Index
Abasand Oils Limited, hot water separation plant
269, 285
Abe, Ryounosuke
217, 247
Acid Deposition Act 1980
378, 379
Acid rain
9, 368–69, 376–79, 383
Acid Rain Program, Cap and Trade Program
378–79
AG für Steinkohleverflussigung und Steinkohleveredelung (Corporation for Bituminous Coal Liquefaction)
61
AGP (Aktiengesellschaft für Petroleumindustrie)
34, 42, 50, 51, 52, 61
Air Pollution Control Act 1955
376, 379
Alberta
Abasand Oils Limited hot-water separation plant
285
Athabasca, McMurray oil sands
265–69, 271, 281, 285–87, 293, 295–98
Bitumount hot-water separation plant
285–86
Great Canadian Oil Sands (GCOS) plant
287, 296
Mildred-Ruth Lakes, bitumen
281, 285
Mines Branch Alberta Research Council hot-water separation plant
285
Oil Sands Project
287, 297, 301
Scientific and Industrial Research Council of Alberta
296, 275, 279, 283, 285, 289
Turner Valley
269–71, 280–81
Albertite, Oilite, and Cannel Coal Company of New York
266
Alberts, Leonard
146, 148, 338–39, 346
Alderson, Victor
306–8
Alkali Acts Administration
379
Allen, John, Gordon
127, 222, 239
Alsands
297
Ammonia synthesis
26, 30, 31, 33, 85, 86, 87, 211
Anglo-American Oil Company (Esso Petroleum Company)
194
Anglo-Iranian (Persian) Oil Company
63, 64, 194
ANIC (Azienda Nazional Idrogenazione Combustibili)
18, 280, 355
Appalachian Experiment Station
331
Arab Oil Embargo 1973–74
17, 19, 260, 295, 352–53, 359
Arnold, Ralph
306
Arrhenius, Svante
68, 371–72
Ashland Oil Inc.
362, 364
Association for Hydrogenation, Synthesis, and Low Temperature Carbonization (ARSYN)
81, 118
Athabasca Oil Sands Conference 1951
266, 269, 271, 286, 295
Atlantic Richfield
5, 296, 354, 379
Audibert, Etienne
312, 356
Auschwitz
118, 133, 156, 162–65
Ayai, Toyohisa
238
Bakken Shale
6, 380
Baeyer, Adolf von
84
Ball, Max
285
Bamag (Berlin Anhaltische Maschinenbau Gesellschaft)
30, 62, 311
Ban, Yoshisada
206, 213, 214, 219, 245, 314
Bain, H. Foster
306
Bar-Zohar, Michel
302, 338
Barnett Shale
6, 7, 380
BASF (Badische-Anilin und Soda-Fabrik)
1, 10, 22–23, 26, 28–30, 49, 51, 58, 61–63, 68–69, 73–74, 78–79, 84–91, 98, 100–1, 134, 150, 159, 179, 190, 217, 246, 254–55, 271, 312, 314–15, 318, 323, 326
Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij Company
59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 106
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
15, 102, 103, 104, 107, 246, 278, 347
Bayway, New Jersey (Standard Oil)
15, 102, 104, 107, 245, 278
Bechtel Corporation, California
339
Bergius, Friedrich
agreement with BASF
68
Bergingesellschaft
50
biographical
1, 23, 31–32, 65
coal composition
37–39
death
65
early experiments on oil and coal hydrogenation
1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 33–36, 42–47, 50–56
Hanover Laboratory
32, 33, 42, 44–48, 51, 53
hydrogen production
40–42, 56–57
Inkohlung reaction
36
international developments
58–64
later projects
64–65
Melchett Medal
23, 31, 67, 181, 190, 200, 309
Nobel Prize Chemistry 1931
14
patents and licensing
15, 52
radio addresses, 1933, 1935
66
Rheinau-Mannheim plant
3, 10, 47, 50–59, 61, 63, 65, 68, 78, 89–90, 172–73, 182–83, 194, 217, 309, 324
wood-to-sugar hydrolysis
65
Berthelot, Marcelin
24, 25, 39, 312
Beilby, George
309
Benzinvertrag (Fuel Agreement), IG Farben
80
Billingham, hydrogenation plant
3, 4, 13, 15, 64, 100, 105–6, 167, 190–203, 245, 263, 277, 280, 324, 326, 334–35
Billwiller, John
33, 43, 48
BIOS (British Intelligence Objectives Sub–Committee)
18, 19, 20, 85, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 127, 131, 145, 148, 149, 150, 153, 156, 283, 303
Birkeland, Kristian and Eyde, Samuel, electric arc process
27
Birmingham, University, synthetic fuel program
3, 109, 170, 320
Bitumen, hydrogenation of
4, 16, 262, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 298
Blair Report 1951
286, 287, 288, 295
Blair, Sidney M.
287, 295
Bodenstein, Max
32, 33
Bone, William
38, 39, 174, 180, 196
Boomer, Edward H. and A. W. Saddington
274
Booth, F. L.
287, 290
Booth, Norman
182, 189, 190
Bormann, F. Hubbard
369, 375–77
Bosch, Carl
101
coal hydrogenation
14, 23, 40, 68–69, 77, 89–90, 97
synthetic ammonia process
28–30, 49–51, 85
Bowen, Arthur R.
175, 177, 180
Bowles, Kenneth
269, 275–77, 279–282, 284–87, 290–92
Brabag (Braunkohle Benzin AG) coal hydrogenation and F-T plants
Brabag I
69, 117–19, 125, 134, 136, 158, 165
Brabag II
69, 118–19, 134, 136, 147, 165
Brabag III
10, 23, 77, 82, 113, 117, 118–19, 121–22, 125–26, 132, 134, 148–49, 153–54, 161, 283
Brabag IV
121, 125–26, 134
Braunschweig court case
147, 164
Bretschneider, Kurt
338
British Bergius Syndicate
15, 61–64, 89, 105, 173, 183, 190, 193
British Colliery Owners’ Research Association
174
British Labour Party
172, 193, 195
British Ministry of Fuel and Power
19, 69–94, 115–16, 135, 137, 141, 149, 152, 154, 158, 319
British Petroleum (BP)
5, 64, 194, 200, 203
Canada
297–98
Broche, Hans
122
Broecker, Wallace
370
Bruceton, coal hydrogenation, F-T plants
306, 328, 331–32, 352
Brückmann, Heinrich
46, 52, 58–63, 68, 89, 277
Buckney, Mr.
