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Janne Mattila

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in The Formation of the IkhwÄnian Corpus

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Janne Mattila

Janne Mattila
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Seiten:: 227â273

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004690141_010

Angemeldet Ã¼ber:

Dar Hadith al Hassania

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TableÂ 1

The Epistles of the Brethren of Purity

No	Variant nos¹	Title	Variation in MSS²	Length (BE)	Length (MS â®Ø¹â¬â)³
		Fihrist	Versions a, b, c⁴	27	8
	Propaedeutic Sciences			404	256
1		Arithmetic	Minor	30	19
2		Geometry	Minor⁵	36	16
3		Astronomy	Minor⁶	44	28
4	5, 6⁷	Geography	Minor⁸	25	13
5	4	Music	Minor	59	41
6	2, 4⁹	Arithmetical and Geometrical Proportions	Minor¹⁰	16	11
7	8¹¹	Theoretical Sciences¹²	Minor¹³	18	11
8	7	Practical sciences	Minor¹⁴	20	12
9		Ethics	Minor¹⁵	94	65
10		EisagÅgÄ	Major¹⁶	14	11
11		Categories	Major	10	7
12	13¹⁷	On Interpretation	Major	6	7
13		Prior Analytics¹⁸	Major	9
14		Posterior Analytics	Major	23	15
	Physical Sciences			647	343
15		Matter and Form	Major¹⁹	19	13
16		Heaven and World	Major	28	17
17		Generation and Corruption	Major	10	6
18		Meteorology	Major	25	17
19		Minerals	Major	45	27
20	13²⁰	Essence of Nature	Major	18	12
21		Plants	Major	28	17
22		Animals	Minor²¹	200	115
23		Constitution of the Human Body		18	11
24		Senses and Sensibles	Minor²²	21	13
25		Fall of the Sperm		39	24
26		The Human Being is a Microcosm		23	15
27		Spread of Particular Souls into Physical Bodies		13	7
28		Human Capability for Knowledge	Minor	16	9
29		Death and Life	Minor	18	10
30		Pleasure and Pain	Minor²³	32	18
31		Differences of Languages	Versions a, b²⁴	94	12
	Psychical-Intelligible Sciences			223	128
32		Intellectual Principles according to the Pythagoreans	Versions a, b²⁵	21	12
33		Intellectual Principles according to the Brethren of Purity		13	7
34		The World is a Big Human Being	Minor²⁶	19	6
35		Intellect and the Intelligibles	Minor	18	11
36		Cycles and Revolutions	Minor	20	12
37		Love		18	11
38		Resurrection		34	20
39		Movements	Minor	23	14
40		Causes and Effects	Minor²⁷	40	26
41		Definitions and Descriptions	Major²⁸	17	9
	Nomic-Divine Sciences			595	349
42		Opinions and Doctrines		137	89
43		The Way to God	Minor	9	6
44		Beliefs of the Brethren of Purity	Minor	27	17
45	52²⁹	Companionship of the Brethren of Purity	Minor	20	12
46		Belief		63	38
47		Divine Law		21	17
48		The Call to God	Major³⁰	53	34
49		Spiritual Beings	Versions a, b³¹	52	26
50		Governance³²	Versions a, b³³	23	13
51		Constitution of the World	Versions a, b³⁴	10	8
52		Magic	Versions a, b, c³⁵	180	89 (52b)

TableÂ 2

Theories of redaction chronology

Marquet	Hamdani	Madelung
IV	I	VersionÂ I (899â937)
48		7
45		50 eps following the 4-division in ep. 7
50		52c
44		49a
47		32a
43
46, 49
52
42³⁶
51
III	II	VersionÂ II (ca. 937)
32â40		Fihrist a
41		51 eps following a new 4-division
		52a
		50a
		42a
		32b 12 = 12â¯+â¯13
I	III
3
1â2		VersionÂ III (937â964)
5â6 â 5, 6		Fihrist b
10â14 â 10, 11, 12, 13, 14	the Fihrist	52b
7		49b
8		50b
9		42b
4		32c
II	IV	12, 13 (separated)
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24	42â50	RJ
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31	52
23	51
22 (animal fable)	RJ
	the Fihrist (updated)
		VersionÂ IV (after 964)
		4 and 5 shift places

TableÂ 3

Classification of sciences by al-KindÄ« and al-FÄrÄbÄ«

Al-KindÄ«	Al-FÄrÄbÄ«
1. Mathematics	1. Linguistics
a) arithmetic, b) geometry, c) astronomy, d) harmonics (music)	a) single expressions, b) composed expressions, c) rules of single expressions, d) rules of composed expressions, e) rules of correct writing, f) rules of correct reading, g) rules of poems
2. Logic	2. Logic
a) Categories, b) On Interpretation, c) Prior Analytics, d) Posterior Analytics, e) Topics, f) Sophistics, g) Rhetoric, h) Poetics	a) Categories, b) On Interpretation, c) Prior Analytics, d) Posterior Analytics, e) Topics, f) Sophistics, g) Rhetoric, h) Poetics
3. Physics	3. Mathematics
a) Physics, b) On the Heaven, c) Generation and Corruption, d) Meteorology, e) On Minerals, f) On Plants, g) On Animals	a) arithmetic, b) geometry, c) optics, d) astronomy, e) music, g) science of weights, h) mechanics
4. Psychical existents	4. Physics
a) On the Soul, b) On Senses and the Sensibles, c) On Sleep and Waking, d) On the Length and Shortness of Life	a) Physics, b) On the Heaven, c) Generation and Corruption, d) Meteorology, I-III, e) Meteorology, IV, f) Book of Minerals, g) Book of Plants, h) Book of Animals and On the Soul
5. Metaphysics	5. Metaphysics
a) Metaphysics	a) existents as existents, b) premises of the theoretical sciences, c) incorporeal existents
6. Practical philosophy	6. Practical philosophy
a) Nicomachean Ethics b) Politics	a) political science, b) jurisprudence, c) theology

TableÂ 4

Classification of sciences in Epistle 7

	I. PROPAEDEUTIC SCIENCES
1.	Writing and reading
2.	Language and grammar
3.	Calculation and transactions
4.	Poetry and prosody
5.	Auguries (zajr) and auspicies (faÊ¾l)
6.	Magic, incantations, alchemy, and artifices (á¸¥iyal)
7.	Professions and crafts
8.	Sale and purchase, trade, cultivation, and breeding
9.	Tales (siyar) and history (akhbÄr)
	II. RELIGIOUS SCIENCES
1.	Revelation
2.	Interpretation (taÊ¾wÄ«l)
3.	Transmission (riwÄyÄt) and reports (akhbÄr)
4.	Jurisprudence, laws (sunan), and stipulations (aá¸¥kÄm)
5.	Remembrance (tadhÄkir), exhortations (mawÄÊ¿iáº), asceticism (zuhd), and Sufism (taá¹£awwuf)
6.	Interpretation of dreams
	III. PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES
i.	Mathematics
1.	Arithmetic
2.	Geometry
3.	Astronomy
4.	Music
ii.	Logic
1.	Poetics
2.	Rhetoric
3.	Topics
4.	Analytics
5.	Sophistry
	III. PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES
iii.	Natural sciences
1.	Corporeal principles (al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-jismÄniyya)
2.	Heaven and the world
3.	Generation and corruption
4.	Meteorology
5.	Minerals
6.	Plants
7.	Animals
iv.	Theology
1.	Creator
2.	Spiritual beings (rÅ«á¸¥ÄniyyÄt)
3.	Psychical beings
4.	Governance: a) prophetic, b) royal, c) common (Ê¿Ämmiyya), d) particular (khÄá¹£á¹£iyya), e) individual (dhÄtiyya)
5.	Return

