The Farhud was a pogrom committed on the Jewish community of Baghdad in 1941—the only event of the sort in Iraq’s modern history. It represented the culmination of anti-Semitic propaganda which had been exported to Iraq by German Nazis. In this violent event, the Jews were scapegoated for the failure of Rashid Ali al-Gailani’s nationalist, anti-British government, and the British-Iraqi occupation of the country in order to push al-Gailani out. The violence is estimated to have caused the death of up to 200 individuals, injured 600 and damaged some 1500 homes and businesses.1 Impressions of this tragic and traumatic event—which lasted two days—are shared here by the J. Dohok speaker Sarah Adaqi, who at the time of the events was 12 and present in Baghdad.
1 Narrative Text with a Glossed Sample
(1)
ʾana
là
zəl-li
d-pàlx-an
l-baġdad.ˈ
I
neg
perf.go-1sg
subr-work-1sg
to-Baghdad
‘I didn’t go to Baghdad to work.’
(2)
amoy-i
l-à
θ -wa-leyalunk-e,ˈ
qam-šāqəl-li
kəs
gyàn-e,ˈ
paternal.uncle-1cs
neg-exist-pst-3ms
child-pl
perf-take.a.3ms-o.1sg
at
self-3ms
‘I went … my paternal uncle didn’t have children, [so] he took me to himself.’
(3)
xaraye
ṣabr-i
là
θ e-le,ˈfinally
patience.ms-1sg
neg
perf.come-3ms
‘In the end, my patience was exhausted,2’
(4)
mər-ri
ṭa-lu
ʾana
g-əb-an
palx-an.
perf.say-1sg
to-3pl
I
real-want-1fs
work-1fs
‘[so] I told them ‘I want to work.’ ’
(5)
HbatH
xadè-ʾesar
šənn-e
wan-wa.ˈ
aged
eleven
year-pl
cop.1fs-pst
‘I was eleven years old.’
(6)
ʾaz
qam-šaql-a-li
xa
bè
θ -a,ˈso
perf-take-a.3fs-o.1sg
indef
house.ms-poss.3fs
‘So some woman took me [to] her house.’
(7)
Hmtopəl-liH
bə-t
yàl-a,
bət
HtinòkH.ˈ
Hšmər-riH
ʾə̀l-le.
perf.care-1sg
in-obl
child-ms
in-obl
baby.ms
perf.keep-1sg
to-3ms
‘[where] I took care of a child, of a baby. I looked after him.’
(8)
xa
bax-ta
qam-šaql-à-liˈ
Hšmər-riH
l-xa
sotə̀n-ta.ˈ
indef
woman-fs
perf-take.a.3fs-o.1sg
perf.keep-1sg
to-indef
old.woman-fs
‘[Afterwards,] [another]one woman took me, I looked after an old woman.’
(9)
xa-ṭḷaha
ʾarba
yàrx-eˈ
pəš-le
farhū̀d.ˈ
indef-three
four
month-pl
perf.become-3ms
Farhud
‘Some three, four months [later], the Farhud broke out.’
(10)
qṭə̀l-lu
naš-e,ˈ
qamaye
Hmutḥəl-luH …
mxè-lu
naš-e,ˈ
gnù-lu.ˈ
perf.kil-l-3pl
man-pl
first
perf.begin-3pl
perf.hit-3pl
man-pl
perf.steal-3pl
‘They killed people. First, they began … they beat people, robbed.’
(11)
xaràye,ˈ
pəš-le
farhū̀dˈ
yom-ət
ʾeð-ət
zyàra,ˈ
b-lèle,ˈ
finally
perf.become-3ms
Farhud
day-obl
feast-obl
inf.visit
in-night
‘Eventually, the Farhud broke out, in the day of Pentecost, at night.’
(12)
mpəq-lu
pəš-lu
bə-qṭàla
naš-e,ˈ
perf.exit-3pl
perf.become-3pl
in-inf.kill
man-pl
‘They went out and started killing people,’
(13)
ʾaz
θ e-luˈg-əmr-i
flā̀n
qam-qaṭl-ì-le,ˈ
ma
ʾoð-ax?ˈ
so
perf.come-3pl
real-say-3pl
certain.man
perf-kill-a.3pl-o.3ms
what
do-1pl
‘So they came and say, ‘They killed a certain man, what shall we do?’’
