155
Damascus II, Pope
196, 214
dating of mitres
extant mitres
108–110, 227–228
issues for visual evidence
22, 46, 84–85, 227–228
tabletwoven bands and
86n88, 103, 108
Davis, Lisa Fagin
81
De Bello Judaico (Jesephus)
98n106
Decet Romanos (Pius VII)
138n8
De Contemptu Mundi (“Scorn for the World”) (Bernard of Cluny)
168–169
Decretum (Gratian)
26
Decretum (Burchard)
175
Deeds of Pope Innocent III (Gesta Innocentii III)
184–185
definition of mitre
9–11, 20, 23, 113–114, 116, 173
De Miseria Humanae Conditionis (Innocent III)
140n17
Denoël, Charlotte
28n16
De Sacro Altaris Mysterio (Innocent III)
96n104
Descriptio Lateranensis Ecclesiae
183
Desiderius, Abbot. see Victor III, Pope
“Diligence of Queens, The”
149
Dissolution of the Monasteries during the English Reformation
77, 86
Dodwell, C.R.
145
dukes, granting of mitres to
6–7, 55, 158, 166, 221
dunce hat
1n3
Dunstan, Saint
74, 149
Duschnes, Philip
80–81
Eadmer of Canterbury
149
Eberhard of Trier, Archbishop
6, 105, 158, 159, 190, 214, 220
ecclesiastical vestments, mitre as part of
7, 136–140, 161, 162
Edward the Confessor, tomb of
67n44
Edward the Elder
148
Ege, Otto
80–81
Egelsine, Lord
159
Egelsino (or Æthelsige), Abbot
6n22, 32, 111, 154
Einsiedeln poem
213n59
Eleanor (or Alienor), Queen of Castile
146, 147
elephant Arabic chess piece as inspiration for lobed mitre
203–204, 207, 208–209, 209, 210–211, 212–213, 218, 220n76, 225
Eli, High Priest
38, 39
Elizabeth I, Queen of England
231
Ellwangen Bible
26
Ely, Church of St. Æthelthryth
141n21
embroidery
142, 143, 144–145, 148, 149, 150, 184–185, 227–228, 238
Engilmar, Bishop
7
England
early images of mitres from
5, 23, 29, 32, 33, 46, 74, 76–78, 133, 216, 220
secular use of lobed style in
233–234
spread of chess to
212–213
written evidence for mitres from
159, 161, 165–166, 171–172, 174, 180–182, 184, 189
English, status of in the Middle Ages
78
“episcopal mitre”
160, 161, 164
Erhard, Saint
5
Ermengaud I, Count of Urgel
201–202
Ermessind, Countess
202
Ermintrude, Queen of the Franks
143
Eugenius III, Pope
182n101
extant mitres
8, 73, 108–110, 226, 227–228
evolution of mitre
antecedents
4–5, 9
Braun’s chart on development of mitre, re-evaluation of
xi, 1–5, 2, 9, 20–21, 20, 102, 113, 114, 116, 119–135, 134
co-existence of mitre styles
28, 30–31, 48, 73, 216
early mitres
27–72
geographical location of first mitres
25–26, 33, 87n88, 214–225, 237
lobed mitre
development of
2, 3, 32, 33, 113–114, 114, 119–120, 122, 124, 127, 135, 216, 220, 236–237
disappearance of
226, 239
documentary evidence for, lack of
158
early images of
3, 27, 28, 31–32, 31, 33, 198, 216, 218, 219, 220
orientation of
37, 40, 38–41, 74
peaked mitre
development of
2, 4, 20, 113, 114, 120, 127, 132–134, 216, 236–237
early images of
27–28, 28, 30–31, 30, 33, 34, 111, 132, 216, 218–220, 219
first description of
173, 188
orientation of
34, 41, 42–43, 44, 44–48, 46–48, 74, 83, 86, 91, 108, 132–134, 139
as surviving form of mitre
108, 226–231
Exultet rolls
1n3, 3, 27, 31, 32, 33, 85, 161, 216, 217, 218
fabric of mitres
95, 99, 102, 120n14, 134, 150, 160n14, 230, 166, 167, 173, 188, 230–231
see color of mitres
fanones
10, 11, 17
felt as fabric for mitres
120n14
fimbriae
171
Fiske, Willard
212n58
fit of mitres
xi, 98n105, 119, 122, 124, 128, 134, 226
fleece, depiction of in medieval art
98n106
Florence, manuscript loss due to flooding in
81–82
footwear as part of ecclesiastical vestments
138n7
France
early images of mitres from
5, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33, 46, 47, 76, 83, 132, 216, 219, 220
as origin of mitre
33, 219–220
secular use of lobed style in
233–234
spread of chess to
202
written evidence for mitres from
161, 167–169, 172, 173, 180, 186, 187–188, 189
Fridestan, Bishop
148
Friedrich I, Archbishop
35, 36, 198
frigium
xi
fringes
18, 28, 31, 51, 71, 110, 171, 188, 229
fur
depiction of in medieval art
98, 99
on mitres as representation of avarice
160
Gaignières, François Roger de
101
Gallicanized Collections
152
Galloway Hoard rock crystal jar
148
Gamer, Helena M.