TableÂ 5

Classification of sciences in Epistles 1, 2, and 15

Epistle 15		Epistles 1 (10â11), 2 (73â76)
I.	Preparatory (riyÄá¸iyyÄt)	I.	Mathematics (riyÄá¸Ä«yyÄt)
1.	Arithmetic	1.	Arithmetic
2.	Geometry	2.	Geometry
3.	Astronomy	3.	Astronomy
4.	Arithmetical, geometrical, and harmonious proportions	4.	Music
5.	Logic	II.	Logic
II.	Physics	III.	Physics
1.	Matter, form, movement, space, time
2.	Senses and sensibles
3.	Heaven and the Earth
4.	Generation and corruption
5.	Meteorology
6.	Minerals
7.	Plants
8.	Animals
		IV.	Theology (ilÄhiyyÄt)

TableÂ 6

Contents of the epistles in the Fihrist and the Comprehensive Epistle

Epistle	Fihrist a	Fihrist c	the Comprehensive Epistle
1	Number, its essence and quantity	Manner of its properties
2	Geometry, its essence, and the quantity of its kinds	Manner of its substrates
3	Stars, spheres, zodiacs, planets	Their influence on the lower world, on elements, and on generation and corruption	Signs written on the âspheres and soulsâ
4	Geography, form of the Earth and the climes, and all that it contains	The world as spherical; the world as a living being that resembles the form of an animal worshipping God with all of its parts	The savantsâ differing opinions on the Earth lying in the middle of the air; their agreement on Godâs decree of the proper position of the Earth and the spheres; world as a living being as the most important part of this science
5	Music; effects of balanced melodies on the souls as resembling medicine on the bodies; melodies caused by the movements of the spheres		Balanced melodies discovered by the philosophers and the savants; their connection with the supernal world; properties of the supernal world and the paradise
6	Arithmetical, geometrical, and harmonious relations; the number of their kinds; the manner of their order
7	Theoretical disciplines	Their parts and arrangement, and ways and doctrines	Their aims
8	Practical disciplines	Their kinds	Their parts and arrangement
9	Differences of character traits	Causes for the differences in character traits; customs, ways of life, and character traits of the prophets and sages	Differences of character traits as proportional to the climate and the four qualities; its divine wisdom and providence; actions emerging in souls in accordance with the faculties; union of the souls with bodies; examples of caliphs and imÄms; knowledge of the spiritual beings and their revelation to the prophets; knowledge of IblÄ«s, the demons, and their followers; microcosm as an image of the macrocosm
10	EisagÅgÄ, i.e., the six predicables employed by philosophers in logic, speech, and books	Employed also in their arguments and demonstrations	The six predicables: genus, species, individual, differentia, idion, and accident
11	Categories; each denotes a genus of existents		Names of the ten categories
12	Peri hermÄneias [and Analytics]	Expressions; their true meanings and their explication
13	First Analytics, i.e., syllogism
14	Second Analytics	Demonstration
15	Matter, form, time, place, movement; sagesâ sayings on them
16	Heaven and the world; sphere, Throne, and Footstool
17	Generation and corruption		Individuals, bodies, spread (nashr), and destruction
18	Meteorology
19	Generation of minerals; quantity of minerals; causes for their differences		Generation and qualities of minerals as resembling plants and animals; mercury and sulfur; their special qualities
20	Essence of nature, its qualities and actions; four elements and composed bodies	Difference between voluntary and natural actions
21	Kinds and qualities of plants		Development of plants toward their perfection
22	Kinds of animals; their compositions and states
23	Composition of the body; the human being as microcosm; the human being as a virtuous city and soul as its king
24	Senses and sensibles
25	Fall of the sperm; attachment of the soul to the body; transformation of the body in the womb; effects of the spheres on bodily composition		Perfection of the soul; ascent to the spiritual world; the world of generation and corruption; descent of particular souls
26	The human being as a microcosm; the human form as a summary of the spiritual and corporeal worlds	The human being as intermediate between the material and spiritual worlds	God, the Intellect, the Universal Soul, and first matter; macrocosm, microcosm, and the Universal Soul
27	Spread of particular souls in human bodies		Ascent to the grade of angels by good actions; descent to the grade of demons by bad actions
28	Human capability for knowledge and its limits
29	Essence of death and life	Afterlife
30	Corporeal and spiritual pleasure and pain; cause for animal repugnance of death; pleasure and pain in the afterlife		Ascent of the godly to a heavenly grade; descent of the ungodly to a demonic form; contact of pure souls with angelic substances and God
31	Differences of languages	Scripts; principles of religions and doctrines; transformation of doctrines from one nation to another	Celestial causes of the transformation of doctrines
32	Intelligible principles according to Pythagoras		Doctrine of those who have purified their souls to reach the higher world
33	Intelligible principles according to the Brethren of Purity
34	The world as a big human being with soul and spirit; no void or plenitude in the world	The world not being in a place; everything in the world having its appointed place
35	The intellect and the intelligible	Material, potential, actual, acquired, and active intellects
36	Cycles and revolutions	Changes of times
37	Love; divine illness	Desire of souls for union	Emanation of the moving faculties
38	Resurrection; ultimate end of all the epistles
39	Kinds of movement
40	Causes and effects
41	Definitions and descriptions
42	Doctrines and religions; disagreements of scholars	Proper knowledge for common people versus the elect	Principles of beliefs
43	The way to God		Godâs writing in the macrocosm and the microcosm; Godâs signs in âhorizons and soulsâ
44	Beliefs of the Brethren of Purity and doctrines of the lordly		Sincere love
45	Companionship and mutual co-operation of the Brethren of Purity	Their meetings
46	Essence of belief and properties of believers		Believers contemplating the signs in âhorizons and soulsâ
47	Essence of divine law; conditions of prophecy; doctrines of the lordly
48	The call to God; pure brotherhood and love; classes of the called		Qualities of the caller and the called
49	Acts of spiritual beings	Proximate angels and demons	Followers of angels; powers flowing from angels; followers of demons
50	Kinds of governance; degrees of the governed
51	Order of the world; order of existents; world being like a city, an animal, or a human being
52	Magic, spells, divination, auguries, imagination, incantations, talismans; earthly beings, jinns, demons, and angels and their effects	Evil eye