(14)
mṭušè-lu
gyan-u,ˈ
ʾu-là
mṣe-lu
ʾoð-i.ˈ
perf.hide-3pl
self-3pl
and-neg
perf.can-3pl
do-3pl
‘They hid and couldn’t do [anything].’
(15)
b-lèle,ˈ
tur-ru
bat-àne.ˈ
ʾə
θ -waməšəlman-e
g-əb-é-wā-lu
huðày-e.ˈ
in-night
perf.break-3pl
house-pl
exist-pst
Muslim-pl
real-love-a.3pl-pst-o.3pl
Jew-pl
‘At night, they broke into houses. There were Muslims who loved the Jews.’
(16)
ʾaz
k
θ u-luʾəl-dàrg-aˈ
ʾoha
be
θ -aməšəlmàn-ā=le.ˈ
so
perf.write-3pl
on-door-ms
dem.ms
house-ms
Muslim-ms=cop.prs.3ms
‘So they wrote on the door ‘This house is Muslim.’3’
(17)
là
nḥəq-lu
ʾəl-lu.ˈ
dukt-ət
làˈ
ʾu-qṭəl-lu
ṛàḅa,ˈ
neg
perf.touch-3pl
on-3pl
place.ms-obl
neg
and-perf.kill-3pl
many
‘They didn’t touch them. But the place [with] no [sign], they killed many.’
(18)
mxe-lu
hənna
fišắk-e
go
dàrg-a,ˈ
perf.come-3pl
this.thing
rifle-pl
in
door-ms
‘They banged on the door with rifles,’
(19)
darg-a
p
θ ə̀x-le,ˈyĭʾəl-lu
l-ʾòya,ˈ
door-ms
perf.open-3ms
perf.enter-3pl
inside
‘The door opened, they entered,’
(20)
ma
d-ʾə
θ -wanaš-e
l-ʾoya
qam-qaṭl-ì-lu.ˈ
what
subr-exist-pst
man-pl
inside
perf-kill-a.3pl-o.3pl
‘What people were inside, they killed them.’
(21)
mən
b-lele
der-ət
yṑm,ˈ
saʿa
trè.ˈ
from
in-night
two-obl
day.ms
hour.fs
two
‘From the night [until] the next day, two o’clock.’
(22)
der-ət
yṑmˈ
b-saʿa
trè,ˈ
g-əmr-i
ʾatta
xằlaṣ,ˈ
pəš-la
g-bàṭl-i.ˈ
two-obl
day.ms
hour.fs
two
real-say-3pl
now
enough
perf.become-3fs
real-finish-3pl
‘the next day at two o’clock they say ‘it is enough now,’ it happened that they stopped.’
(23) ʾana wanwa zòrta b-yoma.ˈ g-əmra ṭali ʾay Hbaʿal ha-bàyitHˈ
I was little on [that] day. The landlord told me:
(24) se mè
θ e-lan xapča làxma.ˈ‘Go, bring us some bread.’
(25) bət ʿằrabi g-əmri-lu sammū̀n.ˈ ʾaxxa g-əmri-lu laḥmanyòt.ˈ
In Arabic, they call them sammun. Here, they call them laḥmanyot.
(26) g-əmra mé
θ ē-lan xă-tre sammū̀ne,ˈ b-axlàx.ˈShe says, ‘Bring us some three rolls, we will eat.’
(27) mpəqli zəlli HmaʿafiyaH mə
θ eli sammū̀ne,ˈI went out, I went to a bakery and brought rolls,
(28) xzeli tre naše bət ʾùrxa,ˈ wal g-emər ṭale ʾeha qṭùl-laˈ huðè
θ ā=la.ˈI saw two men on the street. One was saying to the other, ‘This one—kill her, she’s a Jewess.’
(29) g-emər ṭale là,ˈ huðe
θ a ʾədyo là g-napqa ʾaza xaðra.ˈHe says, to him, ‘No, today, a Jewess does not go out to walk, to roam.’