245
Bull, Willard
259
Bureau of Mines (US)
17, 97, 114, 129, 133, 138, 150, 152, 168, 182, 206, 214, 228, 231, 234, 253, 258–61, 273, 280, 283–84, 300, 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, 322, 326–32, 334–38, 342–44, 346, 349, 352, 356–57, 381, 382
Fischer-Tropsch
2, 4, 9, 11, 12, 102, 321, 325
Demonstration plants, Louisiana, Missouri
4, 12, 13, 17, 304, 334–46, 348–52
program funding
4, 351–52
Bussing Company
164
Bütefisch, Heinrich
156, 255
Cadman, Sir John
34, 63, 168, 169
Calder, Sir James
63
Callendar, Guy
372, 373
Cameron, Alan E.
289
Campbell, Marius R.
317
Camsell, Charles
271, 272
Canada’s Mines Branch
2, 12, 16, 116, 262–66, 268, 269, 272–73, 275, 277, 279, 281–86, 289–90, 294, 298, 300
Applied Research Section
290
coal deposits
272
fuel production and reserves table
289
Fuels and Fuel Testing Division
273, 277, 278
oil sands separation
282–86
wartime developments
280–82
Canadian Natural Resources Limited
298
CANMET (Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology)
263, 298, 299
Canmet hydrogenating process
17, 298, 299, 300
Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation
316
Caro, Nikodem
26–27, 29, 40, 42
Carthage Hydrocol Inc.
346–47
Catchpot, hot and cold
110, 111, 341
Catlin Shale Products Company plant
308
Central Research Laboratory, Japan
215, 217
Chaffee, C. C.
339
Chamberlain, Neville
197
Chapman, Oscar
349
Chatelier, Henri Le
22, 31, 35, 312
Chevron
8, 18
China, synthetic fuel plants
8, 9, 17, 18, 355, 381
CIOS (Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee)
18–20, 85, 97, 114–24, 125, 127–28, 131, 133, 138, 142–53, 162, 258, 283, 302–3, 320
Clark, Ezekial L.
338, 350
Clark, Karl
266, 268, 269, 275, 287
hot water separation method 1920
269
Clean Air Act
1963
376, 379
1970
377, 379
1977
377
1990
378
Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)
378, 379
Cleveland Oil Company
195
Climate change and global warming three-stage evolution
369
Coal, composition of
31, 37, 38, 39, 40, 46, 67, 132, 143, 173
Coal liquefaction, direct (DCL) and indirect (ICL)
1, 21, 23, 29, 40
Coal hydrogenation plants, Germany (bombing of, construction costs, labor force, plant officials, production)
Brabag I, Böhlen
69, 117–19, 125, 134, 136, 158, 165
Brabag II, Magdeburg
69, 118–19, 134, 136, 147, 165
Brabag IV, Zeitz
69, 117, 118, 121, 125–26, 134, 136, 158, 165
Gelsenberg Benzin AG, Gelsenberg
69, 109, 116–17, 121, 123–24, 134–36, 158, 165, 283
Hydrierwerk Pölitz AG, Pölitz
69, 109, 117–18, 127–29, 134, 136, 161, 165, 283, 286
Hydrierwerk Scholven AG, Scholven
69, 113, 116–21, 134, 136, 158, 165, 257
IG Farben, Leuna
10, 13, 22, 68, 79, 81, 87, 91, 95–100, 105, 110, 113–14, 117–18, 122, 128–29, 132–36, 143, 157–59, 161–66, 179, 192, 217, 253, 258, 271, 277, 283, 323, 326, 334
IG Farben, Ludwigshafen/Oppau
10, 19, 26, 29–30, 51, 58, 62, 69, 73, 79, 84–88, 95–98, 100–3, 105–6, 110, 113–14, 117, 122–23, 126, 129, 134–37, 154, 157, 159, 161, 164, 179, 190, 217, 246, 252–55, 257–58, 323, 337–38, 355
Oberschlesische Hydrierwerke AG, Blechhammer
69, 109, 118, 133, 135, 137, 161, 162, 165, 338
Ruhröl GmbH, Welheim
69, 83, 109, 116–17, 121–23, 134, 136, 158, 165, 338, 342
Sudetenlandische Treibstoffwerke AG, Brüx
118, 132–33
Union Rheinische Braunkohlen-Kraftstoff AG, Wesseling
129, 131, 134
Wintershall AG, Lützkendorf
77, 126, 127, 134, 145, 148, 150, 154
Coal hydrogenation plants, Germany, Table of
134
Coal hydrogenation, proposed underground plants
131, 132, 133
Coal, structure of
22, 24, 37, 38, 39, 46, 67, 169, 173, 365
Coates, William Henry
197
Colijn, Hendrikus
59
Combi system
292
Commercial Solvents Corporation
316
Committee on Fischer-Tropsch and Similar Synthetic Processes (British)
171
Compagnie Francais des Essences Synthétiques
356
Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany
164
Conradi, Muller
128, 163
Continental Oil Shale Mining and Refining Company plant
308
Cottrell, Frederick, electrostatic precipitator
212, 306
Cracking methods: Cross, Dubbs
102, 269
Crayer, C.
147
Crookes, William
26
Day, David T.