TableÂ 7

Goals of the epistles in the Fihrist and the Comprehensive Epistle

Epistle	Fihrist a	Fihrist c	Comprehensive Epistle
1	Training of students of philosophy; correspondence between the forms of numbers and existents; arithmetic as the root of knowledge	Arithmetic as a stepping stone to other philosophical sciences	Arithmetic as the first elixir and highest alchemy
2	Guidance from sensibles to intelligibles; vision of immaterial forms	Guidance from corporeal to spiritual beings; properties of the spiritual beings; ascent to and union with spiritual beings	Causes of time and generation
3	Arousing desire for ascent toward the world of spheres	Ascent to spiritual beings; arrival at the holy spirit	Reaching the degree of perfection; indifference to death and the material world; certainty on the superiority of the spiritual world; reaching the prophets, believers, gnostics, and martyrs; proximity with the Lord in paradise
4	Cause for the soulâs arrival in the material world; instigation on contemplation of the signs on the âhorizonsâ; reminder for the ignorant on preparing for the afterlife	The way and cause of the soulâs union with the body; its employment of senses and reason; its release from bodies	Release from the bonds of matter and nature; ignorance of the souls not desiring the spiritual world; the soulâs suffering in successive bodies; the Earth as a prison of the souls; bodies as âbridgesâ; sacrificial animals as the ultimate debasement; the human form as leading toward paradise; incitement toward the approach of and trust in God; paradise and hell
5	Arousing desire for ascent toward the spiritual world; abode of prophets and martyrs after separation from the body		Souls purified by the philosophical sciences as prepared for the ascent; the spiritual world as the abode of âpeople of secrets and insightsâ
6	Guidance to the inner meanings of sciences; existents of balanced and unbalanced proportions	The persistence of unbalanced composition	Things occupying their proper positions and arrangements as being their well-being
7	The kinds of sciences and their goals; guidance toward the way of knowledge
8	Classification of the kinds of knowledge and crafts; reminder for ignorant souls of their substances being active and their bodies being the instruments of souls; the faculties of particular souls as supported by the Universal Soul		Principles of the productive sciences; their extraction by pure minds; the perfection of crafts implying the perfection of their Creator; spheres, planets, and elements as instruments of the Universal Soul; the Universal Soul as guiding all beings toward their perfection
9	Purification of the soul and rectification of character traits	Means to attain eternity, perfection, and happiness in this life and the next
10	Philosophical and linguistic logic/speech and their difference	Reminder of what constitutes and completes the essence of the soul; the soulâs preparation for the afterlife; knowledge of what is required for the guidance of the intellect toward the truth and away from error; the parallel between logic and grammar
11	Meanings of all existents as combined in the ten categories; each category being a genus of genera; division of genera into species and individuals; categories as the gardens of knowledge and fruits of souls	Division of individuals into elements	The virtuous as distinguished from the non-virtuous
12		Simple assertive expressions; composition of syllogistic premises; positive and negative statements; classification of propositions
13	Kinds of syllogisms employed by logicians, sages, and theologians; balance introduced by philosophers and sages to distinguish true from false and good from evil	Corrupt opinions	Balance for signs of the âhorizons and soulsâ; mysteries of creation
14	Manner of true syllogism; balance of sages for distinguishing the truth from falsehood	Balance of justice employed by the âdivine treasurersâ	Examination of âhorizons and souls;â mysteries of creation; resurrection, second creation, and return; following of a guide leading to knowledge and instruction
15	Essence of body; its necessary accidents and constituent forms; physics		Matter as the locus of form; form as perfecting matter; form released from matter and reverting to its essence; soul as united with individuals; matter and form as reminders for the souls of the second creation
16	Movements of spheres and planets; the Universal Soul as their mover	Holy spirit	Throne and Footstool; universal faculties of the supernal world; supernal faculties flowing to the lower world; sin leading to the fall from paradise; return to the supernal world; revelation and prophecy
17	Forms of the four elements; bodies as composed of the elements; transformation of elements due to the spheres; Nature as a faculty of the Universal Soul	Nature as moving bodies toward their perfection; Nature as an angel	Nature as a means of divine will and providence; prophets as supported by spirits from the Universal Soul; release of particular souls from matter; return to the supernal world; pure soul and the cycle of revelation
18	Events and transformations in the air; light, dark, hot, cold, winds, etc.
19	Minerals as the first sublunar acts of Nature and the Universal Soul; beginning of the ascent of particular souls up to the supernal world	Nature as a means of the Creator; the supernal world as the abode of the pious and the prophets	Derivation of the knowledge of the sages as resembling the generation of minerals by Nature
20	Psychical activities; angels and spiritual beings	Spiritual beings as moving sublunar bodies toward their perfection	Ascent to the supernal world; mysteries and signs of nature; divine providence; the human being as a microcosm; paradise and hell
21	Kinds of plants; their generation and differences; plants between minerals and animals		Special properties of plants; their faculties; pure philosophersâ and âvirtuous individualsââ¯â knowledge of mysteries
22	Kinds of animals and their differences; their generation; animals between plants and humans; angels as being above humans; the human beings as vice-regents on Earth; good humans as angels, bad humans as demons		Animal bodies as punishment for prior sins
23	Knowledge of the human body; the human body as a summary of the world in the Tablet; human body between paradise and hell; the human soul as Godâs vice-regent; knowledge of the self as leading to knowledge of God; ascent toward God	The human body as the finest among animals; ascent to the supernal world	Human beings as the highest in degree in the sublunar world
24	Sense perception; imaginative faculty; thinking faculty; memory; speaking faculty; productive faculty; writing and transmission of knowledge	Common sense; rational faculty as the human essence	Ascent to the spiritual world as requiring the body
25	The state of souls before their connection with particular bodies; bodiesâ stay in the womb to perfect their forms		The Sunâs role in the flowing of spiritual powers to particular bodies and souls
26	Knowledge of true human nature; humans containing the ideas of existents	State of human souls before their connection with bodies; reason for the connection; the separation of souls from bodies	Human nature as a summary of the Tablet
27	The manner in which human beings attain the rank of angels	Gradual ascent to human perfection through the human substance	Ascent to knowledge of God
28	Knowledge of and ascent to God		Three kinds of human knowledge; prophets as leading to knowledge of God; the seventh prophet
29	Cause for the union of rational souls with human bodies; abolition of fear of death	Preparation for death; insignificance of death; necessity of death for ascent to the spiritual world	Desire for death
30	Paradise and hell
31		Acts of the soul lying in its nature; the search for hidden things lying in the human substance; the soul having knowledge in potency and forming opinions through it; words and writing expressing ideas; human capability of choosing beliefs	Revelation, the spirituality of the Sun, and emanation of the âsecond degreeâ (al-á¸¥add al-thÄnÄ«); effects of the spheres and the âvirtuous soulâ (al-nafs al-fÄá¸ila); succession of religions; beneficence of doctrinal disagreements
32	God ordering creation as corresponding to numbers	The Intellect as the first created being; intermediacy of the Soul in creation
33	Generation of the world; universal and particular causes of generated beings; order of existents corresponding to numbers
34	None	None	None
35	True nature of the soul; union of forms of knowledge in the soul	Generation of existents from non-existence; ascent to immaterial existence	Eternity of the soul in the spiritual world; particular soulsâ acquisition of knowledge
36	Generation and destruction of the world	Order and final causes of the world
37	God as the true object of love	Existentsâ movement toward their perfection
38	None	None	None
39	Generation of the world from the Creator; cause for the destruction of the corporeal world	Movement of natures toward their perfection
40	Principles and rules of sciences
41	True natures of things		Answer to the question: Who is the creator of existents?
42	The aim of religions and doctrines being the soulsâ pursuit of happiness in the afterlife; salvation from the world of generation and corruption; ascent to the world of the spheres; most religions having deviated from the way to salvation	Religions and doctrines as remedies for the diseases of the soul; liberation from the âsea of matter and the captivity of natureâ	Prophets as physicians of the soul
43	Purification of the soul; afterlife, resurrection, reward and punishment		Awakening from the slumber of ignorance
44	The soulâs survival of the body		Agreement of prophets and philosophers on the soulâs eternity
45	Harmony of the hearts	Co-operation as the cause for salvation
46	Nature of revelation and demonic whisper	Spiritual sublimity; success, guidance, and perdition	True knowledge of belief as assent to revelation; heavenly degree
47	Mysteries of prophetic books; guidance to and unveiling of mysteries; expected imÄm	Expected mahdÄ«	Differences of commands and prohibitions; differences of languages of revelation; true nature of rites of worship
48	Rule of the good as beginning with an agreement on a single doctrine	The good following a just way of life	The good contemplating the signs of âhorizons and soulsâ; the salvation of the good
49	Proof of the existence of incorporeal beings	Spiritual beings being beyond time, space, and sensation; knowledge about them through their effects
50	God as the governor of the All; the best governor as closest to God	The best governor as the one most familiar with Godâs wisdom and decree
51	Knowledge of the true nature of things; God as the beginning and end of everything	Principles and consequences of things; God as uncreated pure creation; First Existent	Mysteries and signs of existents
52	Proof of the existence of spiritual beings	Actions of spiritual beings by the intermediacy of Nature, the Soul, and the Intellect	Mysteries of nature; the effects of magic