(30) g-emər g-əmrən-nox huðè
θ ā=la,ˈ qṭùl-la.ˈHe says, ‘I tell you, she is a Jewess. Kill her.’
(31) g-emər là,ˈ huðaye HmodèrnīH=lu,ˈ huðaye g-loši sqìla,ˈ
He says, ‘No, Jews are modern, the Jews dress nicely.
(32) ʾe yàltā=la,ˈ mà huðe
θ a!ˈThis one is a child, what [kind of] Jew [is this]!’
(33) g-emər g-əmrən-nox qṭùl-la!ˈ
He says, ‘Kill her!’
(34) g-emər là q-qaṭlən-na.ˈ
He says, ‘I will not kill her.’
(35) ʾana ži mən ʾilàhaˈ là ʾărəqli,ˈ zəlli hedi hèdiˈ yaʿani là g-zadʾan mənnu,ˈ
And I in the meantime—by [the grace of] God—I didn’t run away. I walked slowly, as if I weren’t afraid of them.
(36) wuḷḷa ʾani zəllu ʾu-ʾana
θ eli kəs Hbaʿal ha-bayitH dìdi.ˈIndeed, they went and I came to my landlord’s.
(37) muḥkèli ṭala hatxaʾ g-əmra ʾe, wat kurkamànta!ˈ
I told her about this, she says, ‘Oh, you are yellow!
(38) ʾi
θ … šte xapča ṃàyeˈ ʾu-šàkar.There is … drink some water with sugar.’
(39) húlla-li ṃàyeˈ ʾu-šàkar ʾu-štèli.ˈ
She gave me water with sugar and I drank.
(40) xaraye HmutḥəlluH xa-ga-xət bət qə̀ṭlaˈ
In the end, they started killing again.
(41) qamaye zəllu go ʾurxa q-qaṭli-wa nàše,ˈ
First, they went in the street to kill people,
(42) kud xāzéwa-le qaṭlì-wa-le.ˈ
whomever they would see, they would kill.
(43) ʾavál bas pəšle palgə̀t-yomˈ
But at noon (lit. when it became noon),
(44) turru dàrga bət fišằkeˈ ʾu-yĭʾəllu l-ʾoya qṭəllu nàše.ˈ
they broke the door with rifles and entered, killed people.
(45) ʾaz mə
θ elu naše məšəlmane ḥməllu go darga dèniˈSo they brought some Muslims (i.e. Muslim neighbours) [who] stood at our door,
(46) ʾu-k
θ ullu ʾəlle ʾoha beθ a məšəlmànā=le.ˈand they wrote on it ‘This house is Muslim.’
(47) ʾaz ʾana yalta zorta wànwa,ˈ là k-iʾan-wa.ˈ
Then, I was a little child, I didn’t understand.
(48) yĭsəqli l-gàre.ˈ yĭsəqli l-gàre,ˈ
I went up to the roof. I went up to the roof,
(49) xzeli
θ ele našeˈ mənnu bùqče, jùlle,ˈ ʾawàye,ˈI saw [that some] people came, [with] bundles of clothes, clothes, possessions.
(50) g-emər ṭale hàl-liˈ ʾəlla b-qaṭlə̀n-nox.ˈ
Someone tells to another (lit. him), ‘give [these] to me, or else I’ll kill you.’
(51) g-emər là g-yawən-noxˈ welu ṃəḷye.ˈ si šqùl-lox.ˈ
He says, ‘I won’t give you—[the houses] are full. Go, take [some] for yourself.’
(52) k-tori dargàye,ˈ ʾu-k-šàqli ʾu-g-nàhbi ˈ
They [were] breaking doors, taking [possessions], robbing (i.e. this is how they would seize possessions for themselves).
(53)
θ elu trombèle, ʾafəllu kursiye ˈ kullu g-dāré-wa-lu go trombèl, g-nablì-wā-lu.ˈCars came, even armchairs—they would put them all in a car and take them away.
(54) ʾaz g-emər ṭali kōš l-gàre,ˈ kōš ʾəltə̀x.ˈ
Then [someone] said to me, ‘come down [from] on the roof, come down.’
(55) mərri là,ˈ g-əban xazyan, zòrta wanwa,ˈ là fhəmli ma=ila.ˈ
[But] I said ‘no, I want to see.’ I was little, I didn’t understand.