306
Deberg (Deutsche Bergin Aktiengesellschaft für Kohle und Erdöl Chemie)
58–59, 61–63
Debo, Arnold
33, 52
Demag water gas generators
123, 135, 145–46, 152
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (British)
63–64, 171, 182–83
Deterding, Henri
59, 105, 108
Deutsche-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft
101
DHD hydrocracking process (Druck-Wasserstoff-Dehydrierung)
254
Didier-Bubiag retorts
149
Distillers Company Ltd.
63, 183
DOE (Department of Energy, US)
5, 7, 12–13, 360–64, 366–67, 380–81
Donath, Ernst
69, 86, 90–91, 94, 115, 166, 179, 259, 337–39, 343, 346
Dubbs cracking method
228, 269
Duiker, J.
59
Dumanois, Paul
313, 356
Dutch East Indies
207, 210, 226
Dynamit AG
26
East Texas oil fields
9, 62, 106, 108, 168, 279, 305, 321, 380–81
Ebasco Services
349, 350
Eisenhower, Dwight
351–52, 382
Ellis, Carleton
46, 114, 315–16
Elvins, Oliver C.
170, 320
Endo, S.
252
Engelhorn, Friedrich
84
Esso Resources Canada
194, 296–97, 347
Essolube
107
EVAG (Erdöl-und Kohleverwertung AG)
52, 58–61, 63, 89–90
Environmental impact of fossil fuels
367, 369
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
377
Exxon Corporation
5, 12, 17, 295, 352, 354, 364–66, 367, 379
Exxon Donor Solvent Process (EDS)
364, 366
Falmouth Subcommittee (British)
171
Farben, IG
1, 13–15, 19, 22–23, 30, 63, 68–70, 77–82, 84, 86, 91, 94–95, 98–108, 110–11, 113–15, 120, 122, 126–28, 134, 143, 153, 155–56, 159, 161–64, 166, 179, 191–94, 206, 217, 234, 245–46, 251, 253–59, 271, 277, 280, 283, 323, 328, 334, 337–38, 355
IG Farben-Standard Oil Contract
101–3, 245
Federal Oil Conservation Board (US)
102, 306, 307, 308, 314, 315
FIAT (Field Intelligence Agency Technical)
18–20, 69, 85, 88, 115–18, 121–22, 135, 137, 150, 152–54, 156, 179, 283, 303, 323, 355
Fieldner, Arnold
34, 76, 138, 168–69, 172, 228, 231, 277, 304, 308–11, 314, 316–17, 319, 322, 325–28, 347, 356
Fierz-David, Hans E.
167, 178
First Naval Fuel Depot, Ôfuna
206, 227, 238, 249
Fischer, Emil
70–71
Fischer, Franz
1, 10, 14, 50, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 310, 311, 314
Oberhausen-Holten pilot plant
15, 75, 76, 149, 319
Mülheim pilot plant
317
challenge Bergius process
23, 40, 44, 77
Fischer-Tropsch process
3, 18, 20, 47, 74, 138, 141, 142, 145, 166, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 336, 338
atmospheric and medium pressure
26, 29, 72–73, 76–77, 110–11, 138–42, 149–57, 186, 218, 319, 339
converter designs
11–12, 28–29, 50–51, 71, 73–74, 91–95, 97, 99, 102, 104, 110–11, 113, 116–17, 119–20, 122, 124–26, 130, 132, 135, 139, 140–43, 145–46, 149, 150–53, 155, 183–86, 188–89, 191, 193–94, 198, 201–2, 237, 239–43, 246–49, 327, 329, 339–43, 345, 347
production costs
12, 15, 17, 78–81, 83, 89, 98, 99, 113, 123, 128, 130, 132, 137–38, 156–57, 162–64, 172, 193, 223–24, 241, 313, 318, 340, 343
synthesis gas
2, 8–9, 14, 19, 23, 69–71, 73–74, 77, 150, 158, 169, 170–72, 207, 218, 238, 271–72, 321, 344, 351
Fischer-Tropsch plants, Germany (bombing of, construction costs, labor force, plant officials, production)
Brabag III, Ruhland-Schwarzheide
10, 23, 77, 82, 113, 118–19, 121–22, 125–26, 132, 134, 148–49, 153–54, 161, 283
Chemische Werke Essener Steinkohle AG, Dortmund
151, 152, 154
Gewerkschaft Viktor, Klocknêrke-Wintershall AG, Castrop-Rauxel
77, 145, 146, 154, 166
Hoesch-Benzin GmbH, Dortmund
77, 152, 153, 156
Krupp Treibstoffe Werke GmbH, Wanne-Eickel
51, 77, 151, 154, 166, 234, 253
Mitteldeutsche Treibstoff und Öl Werke, Winterschall AG, Lützkendorf
77, 127, 150, 154
Ruhrchemie AG, Ruhrbenzin AG, Oberhausen-Holten
2, 10–11, 14–15, 23, 71, 75–78, 82, 138, 142–43, 145–49, 153–57, 171, 238–39, 241–43, 245, 259–60, 318, 320, 338, 343
Schaffgotsch-Benzin GmbH, Deschowitz-Beuthen
77, 152, 153, 154
Steinkohlen-Bergwerke Rheinpruessen AG, Mörs-Meerbeck
77, 143–46, 151–54
Fischer-Tropsch plants, Germany, Table of
154
Ford, Henry
34, 372
Fort Lewis SRC-II plant
295, 359, 360
Fort McMurray
268–69, 281, 285–87, 296–98
fracking, shale oil
5, 6, 7, 379, 380
France, synthetic fuel plants
4, 18, 311, 313
Frank, Adolph
26–27, 29, 40, 42
Frese, Erich
338–39, 346
Friedländer, Robert
52
Friedländer-Fuld, Fritz von
52
Fuel Economy Conference, The Hague (September 1947)
200, 259, 284
Fuel Research Board
63, 171, 182–83, 186–88, 193, 309, 320
Fuel Research Station (Greenwich, England)
3, 15, 63, 64, 109, 170, 171, 172, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 203, 271, 317, 324, 326
Fuel Testing Station (Canada)
262, 265, 274
Fuels and Fuel Testing Division, Mines Branch, Canada
273, 277, 278
Fujimoto, Haruki
220, 227, 249
Fukao, Dr.