213n59
Garver, Valerie L.
142, 149
Gelasio II, Pope
111
Gemma Animae (“Jewel of the Soul”) (Honorius of Autun)
137, 167, 190n2
Geminiano, Saint
25, 46
Geoffrey of Sainte-Berbe-en-Auge
75
Germany
early images of mitres from
25–26, 74, 76, 83, 198
secular use of lobed style used in
233–234
spread of chess to
202, 203, 212n54, 213n59
written evidence for mitres from
164, 189, 238
Gesta Abbatum of St. Albans
184
Gesta Innocentii III
184–185
gifting of vestments
146, 182–187, 238
mitres
183–189, 215
Gilles de Corbeil
180, 187
Giselbert, Archbishop
109
gloves as part of ecclesiastical vestments
137, 138, 155
Godebald, Bishop of Utrecht
163
gold bands
50, 100, 145, 167–168, 172, 185, 188, 200, 238
Goliards
177, 179
Golias
177
Goscelin of Saint-Bertin
159, 161, 215, 238
Gotefredus, Bishop
33
granting of mitres
158–161, 163, 196, 214, 237, 238, 239
to abbots
6, 24, 32, 111–112, 154–155, 158, 169, 171–172, 181–182, 188, 215, 237
to bishops
6–7, 158–159, 163, 215n62, 237
to dukes
6–7, 55, 158, 166, 221
first occurrence
158–159, 196, 214, 220–221, 237
Gratian
26
Greek mitra
4–5, 17–18, 21
Gregorian Reform movement
8, 197, 200
Gregorius, Abbot
111
Gregory, Archbishop of Tarragona
46n32
Gregory I, Pope (also Saint Gregory)
59, 70, 126, 222, 222
Gregory VI, Pope
193, 195
Gregory VII, Pope
7, 98, 158, 187, 197–198, 203, 218n71, 221
Gregory X
56n39
Gregory of St. Migue, Abbot
112
Grimbald, Physician
233
Guarin of Averso, Abbot
6n22, 111
Guillaume de Dole
144
Guillaume de Lorris
144n28
Guillaume Durandus
155–156
gynaecea
141
Hadrian IV, Pope
184
Hallstadt
33n, 86n88
Harlindis, Saint
168n50
Harley, Edward
77–78
Harley, Robert
77–78
Hartwig, Bishop
159
Haskins, Charles Homer
157n1
hatbox-shaped mitres
6
haubenartige Mitra
2n5
headbands as antecedent of mitre
5, 9, 17
head covering for clerics, development of
7, 190–191, 200, 225, 236
headdresses, oriental, as antecedent of mitre
5
Hearst, William Randolph
80–81
Hedda, Bishop
103
Heinrich IV, Kaiser
65, 67, 68
Heliodorus, Bishop
44, 51, 64
Helisaeo, Bishop of Mantua
6n22
helmets, as conical hat and round hat
119
Hemma, Queen
146, 147, 168n50
Herulf of Langres, Bishop
38
Henry I, King of England
198n35
Henry II, Emperor
183
Henry III, Emperor
153, 154, 195–197, 214, 225
Henry II, King of England
146, 180
Henry IV, Emperor
198, 218n71, 221, 239
Henry V, Emperor
198
Henry VIII, King of England
77, 86
Henry of Blois, Bishop
54
Henry of Lausanne
173
Herlihy, David
142
Herman, Abbot of the French Benedictine monastery at St. Martin’s, Tournai
167, 172
Hermann of Metz, Bishop
161, 162
Hilaire, Saint
54
Hilarius of Poitiers, Bishop
117
Hildebold, Archbishop
109
Hildebrand, Archdeacon. see Gregory VII, Pope
“Hint to the Archbishop, A”
179
Hippolytus, Bishop
151
“History of the Translation of Saint Augustine of the English”
(Historia translationis S. Augustini Anglorum) (Goscelin)
159
History of Otto (Liudprand)
192
Hochdorf
33n
Hochmichele
33n
Holmes, Urban T., Jr.