TableÂ 8

Variation of epistle titles in manuscript title pages

No	Main part(s) of the title in most MSS	Significant MS additions	Variant elements
1	FÄ« al-Ê¿adad	ArithmÄá¹Ä«qÄ« (â®Ø²â¬â, D)	Wa-l-maÊ¿rÅ«f bi-l-nisab al-Ê¿adadiyya (F)
2	FÄ« al-handasa	JÅ«muá¹riyÄ (BE, â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, C), madkhal ilÄ Ê¿ilm al-handasa (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ø²â¬â, â®Ø¯â¬â, C)	FÄ« al-nisab al-Ê¿adadiyya wa-l-handasiyya wa-bi-l-jÅ«muá¹riyÄ wa-huwa al-Ê¿ulÅ«m al-handasiyya (â®Ùâ¬â)
3	FÄ« al-nujÅ«m	Asá¹rÅ«nÅ«miyÄ (BE, â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ø·â¬â, â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ø±â¬â, â®Ø²â¬â, F); (shibh) al-madkhal (â®Ø·â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, C, F, G, K)
4	FÄ« jughrÄfiyÄ, á¹£Å«rat al-ará¸ wa-l-aqÄlÄ«m	Wa-l-bayÄn fa-innahÄ kurriyyat al-shakl (â®Ùâ¬â)
5	FÄ« (Ê¿ilm) al-mÅ«sÄ«qÄ	Al-madkhal ilÄ Ê¿ilm á¹£inÄÊ¿at al-taÊ¾lÄ«f (â®Ùâ¬â)	Al-nisab al-Ê¿adadiyya wa-l-handasiyya
6	FÄ« al-nisba al-Ê¿adadiyya wa-l-handasiyya	Wa-l-taÊ¾lÄ«fiyya (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)	Wa-bi-l-jÅ«muá¹riyÄ wa-huwa al-Ê¿ulÅ«m al-handasiyya (â®Ùâ¬â)
7	FÄ« al-á¹£anÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-Ê¿ilmiyya	Kammiyyat ajnÄs al-Ê¿ulÅ«m (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ø±â¬â)
8	FÄ« al-á¹£anÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-Ê¿amaliyya	Man al-fÄÊ¿il bi-l-á¸¥aqÄ«qa (â®Ø±â¬â)
9	FÄ« bayÄn ikhtilÄf al-akhlÄq	AkhlÄq al-nafs (â®Ùâ¬â); ÄdÄb al-anbiyÄÊ¾, akhlÄq al-á¸¥ukamÄÊ¾ (BE)	BayÄn ikhtilÄf al-lughÄt (â®Ùâ¬â), wa-l-alwÄn wa-l-ajsÄm fÄ« al-akwÄr wa-l-adwÄr (â®Ùâ¬â)
10	FÄ« ÄªsÄghÅ«jÄ«, al-alfÄáº al-sitta	Al-Madkhal ilÄ Ê¿ilm al-maná¹iq (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, J); al-madkhal min RasÄÊ¾il IkhwÄn al-á¹¢afÄÊ¾ wa-KhullÄn al-WafÄÊ¾ (I)	Wa-yatlÅ«hÄ fÄ« ÄkhirihÄ QÄá¹Ä«ghuriyÄs (â®Ùâ¬â)
11	FÄ« (maÊ¿nÄ) QÄá¹Ä«ghÅ«riyÄs	Al-maÊ¿qÅ«lÄt al-Ê¿ashara (BE, I); tafsÄ«r maÊ¿ÄnÄ« al-Ê¿ashara al-alfÄáº allatÄ« fÄ« QÄá¹Ä«ghÅ«riyÄs (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)	FÄ« Ê¿ilm al-maná¹iq (I)
12	FÄ« (maÊ¿nÄ) BÄrÄ« ArmÄ«niyÄs		Wa-anÅ«lÅ«á¹Ä«qÄ (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ø±â¬â)
13	FÄ« (maÊ¿nÄ) AnÅ«lÅ«á¹Ä«qÄ (al-Å«lÄ)	QiyÄs (Fihrist c)	FÄ« al-maná¹iq (â®Ùâ¬â)
14	FÄ« AnÅ«lÅ«á¹Ä«qÄ al-thÄniya	AfÅ«diqá¹Ä«qÄ (Fihrist a, â®Ø¹â¬â); burhÄn (Fihrist b, I)
15	FÄ« (bayÄn) al-hayÅ«lÄ wa-l-á¹£Å«ra	Al-á¸¥araka wa-l-zamÄn (wa-l-makÄn) (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â); al-samÊ¿ al-kiyÄnÄ« (â®Ø±â¬â, â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ø¯â¬â, â®Ø²â¬â, â®Ø·â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)
16	FÄ« al-samÄÊ¾ wa-l-Ê¿Älam	Bi-asrihi (â®Ø±â¬â); bayÄn kammiyyat aá¹bÄq al-samawÄt wa-kayfiyyat tarkÄ«b al-aflÄk (â®Ùâ¬â)	Wa-mÄ huwa al-Ê¿irsh al-Ê¿aáºÄ«m wa-l-kursiyy al-wÄsiÊ¿ (â®Ùâ¬â)
17	FÄ« (bayÄn) al-kawn wa-l-fasÄd
18	FÄ« (bayÄn) al-ÄthÄr al-Ê¿ulwiyya	Wa-á¸¥awÄdith al-jaww (â®Ùâ¬â)	Wa-l-qirÄnat wa-l-adwÄr wa-l-akwÄr (RJÂ MSS)
19	FÄ« (bayÄn takwÄ«n) al-maÊ¿Ädin	Kammiyyat al-jawÄhir al-maÊ¿daniyya (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)
20	FÄ« mÄhiyyat al-á¹abÄ«Ê¿a, kayfiyyat á¹£anÄÊ¾iÊ¿ihÄ/afÊ¿ÄlihÄ	Wa-kayfiyyat afÊ¿ÄlihÄ fÄ« al-arkÄn al-arbaÊ¿a wa-kayfiyyat mawÄlÄ«dihÄ allatÄ« hiya al-á¸¥ayawÄn wa-l-nabÄt wa-l-maÊ¿Ädin (â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)
21	FÄ« (ajnÄs) al-nabÄt	Wa-kayfiyyat sarayÄn al-quwÄ al-nÄmiya fÄ«hÄ (â®Ùâ¬â); wa-kayfiyyat sarayÄn al-quwÄ al-nabÄtiyya fÄ«hÄ (â®Ùâ¬â)
22	FÄ« (aá¹£naf) al-á¸¥ayÄwÄn(Ät)	Kayfiyyat takwÄ«n al-á¸¥ayawÄn (BE); wa-Ê¿ajÄÊ¾ib hayÄkilihÄ wa-gharÄÊ¾ib aá¸¥wÄlihÄ (â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)
23	FÄ« tarkÄ«b al-jasad	á¸¤ÄlÄt al-nafs (fÄ«hi) (â®Ø±â¬â, â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ø¹â¬â); sarayÄn quwÄhÄ fÄ« aÊ¿á¸ÄÊ¾ al-jasad (â®Ø£â¬â)	Inna al-insÄn Ê¿Älam á¹£aghÄ«r (Fihrist)