255
Fürstlich-Henckel Donnersmarksche Güterverwaltung
52
Gaus, Wilhelm
101
Geology and Mines Act 1907 (Canada)
264
Geological Survey (Canada)
264–66, 284–85, 306, 307–8, 317, 367
German Benzol Association
62
German Document Retrieval Project
19–20, 263
Germany’s Energy Plan
80
Brabag
10, 23, 69, 77, 82, 113, 117–19, 121–22, 125–26, 132, 134, 136, 147–49, 153–54, 158, 161, 165, 283
Fuel Agreement IG Farben, WIFO (Economic Research Company)
81, 113
German scientists at Louisiana, Missouri, plants
4, 12, 13, 15, 17, 304, 335–39, 346
German synthetic fuel plants, labor force
161–64
German synthetic fuel plants, postwar settlements
164
Gesellschaft für Hochdrucktechnik
62
Gesellschaft für Mineralölbau GmbH
82
Gesellschaft für Teerverwertung
60
Gesner, Abraham
266
Gibbs, J. Willard
67–68
Gilmore, Ross E.
279, 280, 289
Gluud, W.
72
Goldschmidt, Hans
47–48
Goldschmidt, Karl, thermite
47–48, 51, 59, 60
Goldschmidt, Theodor AG
44, 47, 61, 64, 65
Gordon, Kenneth
105, 190, 196, 199–202, 336
Göring, Hermann
82–83, 132–33
Goudsmit, Samuel
302–3
Government-Industry Associations, Table
81
Graham, J. Ivan
109, 172–81, 324
Great Canadian Oil Sands (GCOS) plant
287, 296
Gulf Oil Corporation, SRC-I, SRC-II processes
104, 359–61, 368
Haanel, Benjamin Franklin
264–67, 271–73, 279–80
Haanel, Eugene
264, 273
Haber, Fritz, synthetic ammonia
22, 27–31, 33–34, 39–40, 49–50, 68, 85, 202, 211, 322
Haensel, Vladimir
116, 142, 147–48, 337
Haga, Mr.
252
Hägglund, Erik
65
Hall, C. C.
116, 142–43, 146–52, 172, 175, 212
Hama, Jun
252
Hansen, James
372, 374–75
Hantzsch, Arthur
31
Haslam, Robert T.
102–4, 107, 274
Headwaters Incorporated (Hydrocarbon Technologies Incorporated)
7, 362
HEC (Hydro Engineering and Chemical Company)
105
Hercules Powder Company
334, 336
Herrmann, W. A. O.
291–92
Heumann, Karl
84
Hirst, Lester L.
316, 327–28, 330, 337, 339, 350
Hitler, Adolf, Four Year Plan
78, 82–84, 121, 129, 157
Hlavica, Bretislav
179
Högbom, Arvid
371
HOLD (heavy oil let down)
110, 341
Holmes, Joseph A.
306
Holroyd, Ronald
97, 105, 129, 133, 138, 162, 190–91, 194–95, 256, 258
Höring, Maria
62, 69, 86, 90, 91, 94, 179
horizontal drilling
5, 7, 380
Horne, William A.
122, 156, 337
Horton, L.
109, 182–188
Howard, Frank
100, 101, 102, 184, 190, 306
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
376–77
Hubmann, Otto
147, 338
Hume, George S.
293, 295
Humphrey, Herbert A.
190–91
hydraulic fracturing (fracking)
5–7, 355, 380
Hydro Engineering and Chemical Company (HEC)
105
Hydro Patents Company (HP)
104
Hydrocarbon Oils Production Act (British)
197
Hydrocarbon Research Inc. (renamed Hydrocarbon Technologies Inc., HTI, in 1995), H-Coal process
7, 8, 338, 362, 381
Hydrogenation Construction and Service Company
106
IBC (International Bergin Company)
59–64
ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries)
2, 3, 13, 15, 61, 64, 100, 105–7, 170, 190–98, 200, 202–3, 219, 239, 245–46, 253, 260, 277–78, 280, 300, 324, 326, 334–36
Ickes, Harold
114, 329
IG Farben
1, 10, 13–16, 19, 22–23, 30, 63, 68–70, 77–82, 84, 86, 91, 94–95, 98–110, 111, 113–15, 120, 122, 126–28, 134, 143, 153, 155–56, 159, 161–64, 166, 179, 191–94, 206, 217, 234, 245–46, 251–59, 271, 277, 280, 283, 323, 328, 334, 337–38, 355
Standard Oil agreement
15, 128, 193–94, 100–6, 245
Far East policy
256
Ignatieff, Alexander
264–66, 268, 271, 273–76, 282, 284, 287–93
IHEC (International Hydrogenation Engineering Company)
106, 245, 251, 252, 253, 255, 355
IHP (International Hydrogenation Patents Company Limited)
106, 194, 197, 200, 245–46, 255–56, 355
Imperial College of Science and Technology (London)
37, 39
Imperial Fuel Development Company Law 1937 (Japan)
208, 222, 223
Imperial Fuel Research Institute (Kawaguchi, Japan)
206, 214–16, 219, 238–39, 245–46, 314
Imperial Oil and Petroleum North America
296
Inkohlung (end coal)
36
International Bitumen Company, Bitumount plant
285–86
International commercial-size synthetic fuel plants, Table
8
International Conferences on Bituminous Coal (1926, 1928)
35, 37, 44, 56, 74, 167, 173, 175, 179, 214, 219, 311, 313–14, 318, 356
International Congress of Applied Chemistry 1912
38
International Hydrogenation Engineering and Chemical Company (IHEC)
245
International Hydrogenation Patents Company (IHP)
245
Ipatiev, Vladimir
25–26, 28, 39
Iranian Hostage Crisis 1979–81
17, 262, 295, 353
Ishibashi, Kôki
213, 219, 220, 228
Iwamoto, K.