157
Holy Trinity, Abbey, Cava
182n
Holy Trinity, Abbey, Mileto
182n
Honorius of Autun
137, 138, 150, 166, 167
“horned” mitre. see peaked mitre
horns
peaked mitre
of Moses
13, 140
symbolism of on mitres
140, 180–182, 187
Hoskin, Philippa
88n
Hugh of Cluny, Abbot
6n22, 13, 111, 112, 154n65, 200
Hugh of Salins
194n14
Hugh of St. Calais, Bishop
44
Hugo de Cysa
214
Hugo of Flavigny, Abbot
161, 162, 215, 238
Hyguald, Bishop
148
Iceland, chess terminology in
212n56, n58
Ierapigra ad Purgandos Prelatos (Pills (or Laxatives) for Purging Prelates) (Gilles de Corbeil)
180
infulae
10, 11, 17, 169
Innocent II, Pope
183
Innocent III, Pope
96n, 137, 138, 140n17, 150, 156, 184–185
insides of mitres
79–80, 113, 127, 128, 228–230, 236
Investiture Controversy, the
8, 170n59, 197–198, 200, 218, 222
Italy
early images of mitres from
1n3, 3, 5, 23–24, 25–26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 46, 64, 76, 80–82, 83, 127, 216–217, 220
as origin of the mitre
214–220, 219, 225, 237
secular use of lobed style in
233–234
spread of chess to
202, 207, 209, 212, 213n59
written evidence for mitres from
160, 161, 166, 169, 173, 187, 189, 215
Ivo of Chartres, Bishop
136–137
Jacques de Vitry, Bishop, mitre of
187–188, 189, 230
Jaeger, C. Stephen
194n17
James, Saint
39
Jean de Meun
144n28
Jerome, Saint
68, 175–176
Jesephus
98n106
“Jewel of the Soul” (Gemma Animae) (Honorius of Autun)
137, 167, 190n2
Jocelin of Brakelond, Chronicle of
154–155
Johannes I, Bishop
206, 222, 222
Johannes Scotus Eriugena
143
John, Saint
89
John XII, Saint
192–193
John of Sabina. see Silvester III, Pope
John of Salisbury
174, 176
kalottenartige Mitra
1n4
kegelartige Mitra
1n3
Kelly, Thomas Forrest
3n10, 27, 217
kidney pouches
235
“Kings of Greed”
178
King, Archdale A.
119
knotted pendants
17–18, 17, 36–37, 65, 66–67
Knut, King
183
Kronhaube (burial cap)
65, 67, 68, 110
Kunigunde, wife of Emperor Henry II
183
Kwakkel, Erik
79
lampas, bands of
100n114
lappets
10, 11, 17
Leander, Bishop
132
Lectionary of Archbishop Friedrich
35, 198
Léger of Vienne, Archbishop
145
Leland, John
78
Leo, Abbot
111
Leo, Saint
115
Leo IX, Pope
63, 71, 165n36
and granting of first mitre
6, 32, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 190–191, 196, 214, 225
as reformer
153, 156, 195–197, 217
Lewis chessmen
19, 26, 51, 51, 52, 54, 83, 207, 212–213
Liber ad Honorem Augusti (Peter of Eboli)
xi, 26, 91, 93, 112
use of the little line and
91, 93
Liber de Cultura Hortum (Walafrid Strabo)
231
Liber Diversarum Atium
90
Liber Eliensis
164
Liber Ordinis S. Victoris Parisiensis
56
Libro de los Luegos
212n54
Liénor, sister of Guillaume de Dole
144
Liethbald of Mainz, Archbishop
159
Life of Pope Gregory VII, The (Paul of Bernried)
187
Life of Saint Cuthbert (Bede)
26
Life of Saint Herbert (Vita S. Hereberti) (Rupert of Deutz)
163
Life of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland (Vita Sanctæ Margaretæ Scotorum Reginæ) (Turgot)
142
“Life of St. Norbert, Archbishop of Magdeburg, The” (Vita Norberti Archiepiscopi Magdeburgensis)
170–171
Life of St. Pope Leo IX
32
Limoges, Abbey of St. Martial
219–220
linen for mitres
bleaching of
166, 167, 188