24	FÄ« al-á¸¥Äss wa-l-maá¸¥sÅ«s
25	FÄ« masqaá¹ al-nuá¹fa	Kayfiyyat ribÄá¹ al-nafs bi-l-jasad (â®Ùâ¬â); kayfiyyat riyÄá¸at al-nafs (â®Ùâ¬â); á¸¥Äl jinÄ«n wa-taÊ¾thÄ«rÄt al-kawÄkib (â®Ø¹â¬â); kayfyyat taÊ¾thÄ«rÄt al-kawÄkib fÄ« al-mawlÅ«d (I)
26	FÄ« (maÊ¿nÄ qawl- al-á¸¥ukamÄÊ¾ inna) al-insÄn Ê¿Älam á¹£aghÄ«r
27	FÄ« kayfiyyat nashr/nushÅ«Ê¾ al-anfus al-juzÊ¾iyya fÄ« al-ajsÄd (al-bashariyya al-á¹abÄ«Ê¿iyya)	Kayfa inbiÊ¿ÄthuhÄ min al-ajsÄd al-bashariyya ilÄ rutbat al-malÄÊ¾ika (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ø±â¬â)
28	FÄ« bayÄn á¹Äqat al-insÄn fÄ« al-maÊ¿Ärif	TanÄhÄ« Ê¿ilm al-insÄn (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â); ilÄ ayy á¸¥add mablÅ«ghuhu min al-Ê¿ulÅ«m wa-ilÄ ayy á¸¥add yantahÄ« (â®Ø±â¬â, â®Ø¯â¬â, â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)
29	FÄ« (mÄhiyyat) á¸¥ikmat al-mawt (wa-l-á¸¥ayÄt)
30	FÄ« mÄhiyyat al-ladhdhÄt wa-l-ÄlÄm (al-jismÄniyyÄ wa-l-rÅ«á¸¥Äniyya)	Ê¿Illat karÄhiyyat al-á¸¥ayawÄn (al-alam waâ) al-mawt (wa-maá¸¥abbatihÄ li-l-á¸¥ayÄt) (F, â®Ø¹â¬â); fÄ« khÄá¹£á¹£iyyÄt al-ladhdhÄt (BE); fÄ« mÄhiyyat al-ÄlÄm (â®Ø£â¬â, J)	Wa-fÄ« á¸¥ikmat al-á¸¥ayÄt wa-l-mawt (BE)
31	FÄ« Ê¿ilal ikhtilÄf al-lughÄt	Wa-rusÅ«m al-khuá¹Å«á¹ wa-l-Ê¿ibÄrÄt (BE); kayfiyyat wujÅ«dihÄ (â®Ø¹â¬â); maÊ¿rifat uá¹£Å«lihÄ (â®Ø±â¬â, J)
32	FÄ« (alâ)mabÄdiÊ¾ (al-mawjÅ«dÄt) al-Ê¿aqliyya Ê¿alÄ raÊ¾y FÄ«thÄghÅ«ras/al-fÄ«thÄghÅ«riyyÄ«n	FÄ« mabÄdiÊ¾ al-mawjÅ«dÄt Ê¿alÄ raÊ¾y FÄ«thÄghÅ«ras (â®Øâ¬â)	FÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-Ê¿aqliyya wa-l-jismÄniyya Ê¿alÄ raÊ¾y FÄ«thÄghÅ«ras min al-maÊ¿Ärif al-á¹£Å«fiyya (â®Ø²â¬â); fÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-jismÄniyya (â®Øºâ¬â); fÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-Ê¿aqliyya wa-l-jismÄniyya (â®Ø¯â¬â)
33	FÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-Ê¿aqliyya Ê¿alÄ raÊ¾y IkhwÄn al-á¹¢afÄÊ¾		FÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-Ê¿aqliyya Ê¿alÄ raÊ¾y al-aá¸¥dÄth (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ø¬â¬â, â®Øâ¬â, â®Ø±â¬â); fÄ« mabÄdiÊ¾ al-mawjÅ«dÄt Ê¿alÄ raÊ¾y FÄ«thÄghÅ«ras (â®Ø£â¬â); maqÄla fÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ wa-marÄtibihÄ (â®Ø¯â¬â); maqÄla fÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ wa-marÄtibihÄ Ê¿alÄ
			al-qawm razaqanÄ AllÄh al-luá¸¥Å«q lahum (â®Ùâ¬â); faá¹£l al-risÄla al-thÄniya fÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-Ê¿aqliyya (â®Ø®â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, J); kitÄb al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-Ê¿aqliyya Ê¿alÄ al-ÄrÄÊ¾ al-falsafiyya wa-l-ishÄrÄt al-naáºariyya (â®Øºâ¬â); al-risÄla al-Å«lÄ fÄ« qaá¹£d al-Ê¿Älam wa-marÄtib al-mawjÅ«dÄt (I)
34	FÄ« (maÊ¿nÄ qawl al-á¸¥ukamÄÊ¾) inna al-Ê¿Älam insÄn kabÄ«r	DhÅ« nafs wa jism wa-maÊ¿nÄ man qÄla bi-ghayr al-jamÊ¿ (â®Ø£â¬â); dhÅ« nafs wa-rÅ«á¸¥ á¸¥ayy Ê¿Älim á¹ÄÊ¿Ä« bi-rabbihi (â®Ùâ¬â)	FÄ« anna al-insÄn Ê¿Älam á¹£aghÄ«r (â®Ø¯â¬â); fÄ« anna al-insÄn Ê¿Älam kabÄ«r (J)
35	FÄ« al-Ê¿aql wa-l-maÊ¿qÅ«l
36	FÄ« al-adwÄr wa-l-akwÄr		Faá¹£l dhikr al-risÄla al-khÄmisa min al-qism al-thÄlith al-mawsÅ«ma bi-l-akwÄr wa-l-adwÄr (â®Ø®â¬â)
37	FÄ« mÄhiyyat al-Ê¿ishq	Wa-maá¸¥abbat al-nafs (â®Ø£â¬â); wa-l-maraá¸ al-ilÄhÄ« (â®Ø£â¬â)
38	FÄ« (mÄhiyyat) al-baÊ¿th wa-l-qiyÄma	Wa-kayfiyyat al-miÊ¿rÄj (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ø±â¬â); wa-l-nushÅ«r (â®Ø¹â¬â); wa-l-dÄr al-Äkhira (â®Ø±â¬â)
39	FÄ« kammiyyat (ajnÄs) al-á¸¥arakÄt	FÄ« mÄhiyyat al-á¸¥arakÄt (â®Ø¹â¬â); fÄ« kayfiyyat ajnÄs al-á¸¥arakÄt (â®Øâ¬â); wa-l-jihÄt allatÄ« taá¸¥arraka ilayhÄ al-mutaá¸¥arrikÄt (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)
40	Fi al-Ê¿illa/Ê¿ilal wa-l-maÊ¿lÅ«l(Ät)	Wa-kayfa yaá¸¥kÄ« awÄkhiruhÄ awÄÊ¾ilÄhÄ wa-tarjiÊ¿ awÄkhiruhÄ ilÄ awÄÊ¾ilihÄ (â®Ø£â¬â)
41	FÄ« al-á¸¥udÅ«d wa-l-rusÅ«m
42	FÄ« al-ÄrÄÊ¾ wa-l-diyÄnÄt (wa-l-madhÄhib al-falsafiyya wa-l-nabawiyya)