235
Japan Coal Liquefaction Development Company
364
Japan, synthetic fuel
F-T plants
Amagasaki Works, Amagasaki (Honshû)
11, 242–43, 319
Imperial Fuel Research, Tokyo, semicommercial plant, 1933–40 operational
239
Kyoto, Kyoto Imperial University, semicommercial plant, 1937–41 operational
238, 240, 242
Manchû Jinzô Sekiyu KK, Chielin, Manchuria, unfinished
241, 244
Manchû Gosei Nenyro KK, Chinchu, Manchuria, unfinished
241, 244
Mitsui-Imperial Fuel Development Company, Miike (Kyûshû)
11, 147, 206, 239, 241–42, 319
Takikawa Works, Takikawa (Hokkaidô)
11, 235, 237, 240–43, 319
F-T plants, Table of
243
Fushun, Manchuria, shale oil
212, 218, 219, 220, 226, 228, 229, 244
Hydrogenation plants
Chôsen Sekitan Kôgyô KK (Chosen Coal Industry Co. Ltd.), Chôsen Jinzô Sekiyu (Chosen Artificial Oil Co. Ltd.), Agochi, Korea
224, 232, 233, 236, 237, 243, 244, 246, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 325
Chôsen Sekitan Kôgyô KK (Chosen Coal Industry Co. Ltd.) proposed hydrogenation plant, no location
244
Japanese Army, proposed hydrogenation plants, Kinsei (Kiensi or Chinsi) near Mukden, Manchuria; Hokkaidô, Sakhalin
257–59
Manshû Jinzô Sekiyu Co. (SMR-Japanese Imperial Navy), Fushun, Manchuria
11, 208, 213, 214, 216, 217, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253, 325
Manshû Yuka Kôgyô KK (Manchurian Liquefaction Industry Co. Ltd.) proposed hydrogenation plant, Hsinking, Manchuria
252
Nippon Yuka KK (Nippon Liquefaction Co. Ltd.), proposed hydrogenation plant, no location
252
Nissan Ekitai, proposed hydrogenation plant, Wakamatsu
252
Sumitomo Kagaku KK (Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd.) proposed hydrogenation plant, no location
252–53
Ube Chisso Kôgyô KK proposed hydrogenation plant, Ube
244, 250, 252
IG Farben connection, licensing contract
254
IG Farben-Mitsubishi-Japanese Army Agreement
254–57
Imperial Fuel Development Company
208, 222–24, 226, 229, 232–37, 239, 241, 246, 249, 319
Imperial Fuel Research Center
11
Imperial Fuel Research Institute
206, 214–16, 219, 238–39, 245–46, 314
Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Kyoto
218
Kure (Honshû) naval base
227, 247
LTC plants, selected list
214, 228–38
Mitsubishi Sekitan Yuka Kôgyô KK (Mitsubishi Coal Liquefaction Industry Co. Ltd), Imperial Fuel Development Company, Naihoro (Sakhalin)
229, 232
Nihon Yuka Kôgyô KK (Nihon Liquefaction Industry Co. Ltd.) Kawasaki (Honshû)
229, 235, 236, 237, 254
Nippon ChissoHiryô KK (Nippon Nitrogen Fertilizer Co. Ltd.) and Chôsen Jinzô Sekiyu KK (Chosen Artificial Oil Co. Ltd.), Agochi (Korea)
233, 237, 244, 249
Nippon Seitetsu KK (Nippon Iron Manufacturing Co. Ltd.), Wanishi (Hokkaidô)
229, 237
Nissan Ekitai Nenryo Kôgyô KK (Nissan Liquid Fuel Co. Ltd.) and Imperial Fuel Development Company, Wakamatsu (Kyûshû)
229, 231–37, 252
Ôsaka Gasu Kôgyô Kaisha KK, Seimi (Honshû)
214
Tôhô Kagaku Kôgyô KK (Tôhô Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.), Nagoya (Honshû)
229, 230–31, 232, 237, 238
Tôkyô Gasu KK, Tsurumi (Honshû)
228, 230–32, 237–38
Ube Kôsan KK (Ube Mining Co. Ltd.), Ube (Honshû)
228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238
LTC retorts (Lurgi Spülgas, Koppers, Knowles, Mimura, Thyssen)
212–14, 229–31, 233–34
Mitsui Bussan KK, F-T research
11, 147, 237–38
Mitsui Mining Company
319
National Diet Library, Tokyo
215
Naval conversion: coal to oil
205–8, 212, 216–17, 229
Naval Research Laboratory
212, 247
Nippon Yuka KK (Nippon Liquefaction Co. Ltd.)
252
Ôfuna (Honshû) Naval Fuel Depot
206, 227, 238, 249
petroleum production 1920s Table
216
Ruhrchemie AG-Japan F-T license
11, 239, 243
Sasebo (Kyûshû) naval base
206, 227
Seven Year Plan
208, 209, 220, 222, 223, 226, 228, 233, 241, 244
shale oil
213, 219, 259
SMR (South Manchuria Railway Company)
212, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 228, 244, 245, 246, 247, 250, 252, 253, 257
Synthetic Oil Production Industry Law
208, 222, 223
Tokuyama naval base
212, 214, 215, 217, 227, 244, 246, 253
US prewar embargoes
210, 236, 245, 260
US wartime bombing
234, 236, 238, 249, 257
War Office of Japan (Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun Daijin)
254–55
Yokkaichi (Honshû), refinery
227
JASCO (Joint American Study Company)
103, 104, 193
Johnson, Noye
369, 375–76
Josenhaus, Max
133, 338
Kai-Shek, Chiang
221
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
3, 14, 22–23, 44, 72, 86, 218, 271, 310, 318, 338
Kalnin, Paul
33, 42–43, 48
Kani and Fukao, Drs., Mitsubishi
255
Karinhall, revisions
83–84
Kawaguchi, M.