starching of
230–231
as stiffener
230
symbolism of
95, 166, 188
linen tunic as part of ecclesiastical vestments
136, 138
lions-attacking-camels mantle for King Roger II of Sicily
145
little line, use of for three-dimensional representation
91, 92, 93, 107
liturgical colors, program of
96n104
liturgical rites and rituals, the mitre and
150–156, 214–215
Liturgisches Gewandung im Occident und Orient, Die. see Braun, Joseph
Liudprand, Bishop of Cremona
192–193
“Lives of the First Four Abbots of Cava” (Peter II)
169
lobed hats
223
lobed mitre
bands and
36–37, 56, 56–58, 61, 64, 124, 127
Bohemia and
223
Braun on
113n2, 119, 127
co-existence of with peaked mitres
28, 30–31, 48, 73, 216
construction of
2, 113, 119, 122, 124, 124–126, 127
definition of
13, 20
development of
2, 3, 32, 33, 113–114, 114, 119–120, 122, 124, 127, 135, 216, 220, 236–237
disappearance of
226, 239
documentary evidence for, lack of
158
early images of
3, 27, 28, 31–32, 31, 33, 198, 216, 218, 219, 220
fit of
98n105, 97, 128, 226
lack of extant examples of
108, 110, 226
orientation of
37, 40, 38–41, 74
origins of style of
201, 203–204, 207, 208–210, 209, 212–213, 237
ornamentation of
226, 231
pendants on
17
secular use of hat style
23, 110, 232–233, 233, 239
variations in depictions of lobes
124, 125–126
balloon-like lobes
104, 104, 106
four-lobed form
223
versus peaked mitres
27, 107, 108, 226, 231, 233–235
London, Concordat of
198n35
Lothar II, Emperor
183, 189, 215
Lothar III, Emperor
170
Lothar of Segni. see Innocent III, Pope
Loud, Graham
155, 170n59, 174n71, 196n28
Louis I “the Fair” of Brieg
224
Louis the German
146
Luca Casali von Nicosia, Saint, mitre of
230
Mabillon, Jean
151n51
miraculous properties of mitres
180, 187
Magnus, Saint
74
makers of mitres
141–150, 156, 238
collaboration with artistic clerics
149–150
locations of production
141–145, 156
versus commissioners
145–149, 165n34, 186
Manasses (I) of Rheims, Archbishop
195
Manassi of Bergen, Abbot
6n22, 111
Mann, Horace K.
194n16
maniple as part of ecclesiastical vestments
136, 138, 184n112
manuscripts, illuminated
artistic proficiency and
86–95
availability of
75–83
country representation and
26, 76, 83
dating of
84–85
estimation of numbers of
76, 83
from Austria
26, 76
from Belgium
26, 76
from Bohemia
7, 26, 32, 76, 166, 190, 220–225
from England
5, 23, 29, 32, 33, 74, 76–78, 133, 216, 220
German appropriation of
78, 86
from France
5, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33, 46, 47, 76, 83, 132, 216, 219, 220
from Germany
5, 24, 25–26, 35, 76, 83, 198, 234–235, 234
from Italy
1n3, 3, 5, 23–24, 25–26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 46, 64, 76, 80–82, 83, 127, 216–217, 220
from Portugal
76, 80, 83
from Scandinavia
76
from Spain
5, 76
from Switzerland
5, 62, 76, 203
loss of
75–83
private collections
77–78
reuse of
79–80
survival rates of
76, 78
manuale
184n112
Mardié
33n
Margaret, Saint
142
Margaret of Navarre
171n62
Marriott, Wharton Booth
136n2, 140n17
Marshall, Tariq
179n89
Martialis, Bishop
40
Martin, Saint
40
Martin of Tours, Saint
45, 50
Martinus, Abbot
25
Matilda of Tuscany, Countess
218
Mathieu, James R.