43	FÄ« mÄhiyyat al-á¹arÄ«q ilÄ AllÄh	Wa-kayfiyyat al-wuá¹£Å«l ilayhi (â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)	Wa-tahdhÄ«b al-nafs wa-iá¹£lÄá¸¥ al-akhlÄq min kalÄm al-á¹£Å«fiyya (A)
44	FÄ« (bayÄn) iÊ¿tiqÄd IkhwÄn al-á¹¢afÄÊ¾ (fÄ« amr baqÄÊ¾ al-nafs baÊ¿d mufÄraqatihÄ al-jasad)	Wa-madhhab al-rabbÄniyyÄ«n (BE, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â); wa-á¸¥Äl man sabaqathu al-maniyya qabla á¹£Äá¸¥ibihi (â®Ø±â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â); wa-wuá¸Å«á¸¥ al-á¸¥ujja Ê¿alÄ baqÄÊ¾ al-nafs baÊ¿d mufÄraqatihÄ al-jasad bi-á¹arÄ«q al-iqnÄÊ¿ lÄ á¹arÄ«q al-burhÄn (â®Ø£â¬â)
45	FÄ« kayfiyyat Ê¿ishrat/muÊ¿Äsharat IkhwÄn al-á¹¢afÄÊ¾	Wa-taÊ¿Äwun/muÊ¿Äwanat baÊ¿á¸ihim baÊ¿á¸an wa/li-á¹£idq al-mawadda (wa-l-shafaqa wa-l-taá¸¥annun wa-l-raá¸¥ma) (BE, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ø£â¬â)
46	FÄ« mÄhiyyat al-Ä«mÄn wa-khiá¹£Äl al-muÊ¾minÄ«n (al-muá¸¥aqqiqÄ«n)
47	FÄ« mÄhiyyat al-nÄmÅ«s al-ilÄhÄ« wa-sharÄÊ¾iá¹/khiá¹£Äl al-nubuwwa	Wa-madhÄhib al-rabbÄniyyÄ«n (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â); wa-marmÅ«zÄtihim al-mawá¸Å«Ê¿a al-nÄmÅ«siyya (â®Ø£â¬â)	Wa-kayfiyyat á¹£ifat al-Äkhira wa-l-daÊ¿wa al-ilÄhiyya (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ø¹â¬â)
48	FÄ« kayfiyyat al-daÊ¿wa ilÄ AllÄh	Wa-bayÄn jawÄhir al-nufÅ«s wa-á¹abaqÄt al-nÄs (â®Ø¹â¬â, A); wa-khiá¹Äb al-mutafalsifÄ«n al-shÄkkÄ«n fÄ« amr al-sharÄ«Ê¿a al-ghÄfilÄ«n min asrÄr kutub al-nubuwwa (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ø£â¬â); wa-khiá¹Äb á¹abaqÄt al-madÊ¿uwwÄ«na min al-kidhb (â®Ùâ¬â)	Wa-ilÄ/bi á¹£afwat al-ukhuwwa wa-á¹£idq al-wafÄÊ¾ (F, â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ø±â¬â); wa-ilÄ á¹£afwat al-ikhwÄn wa-taá¹£dÄ«q al-mawadda (â®Ùâ¬â); wa-ilÄ á¹£afwat al-ukhuwwa (A)
49	FÄ« (kayfiyyat) afÊ¿Äl al-rÅ«á¸¥ÄniyyÄ«n	FÄ« kayfiyyat aá¸¥wÄl al-rÅ«á¸¥ÄniyyÄ«n (â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ø®â¬â, â®Ø²â¬â)	Wa-kayfiyyat al-siyÄsa wa-l-riyÄsa (â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ø²â¬â); al-bÄb al-thÄmin fÄ« kayfiyyat afÊ¿Äl al-rÅ«á¸¥ÄniyyÄ«n (â®Øºâ¬â); wa-l-gharaá¸ minhÄ huwa al-bayÄn annÄ fÄ« al-Ê¿Älam fÄÊ¿ilÄ«n nafsÄniyyÄ«n rÅ«á¸¥ÄniyyÄ«n ghayr jismÄniyyÄ«n (Fihrist c)
50	FÄ« kammiyyat anwÄÊ¿ al-siyÄsÄt wa-kayfiyyatihÄ	Wa-marÄtib al-musawwasÄ«n wa-á¹£ifÄt al-mudabbarÄ«n lahÄ (fÄ« al-Ê¿Älam) (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â)	RisÄlat al-shará¸¥ wa-l-bayÄn wa-l-burhÄn (dhÄt al-faá¹£l al-jÄmiÊ¿ li-funÅ«n al-manÄfiÊ¿) (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, A)
51	FÄ« (kayfiyyat) naá¸d al-Ê¿Älam (bi-asrihi)	FÄ« qaá¹£d al-Ê¿Älam bi-asrihi (â®Ùâ¬â, â®Øºâ¬â, A); niá¹£f al-Ê¿Älam bi-asrihi (â®Ø®â¬â),	FÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-á¹abÄ«Ê¿iyya wa-l-jismÄniyya Ê¿alÄ nushÅ«Ê¾ al-marÄtib al-Ê¿adadiyya (â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ø£â¬â); fÄ« bayÄn marÄtib al-mawjÅ«dÄt wa-niáºÄm al-makhlÅ«qÄt (â®Ø±â¬â); fÄ« (marÄtib) al-mawjÅ«dÄt wa-niáºÄm al-kÄÊ¾inÄt (â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Øâ¬â); fÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-Ê¿aqliyya wa-l-jismÄniyya Ê¿alÄ marÄtib al-Ê¿adadiyya (â®Ø£â¬â); fÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-jismÄniyya (A)
52a	FÄ« mÄhiyyat al-siá¸¥r wa-l-Ê¿azÄÊ¾im wa-l-Ê¿iyan wa-l-ruqÄ (wa-l-zajar wa-l-wahm) wa-kayfiyyat afÊ¿Äl al-á¹ilismÄt (wa-mÄ Ê¿ummÄr al-ará¸) wa-mÄ al-jinn wa-mÄ al-shayÄá¹Ä«n wa-mÄ al-malÄÊ¾ika wa-kayfa afÊ¿Äluhum wa-taÊ¾thÄ«rÄt baÊ¿á¸ihim fÄ« baÊ¿á¸
52b	FÄ« (mÄhiyyat) al-siá¸¥r wa-l-Ê¿azÄÊ¾im wa-l-ruqÄ (wa-l-kihÄna wa-l-fÄl wa-l-zijr wa-l-á¹ilismÄt wa-l-tijÄma wa-l-Ê¿iyan wa-l-zajar wa-l-wahm)	Kayfiyyat aÊ¿mÄl al-á¹ilismÄt (â®Ùâ¬â); mÄ Ê¿ummÄr al-ará¸ wa-mÄ al-jinn wa-mÄ al-shayÄá¹Ä«n wa-mÄ al-malÄÊ¾ika wa-kayfa afÊ¿Äluhum wa-taÊ¾thÄ«rÄt baÊ¿á¸ihim fÄ« baÊ¿á¸ (â®Ùâ¬â, â®Øºâ¬â)	BayÄn anna fÄ« al-Ê¿Älam rÅ«á¸¥ÄniyyÄ«n (â®Ùâ¬â, â®Øºâ¬â)