11, 206, 213, 229–30, 237–39, 244, 247, 314
Keeling, Charles, David
369, 372, 373, 374
Kessler Jr., Jean Baptiste August
108
King, James G.
109, 174, 182–89, 287, 308, 326
Kinoshita, Major Tosishada
255, 257
Kita, Gen-Itsu
11, 206, 218, 238–39, 240–41, 259
Knietsch, Rudolph
84–85
Kodama, Shinjirô
207, 218, 240–41
Komatsu, Major General Mitsuhiko
254–55
Komatsu, Shigeru
217–18, 227
Kono, Soji
239
Konsortium für Köhlenchemie
52, 59–61, 323
Koppers Chemical Company Pittsburgh, F-T plant
343, 346
gasifier
143, 145, 149, 242, 345
production
346
Kraemer, Albert J.
308, 330
Krauch, Carl
81, 88, 179
Krönig, Walter
133, 135
Krupp-Lurgi gasifiers
151
Kurokawa, M.
213
Lander, Cecil H.
63, 170, 182
Landsberg, Ludwig
34
Aktiengesellschaft für Petroleumindustrie (AGP)
61
Lasby, Clarence
302
Lazote Inc.
316
Le Chatelier, Henri
22, 31, 35, 312
League of Nations
221
Leduc, Alberta, oil fields
280, 282, 284, 286, 292–93
Leuna (BASF)
10, 13, 22, 68, 79, 81, 87, 91, 95–100, 105, 110, 113–14, 117–18, 122, 128–29, 132–36, 143, 157–59, 161–66, 179, 192, 217, 253, 258, 271, 277, 283, 323, 326, 334
plant construction
3, 30, 69, 77, 85
Lewis, Warren K. and Edwin Gilland, fluidized-bed catalytic process
11, 12, 347–48
Likens, Eugene
369, 376, 377
Linde, Carl von, Linde-Frank-Caro process
29, 40, 42
Linde-Fränkl
liquefaction unit
112, 119, 120, 122, 123, 132, 135
oxygen producer
150, 345
Liquid and vapor phase hydrogenation
109–13
Löffler, Stephan
33, 51–52, 54
London World Power Conference 1928
219, 271
Louisiana, Missouri, synthetic fuel plants
4, 12–13, 17, 304, 334–46, 348–52
LTC (low-temperature carbonization)
Japan
207–8, 211, 213–15, 219, 220, 222–25, 228–29, 231–34, 236–38, 244–45, 252, 259, 260, 314, 318
Britain
169, 171, 310, 317
France
311, 314, 356
Germany
70–71, 91–92, 95, 98–99, 119, 125, 132–33, 135, 309, 311, 317
United States
309, 316–17
Low Temperature Carbonization Ltd.
310
LTC retorts: Fellner-Ziegler, Koppers, Lurgi, Knowles, Mimura, Thyssen
149, 212–15, 228–38, 260, 308, 310, 311
Ludwigshafen (BASF)
10, 19, 26, 29–30, 51, 58, 62, 69, 73, 79, 84–88, 98, 101–3, 105–6, 114, 117, 122–23, 129, 134, 161, 164, 179, 190, 217, 246, 252–55, 257, 323, 337, 355
coal hydrogenation
87, 95, 96, 110, 113, 135
Luxmasse
184, 187
MacDonald, Ramsay
195, 197, 368
Mailhe, Alphonse
25, 312
Makot (Maatschappij voor Kolen en Olietschniek)
59, 61–64, 68
Malaysia, synthetic fuel plant
8–9, 17–18, 355, 381
Manchuria
11, 205, 207–8, 212, 215, 218, 220–22, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243–44, 248, 250–52, 257, 320, 325
Marco Polo Bridge incident
222
Treaty of Portsmouth
221
Manning, Vannoy H.
306
Marat, Marcel
312
Marcellus Shale
6, 380
Markovits, J. A.
329, 343
Martin, Friedrich
147, 156, 254
Matsubara, Koichi
239–40
Matsuoka, Yôsuke
245, 253
Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii
373
McGowan, Harry
105, 193, 194, 197, 245
McKay, Douglas
351
McLeish, John
273
Meiji Restoration
210, 221
Melton, Colonel P. W.
336, 337
Merrill, W. H.
290–92
Mersol detergent
143, 146
Methanol synthesis
87, 91, 97, 216, 250, 312, 315
Meyer, Kurt
33, 42, 43, 149, 266, 270
Middle East
oil crises
7, 203
oil fields
203, 279, 304
Mildred-Ruth Lakes, Alberta, bitumen
281, 285
Mimura, S., retort
230, 231, 237–38
Mines Branch (Canada), synthetic fuel research
2, 12, 16, 116, 262–69, 271–73, 275, 277, 279, 281–87, 289–91, 293, 294–95, 297–301
Ministry of Fuel and Power (British)
19, 69, 93–94, 115–16, 135, 137, 141, 149, 152, 154, 158, 319
Missouri Ordnance Works
334, 336
Mitchell, George, Mitchell Energy
7
Mitsui Bussan KK, Rumoi, Ruhrchemie AG, F-T license
11, 147, 238
Mitsui, Keisaku
227
Mittasch, Alwin
28, 49, 73–74, 85, 86–87, 97, 318
Miyama, T.
247, 248, 249
Montgomery, Douglas S.
269, 290, 293
Mülheim
3, 4, 23, 31, 44, 71, 72, 78, 156, 218, 271, 310, 317, 318, 338
Munekata, Eiji
249
Murat, Marcel
25
Murphee, Eger V.
350
Murphy, Walter J.
350–51
Mussolini, Benito
18, 355
Nakei, A.
277
Nakao, Shinroku
252
Nash, Alfred W.