120
Matthaeus of Capua, Archbishop
93
Matthew of Paris
74
Mayo, Janet
200
me fecit issue
146–149, 165n34, 186
Mieszko III the Old, High Duke
223, 223
Miller, Maureen
137n6, 138–139, 144n29, 174
Mirror of Fools (Nigel de Longchamps)
180–182
mitra versus mitre
6, 10, 11
mitra aurifrisiata
2n9, 50, 98, 100, 101–102, 145, 167, 185
mitra clericalis
114, 116
“Mitrale, or a Summary of the Ecclesiastical Offices” (Mitrale, Sive de Officiis Ecclesiasticis Summa) (Sicardus of Cremona)
173
mitra pretiosa
2n9, 50, 99, 100n112, 102–103, 103, 185, 226
mitra romana
225n
mitra simplex
2n9, 50, 51, 98–99, 100n112, 103, 185
mitre. see color of mitres; construction of mitres; evolution of mitre; fabric of mitres; granting of mitres; lobed mitre; makers of mitres; origins of mitres; ornamentation of mitres; peaked mitre; perceptions of mitre and mitre wearers; surviving form of mitre; symbolism of the mitre; visual evidence for mitres; written evidence for mitres
Mittelalterliche Schatzverzeichnisse
164
Modoaldus, Archbishop
198, 199
monastic houses, importance of
111, 112
monastic libraries, destruction of
77–78
monastic reform
191–192, 238
Monreale, Abbey
182n
Montecassino
112, 193, 215–217, 218, 219, 225
morse as part of ecclesiastical vestments
137n2
Moses
24, 61, 89
“horns” of
13, 140
Münster Cathedral
164
Murray, H.J.R.
212n58
Narcissus, Bishop
66
Nash, Penelope
218n71
nicolaitism
192–193, 197, 238
Nicholas, Saint
57, 64, 69, 118
Nicholas II, Pope
7, 158, 166, 221
Nicolle, David
119
Nigel of Ely, Bishop
88n, 164
Nigel de Longchamps (or Nigellus Wireker or Nigel of Canterbury)
180–182
Norbert of Xanten
170–171
Norris, Herbert
37n31, 114, 116, 138n7
Northumberland Bestiary
98n106
Oderic Vitalis
192
Old English Hexateuch
1n3
ordines
151–152
ordines romani
152–153
orientation of mitres
artistic conventions and
40, 75, 88
little line
91, 92–93, 107
front-to-back
40, 46, 46, 47, 68, 75
head orientation of wearer and
24, 27, 44, 73, 75, 86–88, 91, 93, 107
lobed mitre
37, 40, 38–41, 74
peaked mitre
34, 41, 42–43, 44, 44–48, 46–48, 74, 83, 86, 91, 108, 132–134, 139
pendants and
22, 34, 37, 41, 44, 68, 87, 89–90, 107
sideways
34, 37, 44, 46, 48, 73
survival of peaked form and
108
turn of
46–48, 48, 71, 133, 134, 227, 236, 239
origins of mitres
190–225, 237
geographical location of
25–26, 33, 87n88, 214–225, 237
monastic and papal reform movements and
8, 153, 191–200, 225, 238–239
sources of inspiration for styles
190, 201–214, 218, 237
ornamentation of mitres
33, 71, 98–103, 99, 101–103, 145, 185, 216n64, 226, 228, 231
embroidery; gold bands; Palermo bands; tabletwoven bands
possibilities for and survival of peaked mitre form
226–227, 231
orphrey
141n21, 144n29, 165, 172n65
Otter, Monika
186n118
Otto I, Emperor
151, 152, 166
Otto I of Bamberg, Saint, mitres of
62n41, 79, 100n111, n114, 228, 229
Owen-Crocker, Gale
82n80, 168n50
Palazzo, Eric
136n1, 152n56, n58
Palermo bands
50, 100, 108, 145, 227, 228
palimpsests
79
pallium as part of ecclesiastical vestments
136, 137n6
Paludan, Lis
84n82
papal origin of the mitre
138, 158, 189
papal reforms and the development of mitres
8, 191–198, 200
parchment, reuse of
79–80, 187–188, 228–230, 229, 236
Parker, Matthew
78
Parker Library at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
78
Paschal (or Paschalis) II, Pope
111, 163, 182n101, 238
Patrick, Saint
140
Patrizi, Agostino
151n51
Patrologie Latina
6
pattern sheets
90
Paul, Apostle
7, 189
Paul of Bernried
187
peaked mitre
bands and
10, 15, 15, 16, 16, 28, 34, 53, 54–55, 56, 58, 58–61, 61, 62, 63–64, 73, 108, 129, 132–133
Bohemia and
222–225
co-existence of with lobed mitres
28, 30–31, 48, 73, 216
construction of