(56) g-emər ṭale hàl-lā-li,ˈ g-emər là g-yāwə́n-na-lox.ˈ
He says, to him ‘give it to me’, he says, ‘I will not give it to you.’
(57) si šqùl-lox, welu ṃəḷye.ˈ g-emər hàl-laˈ qam qaṭlə̀n-nox.ˈ
‘Go, take for yourself, they are full.’ He says, ‘give me before I kill you.’
(58) g-emər ʾavál ṭamằ b-qaṭlət-tiˈ si šqùl-lox.ˈ
But he says, ‘why would you kill me? Go, take for yourself.’
(59) ʾavál ma ʾoðax qam-qāṭə̀l-le.ˈ qàm ʾeni.ˈ
But what shall we do, he killed him. In front of my eyes.
(60) qam-qāṭə̀l-le,ˈ qam-šāqəl-lu ʾawaye mə̀nne.ˈ
He killed him and they took his possessions from him.
(61) ʾana kušli ʾəltəx pəšli maḥkòye.ˈ
I went down and started talking.
(62) g-maḥkyan ṭalu g-əmran ṭalu g-zadʾan hatxa xzèli.ˈ
I tell them, I say to them, ‘I am afraid, this is what I saw.’
(63) wi g-əmri ma g-oðat rəš gare?ˈ ṭamằ yĭsəqlax rəš gare?ˈ
‘Oh’—they say—‘what are you doing on the roof? Why did you go up the roof?’
(64) mərri ma k-iʾan?ˈ zəlli mfàrčan.ˈ
I said ‘what do I know?’ I went to sweep [the floor].
(65) xaraye mə
θ ele ʾaxonət HbosətH dìdiˈ kase srə̀ṭta.ˈAfterwards, [some people] brought my boss’s brother, his belly cut.
(66) g-emər b-qaṭlì-wā-liˈ
He says, ‘they would have killed me,’
(67) ʾə
θ wa məšəlmane qam-əbè-le,ˈ qam-məθ e-le kəs xàθ e.ˈ[But] there were Muslims who took pity on him [and] brought him to his sister’s.
(68) dòxtorˈ jirā̀n wewa.ˈ
[There was a] doctor, he was [their] neighbour.
(69) dòxtor … k
θ ulu ʾəl-dàrgaˈ dət ʾoha beθ a məšəlmànā=le.ˈ[The] doctor … they wrote on the door that this house is Muslim.
(70) ʾaz ṭamằ doxtor ʾa
θ e mdarmən-na kàse.ˈSo why should a doctor come [inside the house] to operate his stomach?
(71) ʾaw jirān dòxtor wewa,ˈ
That neighbor was a doctor.
(72) g-emər ʾana mən daxxa b-yasqən l-gàre,ˈ
He says, ‘I will go up on the roof from here (i.e. from my house)
(73) Hʾaval be-tnayH là ʾamritunˈ ʾu-là xāze-li.ˈ
But under the condition that you will not say and [people] will not see me.’
(74) ʾaz mən gare … là wewa mux daxxa,ˈ garare hatxa, kullu ʿàdəl wewa.ˈ
So from the roof—it wasn’t like here, the roofs [were] like this—they were all flat.
(75) ʾaz yĭsəqle mən gare kušle ʾəltə̀x,ˈ
so he went up and from the roof, he came down.
(76) qam-darmən-na kàse.ˈ
[then] he operated his stomach.
(77) lə́
θ -wā-le Hmaspik narkòzaHˈ,he didn’t have enough anesthetic,
(78) pəšle bə-ṣṛàxa,ˈ g-emər ṭale là ṣaṛxət,ˈ kad ṣaṛxət b-šoqə̀n-nox.ˈ
[so the patient] started screaming. [but the doctor] says to him, ‘don’t scream. When you start screaming, I’ll leave you.’
(79) g-emər bas ma ʾoðən? g-māreʾ-li.ˈ
He says, ‘But what should I do? it hurts.’
(80) kefox b-šoqə̀n-nox g-emərˈ ʾatta yaʾe ʾana wən ʾaxxa b-qaṭlì-li!ˈ
‘As you wish, I will leave you’—he says—‘now they might that I am here, they will kill me!’