TableÂ 9

Variation of epistle titles in cross-references

Epistle	Most common title	Alternative titles
1	RisÄlat al-Ê¿adad	KhawÄá¹£á¹£ al-Ê¿adad; al-ArithmÄá¹Ä«qÄ«; TarkÄ«b al-Ê¿adad
2	RisÄlat al-handasa	JÅ«muá¹riyÄ; Shibh al-madkhal ilÄ á¹£inÄÊ¿at al-handasa; al-Handasa al-á¸¥issiyya
3	RisÄlat al-nujÅ«m	Asá¹runÅ«miyÄ; al-TanjÄ«m; (KitÄb) madkhal al-nujÅ«m; Ê¿Ilm al-nujÅ«m; al-Madkhal Ê¿alÄ Ê¿ulÅ«m al-nujÅ«m
4	RisÄlat jughrÄfiyÄ
5	RisÄlat al-mÅ«sÄ«qÄ	TaÊ¾lÄ«f al-luá¸¥Å«n; Nisab al-mÅ«sÄ«qÄ
6	RisÄlat al-nisba al-Ê¿adadiyya wa-l-handasiyya	Al-nisab al-Ê¿adadiyya; al-Nisba al-Ê¿adadiyya wa-l-handasiyya wa-l-taÊ¾lÄ«fiyya
7â8		Al-á¹¢anÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-bashariyya; al-á¹¢anÄÊ¾iÊ¿; AjnÄs al-Ê¿ulÅ«m
7	RisÄla fÄ« al-á¹£anÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-Ê¿ilmiyya	AjnÄs al-Ê¿ulÅ«m wa-anwÄÊ¿uhÄ; AjnÄs al-Ê¿ulÅ«m; al-AjnÄs min al-Ê¿ulÅ«m
8	RisÄla fÄ« al-á¹£anÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-Ê¿amaliyya	Al-á¹¢anÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-bashariyya; al-á¹¢anÄÊ¾iÊ¿; al-á¹¢anÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-Ê¿aqliyya
9	RisÄlat al-akhlÄq
10â14	RisÄlat al-maná¹iq	KitÄb al-maná¹iq; Kutub al-maná¹iq
10	RisÄlat ÄªsÄghÅ«jÄ«
11	RisÄlat QÄá¹Ä«ghuriyÄs	Shará¸¥ al-maqÅ«lÄt al-Ê¿ashar
12	None
13	None
14	RisÄlat al-burhÄn	Al-BarÄhÄ«n
15	RisÄlat al-hayÅ«lÄ	Al-HayÅ«lÄ wa-l-á¹£Å«ra; SamÊ¿ al-kiyÄn; al-Jism al-muá¹laq
16	RisÄlat al-samÄÊ¾ wa-l-Ê¿Älam
17	RisÄlat al-kawn wa-l-fasÄd
18	RisÄlat al-ÄthÄr al-Ê¿ulwiyya
19	RisÄlat al-maÊ¿Ädin	JawÄhir al-maÊ¿Ädin; al-JawÄhir al-maÊ¿daniyya; TakwÄ«n al-maÊ¿Ädin
20	RisÄlat mÄhiyyat al-á¹abÄ«Ê¿a	Al-á¹¬abÄ«Ê¿a
21	RisÄlat al-nabÄt
22	RisÄlat al-á¸¥ayawÄn	Al-á¸¤ayawÄnÄt; AjnÄs al-á¸¥ayawÄnÄt; KhawÄá¹£á¹£ al-á¸¥ayawÄnÄt
21â22	Risalat al-á¸¥ayawÄn wa-l-nabÄt
23	RisÄlat tarkÄ«b al-jasad	KitÄb al-tashrÄ«á¸¥ (tarkÄ«b jasad al-insÄn); al-Jasad
24	RisÄlat al-á¸¥Äss wa-l-maá¸¥sÅ«s	Al-á¸¤Äss wa-l-maá¸¥sÅ«sÄt; al-á¸¤Äss; al-á¸¤iss wa-l-maá¸¥sÅ«s; Kayfiyyat idrÄk al-á¸¥awÄss li-maá¸¥sÅ«sÄtihÄ
25	RisÄlat masqaá¹ al-nuá¹fa
26	RisÄlat al-insÄn Ê¿Älam á¹£aghÄ«r	Inna al-insÄn Ê¿Älam á¹£aghÄ«r; Qawl al-á¸¥ukamÄÊ¾ al-insÄn Ê¿Älam kabÄ«r
26â¯+â¯34	RisÄlat maÊ¿nÄ qawl al-á¸¥ukamÄÊ¾ inna al-insÄn Ê¿Älam á¹£aghÄ«r wa-l-Ê¿Älam insÄn kabÄ«r
27	RisÄlat nushÅ«Ê¾ al-anfus al-juzÊ¾iyya
28	RisÄlat al-Ê¿ishq
29	RisÄlat á¸¥ikmat al-mawt	KarÄhiyyat al-á¸¥ayÄt wa-l-mawt; RisÄlat karÄhiyyat al-á¸¥ayawÄn li-l-mawt
30	RisÄlat al-ÄlÄm wa-l-ladhdhÄt	Al-ÄlÄm; al-LadhdhÄt
31	RisÄlat ikhtilÄf al-lughÄt
32	None
33	None
32â33	RisÄlat al-mabÄdiÊ¾ al-Ê¿aqliyya	Al-MabÄdiÊ¾; al-MabÄdiÊ¾ al-Ê¿aqliyya wa-l-afÊ¿Äl al-rÅ«á¸¥Äniyya
34	RisÄlat anna al-Ê¿Älam insÄn kabÄ«r	MaÊ¿nÄ qawl al-á¸¥ukamÄÊ¾ inna al-Ê¿Älam insÄn kabÄ«r
35	RisÄlat al-Ê¿aql wa-l-maÊ¿qÅ«l	Al-Ê¿Aql wa-l-maÊ¿qÅ«lÄt; al-Ê¿AqliyyÄt
36	RisÄlat al-adwÄr wa-l-akwÄr	Al-AkwÄr wa-l-adwÄr; al-AdwÄr; TaÊ¾thÄ«rÄt al-nujÅ«m fÄ« al-mawÄlÄ«d
37	None
38	RisÄlat al-baÊ¿th wa-l-qiyÄma	Al-BaÊ¿th; al-MaÊ¿Äd
39	RisÄlat al-á¸¥arakÄt
40	RisÄlat al-Ê¿ilal wa-l-maÊ¿lÅ«lÄt	Al-Ê¿Ilal wa-l-maÊ¿lÅ«l
41	Al-á¸¤udÅ«d
42	RisÄlat al-ÄrÄÊ¾ wa-l-madhÄhib	Al-ÄrÄÊ¾ wa-l-madhÄhib wa-l-diyÄnÄt
43	RisÄlat kayfiyyat al-á¹arÄ«q ilÄ AllÄh
44	RisÄlat iÊ¿tiqÄd IkhwÄn al-á¹¢afÄÊ¾
45	RisÄlat Ê¿ishrat IkhwÄn al-á¹¢afÄÊ¾
46	RisÄlat al-Ä«mÄn	Al-ÄªmÄn wa-mÄhiyyatuhu wa-khiá¹£Äl al-muÊ¾minÄ«n; al-MuÊ¾minÄ«n; MÄhiyyat al-Ä«mÄn wa-khiá¹£Äl al-muÊ¾minÄ«n; á¹¢ifÄt al-muÊ¾minÄ«n al-muá¸¥aqqiqÄ«n; Khiá¹£Äl al-muÊ¾minÄ«n wa-sharÄÊ¾iá¹ al-Ä«mÄn
47	RisÄlat al-nÄmÅ«s	Al-NÄmÅ«s al-ilÄhÄ«; al-NawÄmÄ«s; al-NawÄmÄ«s al-ilÄhiyya; Al-NawÄmÄ«s al-ilÄhiyya wa-l-madhÄhib al-rabbÄniyya
48	RisÄlat al-daÊ¿wa ilÄ AllÄh
49	RisÄlat afÊ¿Äl al-rÅ«á¸¥ÄniyyÄt	Al-AfÊ¿Äl al-rÅ«á¸¥Äniyya; al-RÅ«á¸¥ÄniyyÄt; al-RÅ«á¸¥ÄniyyÅ«n
3/52	RisÄlat Ê¿ilm al-nujÅ«m wa-l-siá¸¥r wa-l-á¹ilismÄt
50	RisÄlat al-siyÄsÄt	Al-SiyÄsiyyÄt; SiyÄsÄt al-nubuwwa wa-l-mulk
51	RisÄla fÄ« naá¸d al-Ê¿Älam
52	RisÄlat al-siá¸¥r wa-l-á¹ilismÄt	Al-á¹¬ilismÄt wa-l-Ê¿azÄÊ¾im; al-Zajar; al-Zajar wa-l-firÄsa

TableÂ 10

Orphan epistles in cross-references

Epistle title	Alternative titles	Referred by
KitÄb al-Ê¿urÅ«á¸		5
KitÄb al-anbiyÄÊ¾		5
Nisbat al-á¸¥urÅ«f		6
RisÄlat al-taÊ¿ÄlÄ«m	RisÄlat al-taÊ¿lÄ«m	10
MÄhiyyat nafs al-Ê¿Älam		16
RisÄlat al-á¹£ifÄt wa-l-mawá¹£Å«fÄt		16
KitÄb á¹abÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-aghdhiya wa-darajÄt quwÄhÄ		25
RisÄlat faá¸Ä«lat al-nisab		26

TableÂ 11

Epistle transitions

Epistle	Incipit (BE)³⁷	Incipit (â®Ø¹â¬â)	Variant nos
1	Correct	Correct	No
2	Correct	Correct	No
3	Correct	Correct	No
4	Incomplete	Incomplete	No
5	Incorrect	Incorrect	7â8
6	Incomplete	None	No
7	Correct	Incorrect	7, 8
8	Incorrect	Incorrect	15â31
9	Incorrect	Incorrect	25
10	None	None	No
11	Correct	Correct	No
12	Correct	None	No
13	None	None	No
14	Correct	Correct	No
15	Correct	Incomplete	No
16	Correct	Correct	No
17	Correct	Correct	No
18	Correct	Correct	No
19	Incorrect	Incorrect	32/33, 38, 42
20	Incorrect	Incorrect	8
21	Incorrect	Incorrect	19
22	Correct	Correct	No
23	Correct	None	No
24	Correct	None	No
25	None	None	No
26	Correct	Incorrect	34
27	Correct	None	No
28	Correct	None	No
29	Correct	None	No
30	Correct	Correct	No
31	Correct	None	No
32	Correct	None	No
33	None	None	No
34	Correct	None	No
35	Correct	Incorrect	24
36	Correct	Incorrect	20
37	Correct	None	No
38	Correct	None	No
39	Correct	Incorrect	II, III
40	Correct	None	No
41	Correct	None	No
42	Correct	None	No
43	None	None	No
44	Correct	None	No
45	None	None	No
46	None	None	No
47	None	None	No
48	None	None	No
49	None	None	No
50	None	None	No
51	Incomplete	None	No
52a	Correct	Correct	No
52b	Incomplete	Incomplete	No