2, 113, 127–134, 129–134, 226–231, 236
definition of
9, 12, 13–14, 20, 173, 188, 239
development of
2, 4, 20, 113, 114, 120, 127, 132–134, 216, 236–237
early images of
27–28, 28, 30–31, 30, 33, 34, 111, 132, 216, 218–220, 219
as exclusive to the Church
233, 239
first description of
173, 188
fit of
98n105, 97, 128, 134, 226
knife-edge silhouette of
13–14, 30, 34, 35
mitra aurifrisiata
2n9, 50, 98, 100, 101–102, 145, 167, 185
mitra pretiosa
2n9, 50, 99, 100n112, 102–103, 103, 185, 226
mitra simplex
2n9, 50, 51, 98–99, 100n112, 185
orientation of
34, 41, 42–43, 44, 44–48, 46–48, 74, 83, 86, 91, 108, 132–134, 139
origins of style of
201, 203–205, 204–207, 207, 213, 218, 237
ornamentation of
100n112, 226–227
pendants and
17, 41, 44, 65, 87, 107
as preferred style
108, 71, 73, 226–231
as “Roman mitre”
221, 224, 225
stiffening of peaks
226–231, 236–237
as surviving form of mitre
108, 226–231
symbolism of
140, 180–182, 187, 240
variations in appearance of peaks
104, 130–132, 131–132
curled peaks
104, 104, 106
curved peaks
104, 105, 106–107
horn-like peaks
104, 105
knobs
104, 104
versus lobed mitre
27, 107, 108, 226, 231, 233–235
written evidence for
158, 179, 181–182, 188
pendants
knotted pendants
bands and
32, 36–37
on burial caps or “crowns”
65, 67, 68
composition of
18
on conical hats
114, 115, 116
fringes on
171n60, 173, 188, 229
lack of on mitres
65, 89, 116
length of
18, 68
orientation of mitres and
22, 34, 37, 41, 44, 68, 87, 89–90, 107
origins of
5
placement of
11, 17–18, 17, 65, 68, 68–71, 83, 107
stiffening of
79–80, 229–230
terminals of
28, 28, 31, 50, 51, 52, 173
terminology for
10, 11, 17–18
pendulae
10, 17
Pepin, Ronald E.
176n82
perceptions of mitre and mitre wearers
158, 160, 162, 169–182
Pereira, Gonçalo, mitre of
228, 230n12
Peter, Deacon
222, 222
Peter, Saint
111, 190, 214
Peter II, Abbot of Venosa
169
Peter Damian
on avarice
98n106, 160–161, 162, 176, 215
on chess
203
Peter Lombard
24, 118
Peter of Blois
171–172
Peter Cantor
172
Peter of Cava, Abbot
169
Peter of Eboli
xi, 26, 91, 112
Phrygian hat
xi
pileus
114
Pills (or Laxatives) for Purging Prelates (Ierapigra ad Purgandos Prelatos) (Gilles de Corbeil)
180, 187
pilos (conical Greek hat)
22, 114, 120n14
pointed pilos
114
Pius VII, Pope
138n8
poetry on mitres
176–182
Policraticus: Of the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers (John of Salisbury)
174
Pontificale Romanum (Roman Pontifical)
150–151, 215
pontificalia, the
138, 150, 156
in Africa
166
Pontius, Abbot of Cluny
163
popes
papal origin of the mitre; papal reforms and the development of mitres
and gifting of vestments to churches
183
granting of mitres by
6, 34–35, 154, 158, 161, 163, 196, 225, 237
as wearers of mitres
6, 34–35, 111, 218, 225n89, 237
pouches using lobed style
201, 233–234, 234, 235
“prick and pounce” method
90–91
princes of the Church, bishops as
140, 169, 174, 179, 189, 194–195
profile of mitre wearers and mitre orientation see orientation of mitres
Raimond of Roda, Saint, mitre of
230
Rainald of Dassel
179n91
Ralph, Archbishop of Canterbury, seal of
31, 31
Rambald, Abbot
111
Rastede
164
rationale as part of ecclesiastical vestments
136, 137n6
Rationale Divinorum Officiorum (Durandus)
155
“Rebellious Song, The” (Walter of Châtillon)
179
reform movements and origins of the mitre
8, 153, 191–200, 225, 238–239
Regesta Pontificum Romanorum
158, 221
Reinbert of Trier, Abbot
6n22, 111
Reindel, Kurt
161n16
remains of mitres
8, 73, 108–110, 226, 227–228
requests for mitres
186, 238
“Restoration of the Monastery of St. Martin of Tournai, The” (Restauratio Sancti Martioni Tornacensis) (Herman)
167
reuse of materials for mitres
79–80, 108, 187–188, 227–230, 229, 236
Rheims, council of, 1049