(81) Hʾaz beʾemetH qam-darmə̀n-neˈ
So indeed, he operated him.
(82) ʾaz aw naša pəšle maḥkòyeˈ g-emər qam-māxè-li,ˈ
Then that man started speaking, he says, ‘they beat me.’
(83) mərre ṭalu là māxə́tu-li,ˈ ʾana wən wazī̀rˈ go ḥukùmaˈ
He had told them ‘don’t beat me, I am a government minister.’
(84) g-emər mərru ṭali ʾaxni k-ṭaʾănax-lu dan wazirət ḥukumət huðàye,ˈ qaṭlàx-lu.ˈ
He says, ‘they told me we are collecting the ministers of the Jewish government, we shall kill them.’
(85) wuḷḷa qam-ṣare-la kase qam-mə
θ e-le ltàmaand they cut his stomach [and then some people] brought him there.
(86)
θ ele doxtor ʿaṛabaya qam-xāyə̀ṭ-leˈAn Arab doctor came and stitched him up.
(87) ʾu-pəšle palgə̀t-yomˈ g-əmri HmqubəlluH HhodaʿàHdət mbaṭlì-leˈ farhū̀d.ˈ
At noon (lit. when it was noon] they say [that] a message was received that Farhud was to be stopped.
(88) mbaṭli-le qàṭla.ˈ ʾu-beʾemet ʾàya wawa. (…)ˈ
they would stop the killing. And indeed, that was it.
(89) Hʾaz beʾemetH
θ elan ʾaxxa l-yisraʾèl. ʾu-wax ʾàxxa.ˈSo indeed, [after these events,] we came here, to Israel. And [now] we are here.
(90) gəbe Hqāvàx-laH,ˈ hawax Hbe-yàḥadH.
We have to hope for it, stay together.
(91) làt-lan ʾeka ʾazax ʾaxni.ˈ
We, we don’t have anywhere to go.
(92) wewa jiràne,ˈ xă g-əbe-wa ʾo-xeta,ˈ l-bàġdad,ˈ l-dŏ̀hok, l-zàxo,ˈ
[In Iraq,] they were [all] neighbours, they loved each other, in (lit. for) Baghdad, in Dohok, in Zakho.
(93) kùllu jirane wewa,ˈ məšəlmàne,ˈ mux HʾaḥìmH wewa.ˈ
They were all neighbours, [the] Muslims, they were like brothers.
(94) go daʿăwətyà
θ a muxðe wewa,ˈ go sehràne muxðe wewa,ˈAt weddings, they were together, at Sehrane, they were together.
(95) go batàneˈ ʾaxxa huðaye ʾaxxa məšəlmàne wewa.
At homes—here, (the) Jews, here, (the) Muslims.
(96) kullu bət Hyaḥasim tovimH wewa.
They were all in good relations.
2 Glossary of Words from the Story
This glossary lists the content words used in the story presented in this chapter. The inventories of function words and the copula may be found in the relevant morphological chapters (4 for pronouns, 7 for numerals, 10 for the copula). The following illustrates the structure of entries. The information shown in the sample is given if available, relevant etc.
For verbs:
| entry |
part of speech, derivational pattern, šaqel form (k-šaqəl form, if different from šaqel), (in irregular verbs (‘irr.’), all stems are listed as follows: šqəlle, Infinitive, Imperative, Participle); ‘gloss’; paragraph of occurrence |
Verbs are listed under their (reconstructed) root. This method is to facilitate easy access for Semitists accustomed to the root system, though it is problematic. This applies especially to irregular verbs, which are not only underivable from a root on the synchronic level, but commonly also do not belong to any single Pattern or weak class. Such verbs are listed by their most recent reconstructable root, and/or Pattern; such reconstructions are marked with ‘*’.