170, 174–75, 177, 180, 320
National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)
378
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
374
National Petroleum Council (NPC)
349
National Research Council of Canada
283
National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) and Nazi government
1–2, 13, 15, 19, 65–66, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 118, 137, 143, 146, 162, 165, 260, 300, 302, 338
Naval Oil Shale Reserve, Rifle, Colorado
305, 332
NEDO Company, Japan, coal hydrogenation plant
354
Nernst, Walther, high-pressure ammonia synthesis
22, 26–27, 31–32, 39, 68, 86, 322
Nigeria, synthetic fuel plant
8, 9, 17, 18, 355, 381
North Sea oil fields
170, 203
Nyström, Erik
264
Odell, William, W.
380
Office of Coal Research
359, 363
Office of Petroleum Coordinator
114
Office of Synthetic Liquid Fuels
330, 334, 351
Ogawa, Toru
217–18
Ogura Oil Company
246
Oil sands, lack of interest in
2, 16–17, 263, 266, 269, 280, 232, 284, 286, 288, 297
Oil Sands Limited, Alberta
285
Oil shale refining
6, 7, 115, 169, 171, 206, 208, 211–12, 216–18, 220, 226, 228–29, 238, 244, 259, 265–66, 273, 278, 305–8, 311, 315–17, 329–33, 336, 347, 349, 356, 367, 379, 380
O’Mahoney, Joseph
329
Oppau
29–30, 49, 85, 88, 91, 114, 128, 134, 136, 163, 211, 254
Ormandy, William R.
63, 183
Ôshima, Yoshikiyo
213–14, 219
Ostwald, Wilhelm
49–50, 68, 71
Otani, General Osamu
255, 258
Oxiering (ketonization), Oxo-process
156
Oxylite Company plant, Asnieres near Paris
312
Partec Lavalin
299
Patart, Georges
312–14, 356
methanol synthesis
312
Patrick, Leonard
253
Permian Basin
6, 380
Petersberg (Bonn) Agreement
165
Petro-Canada (PC)
296, 297, 298, 299
Petroleum Administration for War (PAW)
114
Petroleum and Oil Shale Experiment Station
333
Pichler, Helmut
75, 117, 156, 318, 338–39
Pier, Matthias
1, 15, 22, 69, 74, 78, 85–87, 91, 99, 102, 106–8, 114–16, 135, 166, 179, 191, 211, 218–19, 246, 252–55, 257–59, 277, 338
development of catalysts
10, 1, 88–89, 92–96, 109, 113, 119, 123, 128, 323
Pierce, Robert
376
Pintsch-Hillebrandt, coke consuming generator
122, 128, 130
Pittsburgh Central Experiment Station
306, 322, 327, 331
coal hydrogenation
322
Pittsburgh Consolidated Coal Company
346
Plass, Gilbert
369, 372–73
Pond, Peter
266
Post-World War II coal hydrogenation agreements
12, 165, 183, 295
Potsdam (Babelsberg) Conference
165
Pott, Alfred
122, 153, 212
Pott-Broche process
122
Powell, Alfred
142, 146, 306, 337
Project Paperclip
133, 146, 302–4, 336, 337
Qatar, synthetic fuel plants
8–9, 17, 355, 381
Randolph, Jennings
329, 333
Reader, William J.
64, 190, 193, 195, 196–97, 200
Reichsamt für Wirtschaftsausbau (Office of Economic Development)
83, 153
Reichsstellen (Reich Offices)
80
Reid, William J.
25, 214, 226, 229–36, 238, 312
Rentech, Los Angeles
7, 379
Revelle, Roger
369, 372, 373
Rheinau-Mannheim plant (Bergius)
3, 10, 47, 50–9, 61, 63, 65, 68, 78, 89–90, 172–73, 182–83, 194, 217, 309, 324
Rheinische Stahlwerke
60
Riedemann, Heinrich
101
Riedler, Alois
51
Ringer, Fritz
253, 255, 258, 259, 338
Robinson-Brindley process
171
Roelen, Otto, catalysts
1, 10, 23, 75–76, 78, 138–39, 147–49, 156
Röntgen, Wilhelm
86
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
114, 352, 382
Rossignol, Robert Le
27, 28, 33–34
Royal Air Force (British), bombings
116, 117, 119, 121, 124, 130, 132, 144, 146, 150, 151, 152, 153
Royal Dutch-Shell
59, 64, 89, 100, 105–6, 128, 194–95, 197, 245
Royalite Oil Company
270
Rue, Harold P.
331
Ruhl, Karl
252, 257
Ruhrchemie AG
F-T plant
2, 10–11, 14–15, 23, 71, 75–78, 82, 138, 142–43, 145–49, 153–57, 171, 238–39, 241–43, 245, 259–60, 318, 320, 338, 343
1934 KWI agreement
14–15
Japan F-T license (1937)
11, 238–39
Ruhrbenzin AG, Oberhausen-Holten F-T plant: plant personnel removal
146–48, 154
Ruhrkohle AG, Essen, donor solvent process
5, 354, 364
Ruhröl, catalyst
121, 122, 123, 134, 165, 338, 342
Rulison, Colorado, shale retorting plant
307
Rumpf, Walther
91
Russia-Japan conflict
221
Russian (Soviet), occupation, dismantling synthetic fuel plants
in Asia
222, 232, 236, 248, 249
in Europe
128, 129, 132–33, 135, 137, 147, 149, 153, 162, 165–66, 232
Saarbergwerke AG, Saarbrüken, post-World War II coal hydrogenation plant
5, 354
Sabatier, Paul
25, 39, 312
Sakhalin, coal
220, 223, 224, 229, 232, 236, 237, 246
Saskatchewan Research Council
289–90
SASOL (South African Coal, Oil and Gas Corporation)
4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 18, 347, 353, 354, 357, 358, 381
Sasol I, Sasolburg
1, 347, 357, 358
Sasol II and Sasol III, Secunda
5, 18, 357
Saudi Arabia
203, 266, 279, 301, 304
Sayers, Royd R.
321
Schäffer, Paul
50
Schappert, Hans M.