32
Richard of Cirencester
67n44
Richenza, Empress
183
ring as part of ecclesiastical vestments
137–138
Ripoll Bible
85
Roffredo of Monte Cassino, Abbot
93, 112
Roffrid, Abbot
111
Roger II of Sicily, King, coronation mantle of
145, 185
Romance of the Rose, The (Guillaume de Lorris)
144
“Roman mitre”
6, 29, 32, 159–160, 161, 190, 220–221, 224–225
Romano-Germanic Pontifical
151, 152, 156, 215
rook Arabic chess piece
geographical limits of use of term
212n58
as inspiration for peaked mitre
203–205, 204–207, 207, 213, 218, 225
Rosenda, Saint, mitre of
228n5, 229
round hat
bands on
116, 119, 120, 121
and conical hat
4n14, 113, 119, 121
construction of
120–122, 121–123
dip on
122, 123
helmet as
119
pendants on
116, 119
as precursors of mitres
20, 21, 113, 114, 116, 122
“Rule of Saint Benedict, The”
217
“Rules of Chess”
179
“Ruodlieb”
203, 213n59
Rupert, Saint
168n51
Rupert of Deutz (or Rupertus Tuitiensis)
163, 238
Sacred Church of Africa (Sancte Africane Ecclesie), Ifriqiya, treasury of
165
Saint Malachias, mitre of
227
Saint Michel de Cuixà , monastery
111
Saint Nicholas, Church of, Ifriqiya, treasury of
165
Saint Sophia, Church of, Benevento
34, 182n, 218
Samson, Abbot
154
sandals as part of ecclesiastical vestments
136–138, 159
San Vincenzo at Volturno, monastery
111, 182n
satire on mitres
157, 162, 175–182, 188
Sawyer, Daniel
78
Schorta, Regula
100n114
“Scorn for the World” (De Contemptu Mundi) (Bernard of Cluny)
168–169
secular power and ecclesiastical power, parity of
73, 175, 186, 196, 200–201
secular use of lobed mitre style
21, 232–234, 233–235
shadowing to show three-dimensionality
94, 95
Shorwell Helmet
119n9
Sicardus of Cremona
173
Sigisbert, Saint, mitre of
80
Sigismund, Emperor
144–145
Silvester III, ope
195
Simon Magus
193
simony
193–195, 197, 217, 239
Sloane, Hans
77–78
Songs from Benediktbeuern. see Carmina Burana
Spangenhelm
119
Speculum Stultorum. see Mirror of Fools
Spytihněv II, Duke
6n22, 7, 166, 221
St. Æthelthryth, Church of, Ely
141n21
staff as part of ecclesiastical vestments
7, 137–138, 155, 167, 173, 198
St. Albans’s Gesta Abbatum
184
St. Albans Psalter
98n106
starch for linen
230–231
Star mantle given to Bamberg Cathedral
183
Stephan, Pope
117
Stephen I, King of Hungary
183
Stephen II, Saint
57
Stephen IX, Pope
160
stepped hats
5
stiffening of mitres
79–80, 226–231, 236
St. John of the Hermits, Abbey of, Palermo
182n
St. Martial, Abbey of, Limoges
220
St. Michael, Cathedral of, Brussels, Anglo-Saxon cross
148
stole as part of ecclesiastical vestments
7, 136, 138
St. Peter’s, Salzburg, mitre from
230
St. Scholastica, monastery
74
St. Vitus, Cathedral of, Prague
166
Sulpicius, Saint
55
surviving form of mitre
108, 226–231
Sutri, Synod of
195
Sylvester I, Saint
52, 74
symbolism of the mitre
as Church
167, 188
horns and
13n30, 140, 150, 180–182
as identifier of office of bishop
156, 179, 181–182, 189, 238
morality
140, 150, 156, 158
parity of Church and state and
173, 200, 240
power
140, 150, 156, 181n99, 187–188, 200
syncopa
181n99
tabletwoven bands
attribution of production
145–149, 165n34
dating of mitres and
33n, 86n88, 103, 108–109, 227
names on
167–168, 188
pendants and
18
production of
145, 146, 148–149, 149
time required for production
108, 149
Tavèrnoles, wooden altar from
87, 87
Tedaldo of Canossa
38
Tellenbach, Gerd
191, 196n26, 197
terminology
10–18
textile working
attribution of production
145–149
as virtue
142, 144
women and
141–150
textile workshops
141, 142, 144, 145
texture, indications of in mitre images
98, 99
Theodred of London, Bishop
41, 61
Theophano, wife of Otto II
213n59
Theophilus, Bishop
63
Thietmar, Saxon monk and priest
166–167
Thomson, Rodney M.