For other parts of speech:
| entry |
Part of speech, gender, (for nouns:) plural ending (after the apocopation of the sg ending, -a, -ta/- |
| ʾatta |
Adv.; ‘now’; e.g. 22 |
| ʾaxona |
N., masc, ʾaxawa |
| (l)ʾaxxa |
Adv.; ‘here’; e.g. 25 |
| ʾavál |
Conj. (H); ‘but’; e.g. 43 |
| ʾatta |
Adv.; ‘now’; e.g. 80 |
| ʾamoya |
N, masc, ʾamowa |
| ʾaz |
Conj. (H); ‘then, so’; e.g. 45 |
| ʾeða |
N., masc, -awa |
| ʾeka |
Adv.; ‘where?’; e.g. 90 |
| ʾena |
N., fem, -e; ‘eye’; e.g. 59 |
| ʾədyo |
Adv.; ‘today’; e.g. 29 |
| ʾəl |
Prep.; ‘upon, above’; e.g. 45 |
| ʾəlla |
Conj.; ‘except, or else, but’; e.g. 50 |
| ʾəltəx |
Adv.; ‘below, down’; e.g. 54 |
| ʾilaha |
N., -e; ‘God’; e.g. 35 |
| ʾī |
verboid; neg li |
| ∅-m-r (< *ʾ-m-r) |
V., Patt. I, ʾamər (g-emər), imp mar; ‘say’; e.g. 4 |
| ʾ-r-q |
V., Patt. I, ʾarəq; ‘flee’; e.g. 35 |
| ʾurxa |
N., fem, -a |
| ʾavál |
Conj. (H), ‘but’; e.g. 43 |
| ∅(/ʾ)-w-ð |
V., Patt. I, ʾawəð (g-ewəð, but rest of real paradigm goð-); ‘do, make’; e.g. 14 |
| ∅- |
V., Patt. I, ʾa |
|
*Patt. III, me |
|
| ∅-x-l (< *ʾ-x-l) |
V., Patt. I, ʾaxəl (k-exəl); ‘say’; e.g. 26 |
| ∅-z-l (< *ʾ-z-l) |
V., *Patt. I, ʾazəl (g-ezəl) irr.: zəlle, ʾizala, si, zila; ‘go’; e.g. 1, 24, 26 |
| ʿadəl |
Adj. (Ar.), inv, ‘fair, even, flat’; e.g. 74 |
| ʿarabaya |
N./Adj. (Ar.), ʿarabe |
| ʿằrabi |
N., fem; ‘Arabic language’ |
| b- |
Prep.; ‘with (temporal, instrumental and with the Infinitive)’; e.g. 77 |
| *b-ʾ-y |
V., *Patt. I, ʾəbe (g-əbe), irr.: ʾəbele, ʾəbaya, ʾəbi, biya; ‘want’; cf. gəbe (inv) for obligation; e.g. 4 |
| bas |
Conj., Part.; ‘only, enough, but’; e.g. 80 |
| baxta |
N., fem, baxta |
| baxta |
N., fem, baxta |
| be |
N., masc, batane/be |
| b-ṭ-l |
V. (Ar.), Patt. II, baṭəl; ‘stop (trans.)’; e.g. 22 |
| buqča |
N., masc, -e; ‘bundle’; e.g. 49 |
| darga |
N., masc, -aye; ‘door, gate’; e.g. 16 |
| daʿăwa |
N. (Ar.), fem, daʿăwətyà |
| doxtor |
N. (European), masc, -e; ‘doctor’; e.g. 68 |
| duka, dukta |
N., respectively masc, fem, -ane; ‘place’; e.g. 17 |
| d-r-m-n |
V., quadriliteral, mdarmən; ‘treat, cure’; e.g. 70 |
| d-r-y |
V., Patt. I, dare; ‘place, put’; e.g. 53 |
| farhū́d |
N. (Ar.), ‘pogrom on the Jews of Baghdad in 1941’; e.g. 9 |
| f-h-m |
V. (Ar.), Patt. I, fahəm; ‘understand’; e.g. 55 |
| fišắka |
N. (Turk.), -e; ‘rifle’; e.g. 18 |
| flān |
Pron. (Ar.); ‘person so-and-so’; 13 |
| f-r-č |
V., Patt. II, mfarəč; ‘sweep’; e.g. 64 |
| gare |