86, 338, 339, 346
Schenk, Dr. Ruhrchemie plant designer
147
Schindler, Hans
127
Schlieffen, Count Alfried von, Schlieffen plan
49
Schmalfeldt, Heinrich, generator
126–27, 150
Schneider, Christian
73, 85, 86, 118, 150, 318
Schroder, Hans
72
Schroeder, Wilburn C.
115, 144, 145, 153, 303, 330, 337, 350
Schutzstaffel (SS)
162
Sekiyu Kyôhan KK, government company
224
Senderens, Jean Baptiste
25, 312
Shatwell, Hugh G.
109, 172–78, 180, 324
Shell Canada
297–98
Shidehara, Kijurô
220–21
Shimabara coal, testing
217
Shimomura, Kôtarô
214
Shimura, T.
213
Shioya, Jirô
252
Shônô, Naosuke
241, 249
Simon, Leslie
302–3
Sinnatt, Frank S.
182, 183, 184
Skinner, D. G.
174–75, 177, 179–81, 339
Slave (concentration camp), coerced, free laborers
13, 118, 137, 161–64
Smith, Robert, Angus
375
SMR Central Research Laboratory, Dairen
215, 217, 244, 246
Société Courriéres-Kuhlmann, F-T plant
320, 356
Société des Carburants Synthétique des Mines de Béthune
325, 356
Sogabe, Hikoshi
206, 241
Solvent Refined Coal, SRC process
295, 359–60
Specht, Hugo
33, 43, 48
Special Imperial Diet petroleum substitutes policy
215
Spencer Chemical Company, Kansas City, Missouri
359
Spilker, Adolf
60, 62
Standard Oil (New Jersey): Baton Rouge, Bayway plants
15, 100–7, 246, 278, 347
Standard Oil-IG Farben agreement
15, 100–7, 128, 193–94, 245
Stanolind Oil and Gas Company
346
Steinkohlen-Bergin
62
Stewart, Charles
271–72
Storch, Henry H.
19, 74–76, 95, 97, 112, 138, 140–42, 171–72, 182, 184, 303, 319–21, 325, 327–28, 330, 343, 346, 350–51, 356
Bureau of Mines critic
351
Straus, Michael
329
Strosstrupp (Shocktroop) service
117
Suncor, Alberta
296–98
Syncrude Canada Ltd.
296
Exxon Donor Solvent, EDS process
364–66
Gulf, Solvent Refined Coal, SRC process
295, 299, 300, 359–62, 364, 367–68
Hydrocarbon Research, H-Coal process
8, 295, 362–63
Synthetic fuel plants, international, 1990s–2000s, Table
8
Synthetic fuels, gas to liquid (GTL) process
1, 5, 8, 380
Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act 1944
307, 325, 329, 332–33, 352, 382
Synthetic Oil Production Industry Law Japan 1938
208, 222, 223
Synthetic Oils Ltd., F-T plant (British)
4, 171, 320
Syntroleum (Emerging Fuels Technologies), Tulsa
5, 379
Takei, M.
241
Teagle, Walter
101
Technical Oil Mission (TOM)
114, 118, 142, 258, 282, 302–3, 337, 351
Thermite
47
Tillman, Richard
33, 52–54, 253
Titusville, Pennsylvania, oil discovery
34, 265
Tokuyama Research Laboratory
212, 214–15, 217, 227, 244, 246, 253
Tokyo Imperial University
11, 213, 239
Trimpell Limited
200
Tripp, Captain C.
337
Turner Valley, Alberta, oil strike
269–71, 280–81
Underground Gasification Project
331
Union Carbide, Institute, West Virginia, coal hydrogenation plant
348, 368
United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)
116, 235, 236
United States Geological Survey
285, 306, 317
United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)
84, 116, 118, 158, 166
Universal Oil Products (UOP), Chicago (Honeywell UOP)
281
SRC Uniflex Process or UOP Slurry Hydrocoking Heavy Oil Conversion Process
299
US Naval Technical Mission to Japan
20, 205–6, 213, 215, 227, 234–35, 240–41, 243–46, 248–51, 257, 263
van Oordt, Gabriel
27
van’t Hoff, Jacobus
67, 68, 312
VEBA-Chemie AG (in 1978 VEBA Oel AG), Gelsenkirchen, coal hydrogenation plant, 1981–87 operational
5, 354
Vignon, Leo
38
Visits to German synthetic fuel plants
15, 20, 47, 100–2, 114, 116, 118, 120–23, 125, 127–28, 133, 144, 149–51, 153, 172–73, 183, 206, 217, 245, 252, 258–59, 324, 336
Vorhydrierungs Verfahren, hydrogenation process
254
War College, War Department (US)
146, 338
War Ministry (German)
50–51, 312
Warren, Thomas E.
11, 116, 120–24, 131, 145–46, 148, 151–53, 269, 273–87, 290, 347
Watanabe, Shiro
238
Water gas reaction
35, 40–41, 56, 85, 122, 128, 138, 192, 198–99, 247, 311–12, 356
Wheeler, Richard V.
37–39, 174, 180
Williams, F. A.
109, 182–85, 189
Williams, James Miller
265
Willstätter, Richard and Erik Hägglund
65
Wilson, Horace
197
Winkler, Clemens
84
Winkler, Fritz, generator
91, 95, 99, 119, 125, 132, 150
World Petroleum Congress (1930s)
34, 107, 172–73, 213, 219–20, 323, 325
World Power Conference, London (1924, 1928)
219, 264, 271, 272
World War I
3, 9, 14, 29, 30, 44, 46–50, 52, 64, 66, 67, 71, 73, 77, 85–86, 89–90, 100, 169, 182, 196, 256, 265–66, 270–71, 305–6, 308–10, 313–14, 318, 323, 370, 381
inflation Germany
52, 58, 60, 90
Wurtzbacher, Lieutenant-General Ludwig
60
Yamada, N.
234
Yamaguchi, Nobusuki, Vice-Admiral
227
Yamamoto, Jôtarô
245
Yoshida, Colonel
255