176
tiara
3–4, 4, 111, 114n5, 116, 200, 217, 225n89
titulus
10, 15, 56
Tractatus Garsiæ
176
transverse bands
16, 16, 50, 62, 63–64, 64, 73, 100
treasuries as documentary evidence of mitres
163–164
Troia
216, 217–218, 219, 225
tunicle as part of ecclesiastical vestments
136, 138
Tunisia, wearing of mitres in
165, 238
turban as antecedent of mitre
5, 6, 9
Turgot, Bishop of St. Andrews
142
Ulger of Angers, Bishop
101
Ulrich, Saint
72, 92, 168n50
universities, establishment of and written evidence for mitres
162, 177n83, 182
Urban II, Pope
12, 34, 111, 160, 161, 200, 201
Valerius, Saint
99
Vandeburie, Jan
187, 188
Verbum Adbreviatum (“Abbreviated Word”) (Peter Cantor)
172
Versus de Scachis
203
vertical bands
15, 15, 40, 50, 53, 53–55, 56, 61, 100, 110, 132, 133, 226
vestments
commissioning of vestments
146–148, 186, 189, 238
gifting of vestments
146, 182–187, 238
as glorification of God
139
headwear as part of
7, 190–191, 200, 225, 236
luxurious nature of
138–140, 172–176, 182, 185, 200
place of mitre in development of
7, 137–138, 140, 150, 200
provision of
183
requesting of
186
Victor II, Pope
159, 161, 196
Victor III, Pope
3n11, 27, 85
Victorian, Saint, mitre of
128
Virgin, the, as textile worker
143, 144
visual evidence for mitres
manuscripts
bracteates
1, 19, 74, 83–84, 85, 86
chronological range of
23–24
coins
19, 83–84, 85
collection of
19–23
geographical range of
23–26
issues with
19, 22
availability of sources
73–84
dating issues
22, 46, 84–85, 227–228
dearth of images
76–83
identity of mitre wearers
22
proficiency of the artist
86–95
seals
19, 23, 24, 31, 31
stained glass windows
19, 61, 74, 86
survival rates of
76, 78
Vita S. Hereberti (Life of Saint Herbert) (Rupert of Deutz)
163
Vita Matildis
218
Vita Norberti Archiepiscopi Magdeburgensis (“The Life of St. Norbert, Archbishop of Magdeburg”)
170–171
Vita Sanctæ Margaretæ Scotorum Reginæ (Life of St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland) (Turgot)
142
Vladislaus II
223
Vogel, Cyrille
151, 152n55
Waddell, Helen
176
Walafrid Strabo
231
Walcher, Bishop of Durham
194
Walsingham, Thomas
184
Walter of Châtillon
179
Walter of Palermo, Archbishop
93
Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland
194
warrior bishops
178, 178
wearers of mitres
6–7, 24, 111, 159, 237
abbots as
6, 24, 32, 111–112, 154–155, 158, 169, 171–172, 181–182, 188, 215, 237
archbishops as
6, 111, 158, 159
bishops as
6–7, 7, 56, 71, 111, 113, 116, 158, 160, 163, 188–189, 200, 236, 237, 238
cardinals as
6n19, 215, 237
dukes as
6–7, 55, 158, 166, 221
popes as
6, 34–35, 111, 218, 225n89, 237
Weissenau Passional
26
Wenceslas, Saint
223n88, 224
Whicher, George F.
177n83, 179n91
William I of Aquitaine, Duke
220
William II, King
171n62
William the Conqueror
194
Witgarius, Saint
146, 147, 168n50
Worms
214
Concordat of
170n59, 198, 222
Wratislav, Duke
6n22, 7, 221, 225
written evidence for mitres
157–189, 237–238
clerical writing
168–175
of eleventh century
158–162, 188, 215–216, 237–238
gifting, records of
162, 182–186
histories
163–167
inventories
162–165, 238
letters
140n17, 160–161, 171, 173, 176, 186
miracles, records of
180, 187
on origins of mitre
215–216
papal grants
163, 166, 237
peaked versus lobed mitres in
158
perceptions of mitre and mitre wearers in
158, 160, 162, 169–182
poetry
176–182
satire
157, 162, 175–182, 188
of twelfth century
157, 162–189
Zacharias
63
Zdik, Jindrich, Bishop
222, 222