N., masc, gariwa |
| gyan |
N./Pron. (K), Adj. inflected with pronominal suffixes; ‘self’; 2 |
| go |
Prep.; ‘in, at’; e.g. 45 |
| g-n-w |
V., Patt. I, ganu, ‘steal, rob’; e.g. 10 |
| hatxa |
Adv., ‘so, such’; e.g. 37 |
| hedi |
Adv. (Ar.); ‘slowly’; e.g. 35 |
| hənna |
filler particle; ‘thing(y)’; e.g. 18 |
| huðaya |
N./Adj., huðe |
| *h-w-y |
V., Patt. I, hawe; ‘be/be born’; e.g. 90 |
| ḥ-k-y |
V. (Ar.), Patt. III, maḥke (ta/mən); ‘speak (to)’; e.g. 37 |
| ḥ-m-l |
V. (Ar.), Patt. I, ḥaməl; ‘wait’; e.g. 45 |
| ḥukuma |
N. (Ar.), fem, ‘government’; e.g. 83 |
| jirā́n |
N. (Ar.), masc, -e; ‘neighbour’; e.g. 68 |
| kad |
Conj., ‘when’; e.g. 78 |
| kasa |
N., fem, -e; ‘belly, stomach’; e.g. 65 |
| kef |
N. (Ar.), masc, inv sg; ‘pleasure, fun’; e.g. 80 |
| kəs |
Prep.; ‘at (cf. French chez)’, with pronouns: kəs+L-suffix; e.g. 36 |
| k- |
V., Patt. I, ka |
| kurkamana |
Adj.; ‘yellow’; e.g. 37 |
| kursi |
N. (Ar.), masc, kursiye; ‘armchair’; e.g. 53 |
| k-w-š |
V., Patt. I, kawəš; ‘descend’; e.g. 54 |
|
Patt. III, măkuš; ‘bring down’ |
|
| l-ʾòya |
Adv., ‘inside’; e.g. 19 |
| la ([lă]) |
Particle; ‘no’, neg; e.g. 31 |
| laxma |
N., masc, mass; ‘bread’ |
| lele |
N., masc, lelawa |
| l-w-š |
V., Patt. I, lawəš; ‘wear’; e.g. 31 |
|
Patt. III, malwəš, ‘dress (trans.)’ |
|
| mən |
Prep.; ‘from, with (comitative)’; e.g. 35 |
| məndi |
N., masc, ʾawaye (other dialects pl usually məndyane); ‘thing, item’; e.g. 60 |
| məšəlmana |
N./Adj., -e; ‘Muslim, Kurd’; e.g. 15 |
| mux |
Prep., with pronouns: muxwa |
| muxðe/ muxðaðe |
Adv., ‘together’; e.g. 94 |
| m-ṣ-y |
V., Patt. I, maṣe (g-əmṣe); ‘be able to’; 14 |
| m-x-y |
V., Patt. I, maxe, ‘hit, strike’; e.g. 10 |
| ṃaye |
N., inv pl; ‘water’; e.g. 38 |
| ṃ-ḷ-y |
V., Patt. I, ṃaḷe; ‘fill’ (trans., except the ambiguous Participle ṃəḷya ‘full’); e.g. 51 |
| naša |
N., masc, -e; ‘(hu)man’; e.g. 10 |
| n-b-l |
V., Patt. II(/I) (< *Patt. III ?), nabəl (Patt. I); irr.: mnobəlle, mnabole, mnabəl, mnubla (all Patt. II), other dialects also l-b-l/m-b-l; ‘take with, take away’; e.g. 53 |
| n-ḥ-q |
V., Patt. I, naḥəq (+ʾəl); ‘touch (+o)’; e.g. 17 |
| n(/m)-p-q |
V., Patt. I, napəq, irr.: mpəqle, mpaqa, mpuq, mpiqa; ‘go out’; 12, 27 |
|
Patt. III mapəq ‘take out’ |
|
| palga, palgu |
N., respectively masc, fem, -e; ‘half’; cf. palgə̀t-yom ‘noon’; e.g. 43 |
| p-l-x |
V, Patt. I, paləx; ‘work’; e.g. 1 |
| p-y-š |
V., Patt. I, payəš; ‘remain (in a place, state), become (with a 3fs subject and a lexical complement about atmospheric phenomena, periods etc,), occur’; e.g. 87 |
| qamaye |
Adv., ‘firstly, at first’; e.g. 41 |
| q-ṭ-l |
V., Patt. I, qaṭəl, verbal noun qəṭla; ‘kill’; e.g. 33–34, 40 |
| rəš |
Prep., ‘on (top of)’; e.g. 63 |
| saʿa |
N. (Ar.), fem, -e; ‘hour’; e.g. 21 |
| sotənta (/sota) |
N., fem, sotənya |
| sqila |
Adj.; ‘beautiful’; e.g. 31 |
| srṭ |
V., Patt. I, sarəṭ; ‘cut, bruise’; e.g. 65 |
| ṣăbar |
N (Ar.), masc; ‘patience’; 3 |
| ṣ-r-x |
V., Patt. I, ṣarəx; ‘scream, shout’; e.g. 78 |
| ṣry |
V., Patt. I, ṣare; ‘tear, cut’; e.g. 85 |
| šakar |
N., masc; ‘sugar’; e.g. 38 |
| šata |
N., fem, šənne; ‘year’; 5 |
| š-q-l |
V., Patt. I, šaqəl; ‘take’; e.g. 2 |
| š-t-y |
V., Patt. I, šate; ‘drink’; 38 |
| š-w-q |
V., Patt. I, šawəq; ‘leave, abandon’; e.g. 78 |
| (l)tama |
Adv.; ‘there’; e.g. 85 |
| t-ḥ-l |
V. (H), Patt. III, matḥəl; ‘begin (trans.)’; e.g. 40 |
| trombēl |
N. (European), masc, -e; ‘car’; e.g. 53 |
| t-w-r |
V., Patt. I, tawər; ‘break’ (trans. & intransitive); e.g. 15 |
| ṭ-ʾ-n |
V., Patt. I, ṭaʾən; ‘search for’; 84 |
| ṭa |
Prep.; ‘for’, with pronouns: ṭa+L-suffix, with nominals: ta + NP; e.g. 23 |
| ṭamắ |
Adv., ‘why?’; 58 |
| ṭ-š-y |
V., Patt. II, mṭaše (+gyan-); ‘hide (oneself)’; 14 |
| wazī̀r |
N. (Ar.), masc, -e; ‘minister, government official’; e.g. 83 |
| wi |
Part., ‘oh! (surprise)’; 63 |
| wuḷḷa |
Part.; ‘indeed, by God’; 36 |
| xălaṣ |
Adv. (Ar.); ‘enough’; 22 |
| xapča |
Adv.; ‘a little’; 24 |
| xaraye |
Adv.; ‘finally’; e.g. 40 |
| xa |
N, fem, xa |
| x-ð-r |
V., Patt. I, xaðər; ‘roam about, walk’; e.g. 29 |
| x-y-ṭ |
V., Patt. I, xayəṭ; ‘sew, stitch’; e.g. 86 |
| x-z-y |
V., Patt. I, xaze; ‘see’; e.g. 28 |
| yaʿani |
Part. (Ar.); ‘that is, meaning, as if’; e.g. 35 |
| y-ʾ-l |
V., Patt. I, yaʾəl; ‘enter’; e.g. 19 |
|
Patt. III, mayʾəl; ‘bring in’ |
|
| *y-ð-y |
V., Patt. I, yaʾe (k-iʾe), irr.: yðele, yĭðaʾa, yĭðōʾ, yĭðiʾa; ‘know’; e.g. 47 |
| *y-h-w |
Patt. I, yawəl, irr.: hulle, ʾihawa, hal, hiwa; ‘give’; e.g. 39 |
| yalunka |
(yala+BK suffix) N., masc, -e; ‘child’; 2 |
| yoma |
N., masc, -e/-ane; ‘day’; e.g. 29; cf. ʾədyo ‘today’ |
| yarxa |
N., masc, -e; ‘month’; 9 |
| y-s-q |
V., Patt. I, yasəq; ‘ascent’; e.g. 48 |
|
Patt. III, masəq; ‘take up’ |
|
| z-d-ʾ |
V., Patt I. zade; ‘be afraid’; 35 |
| zora |
Adj., ‘small’; e 23 |
| ži |
Particle; ‘also’, topic switch; 35 |