TableÂ 12

Cross-references between epistles

Epistle	Refers to (most MSS)³⁸	Referred by
Fihrist	All	42, 52a³⁹
1	2, 32â33⁴⁰	2 (5), 3, 5 (2), 7, 10 (2), 11, 15 (2), 32 (2), 33, 39, 40 (4), 41 (2), 50
2	1 (5), 5, 52⁴¹	1, 3, 5 (4), 7, 15, 16, 18, 34, 42, 51
3	1, 2, 5, 18, 24, 42⁴²	5 (2), 8, 15, 20, 26 (2), 34, 49, 51, 52a (2)
4	None	17, 18, 19, 20, 28
5	1 (2), 2 (4), 3 (2), 6, 7, 8, 9, 10â14 (2), 15 (2), 18, 24, 25 (2), 29, 32â33 (2), 38, TBD (2)⁴³	2, 3, 6, 15, 20 (2), 25, 31 (6), 33, 35 (2), 37, 39, 42
6	5, TBD (3)⁴⁴	5, 15, 26
7	1, 2, 10â14 (2), 11, 15 (3), 23, 32â33, 35⁴⁵	5, 8, 11, 14, 29, 40 (3)
8	3, 7, 10â14, 16 (2), 17, 23, 24, 26, 35 (2), 47⁴⁶	5, 9, 10 (2), 11, 18, 20 (2), 25, 26, 35, 39, 42, 49
9	8, 22, 24, 25 (2), 26 (2), 29, 30, 38 (2), 42, 45, 46 (3), 47, 48, 50⁴⁷	5, 22, 30, 37 (2), 42 (3), 45, 46
10	1 (2), 8 (2), 15 (2), 17, 24, 25, 31, 32â33 (2), 34, TBD⁴⁸	14
11	1, 7, 8, 17 (2), 38⁴⁹	7, 29, 42
12	None⁵⁰	None
13	None	None
14	7, 10, 15, 22, 24 (4), 32â33, 35, 38, 40, 41, TBD⁵¹	35, 48
10â14		5 (2), 7 (2), 8, 15, 26, 35 (2), 42, 46
15	1 (2), 2, 3, 5, 6, 10â14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24⁵²	5 (2), 7 (3), 10 (2), 14, 16, 24 (3), 26 (2), 29, 31, 34, 35, 39, 42 (2), 51
16	2, 15, 20, 23, 24, 35, 39, 40, TBD⁵³	8 (2), 15, 17 (2), 18 (2), 20 (2), 24, 26, 34 (2), 36, 39 (3), 49, 51(2)
17	4, 16 (2), 19, 21, 22⁵⁴	8, 10, 11 (2), 15, 18, 19, 20 (2), 24, 26, 30, 34, 35, 39, 51
18	2, 4, 8, 16 (2), 17, 22, 23, 24 (3), 36, 39, 52	3, 5, 15, 19 (2), 20 (3), 25, 31 (2), 34, 39 (2), 41 (2), 51
19	4, 17, 18 (2), 20, 21 (2), 22, 32â33 (3), 34, 36, 38, 40, 42 (2)⁵⁵	15, 17, 20 (2), 21 (3), 25, 31, 34 (2), 36 (3), 39 (3), 49, 51
20	3, 4, 5 (2), 8 (2), 16 (2), 17 (2), 18 (3), 19 (2), 21 (2), 22 (2), 23 (2), 34 (2), 38, 49⁵⁶	15, 16, 19, 25 (2), 36, 37, 39
21	19 (3), 22⁵⁷	15, 17, 19 (2), 20 (2), 22, 25 (2), 26, 34, 36 (3), 39, 49, 51
22	9, 21, 25 (3), 32â33, 40, 49, TBD⁵⁸	9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20 (2), 21, 24, 25 (2), 30, 31, 36 (3), 39, 42 (2), 46, 49
23	TBD⁵⁹	7, 8, 16, 18, 20 (2), 26 (3), 29 (3), 30 (2), 35, 40, 42 (3), 46, 48, 49
24	15 (3), 16, 17, 22, 32â33, 35 (2)	3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14 (4), 15, 16, 18 (3), 26, 28, 29 (2), 30 (2), 31, 35 (6), 39, 42 (4), 46 (4)
25	5, 8, 18, 19, 20 (2), 21 (2), 22 (2), 27, 34, 36 (4), 38 (2), 40, 49 (2), TBD (2)⁶⁰	5 (2), 9 (2), 10, 22 (3), 29, 30, 31, 32, 37 (2), 48, 52b
26	3 (2), 6, 8, 10â14, 15 (2), 16, 17, 21, 23 (3), 24, 27, 29, 32â33 (2), 35 (2), 38, TBD⁶¹	8, 9 (2), 29 (2), 30, 35 (2), 42, 46, 48, 49 (3)
27	None	25, 26, 30
28	4, 24, 32â33 (3)	42 (2), 46
29	7, 11, 15, 23 (3), 24 (2), 25, 26 (2), 32â33, 34, 35, 38	5, 9, 26, 30 (4), 42
30	9, 17, 22, 23 (2), 24 (2), 25, 26, 27, 29 (4), 32â33 (2), 38 (4), 40, 44, 46 (3), 47 (2)⁶²	9, 38, 39, 42, 46, 52b
31	5 (6), 15, 18 (2), 19, 22, 24, 25, 32â33	10, 35
32	1 (2), 25⁶³	None
33	1, 5	None
32â33		1, 5 (2), 7, 10 (2), 14, 19 (3), 22, 24, 26 (2), 28 (3), 29, 30 (2), 31, 35 (3), 36, 37, 40 (5), 42 (5)
34	2, 3, 15, 16 (2), 17, 18, 19 (2), 21, 36, 49, TBD⁶⁴	10, 19, 20 (2), 25, 29, 48
35	5 (2), 8, 10â14 (2), 14, 15, 17, 23, 24 (6), 26 (2), 31, 32â33 (3), 47⁶⁵	7, 8 (2), 14, 16, 24 (2), 26 (2), 29, 42, 46
36	16, 19 (3), 20, 21 (3), 22 (3), 32â33, 38⁶⁶	18, 19, 25 (4), 34, 37, 46, 48, 51
37	5, 9 (2), 20, 25 (2), 32â33, 36, 38 (2), 49	52c (3)
38	30, 42, 49	5, 9 (2), 11, 14, 19, 20, 25 (2), 26, 29, 30 (4), 36, 37 (2), 39, 42 (4), 48
39	1, 5, 8, 15, 16 (3), 17, 18 (2), 19 (2), 20, 21, 22, 24, 30, 38, 42, 46⁶⁷	16, 18
40	1 (4), 7 (3), 23, 32â33 (5), 51⁶⁸	14, 16, 19, 22, 25, 30, 42 (3), 52b
41	1 (2), 18 (2)⁶⁹	14
42	F, 2, 5, 8, 9 (3), 10â14, 11, 15 (2), 22 (2), 23 (3), 24 (4), 26, 28 (2), 29, 30, 32â33 (5), 35, 38 (4), 40 (3), 46, 47 (3), 52⁷⁰	3, 9, 19 (2), 38, 39, 52a
43	TBD (2)⁷¹	46
44	TBD⁷²	30, 46, 48 (2), 52b
45	9, TBD (2)⁷³	9, 46, 48
46	9, 10â14, 22, 23, 24 (4), 26, 28, 30, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 47 (5), 50, TBD⁷⁴	9 (3), 30 (3), 39, 42, 48
47	TBD (2)⁷⁵	8, 9, 30 (2), 35, 42 (3), 46 (5), 48
48	14, 23, 25, 26, 34, 36, 38, 44 (2), 45, 46, 47, TBD (3)⁷⁶	9
49	3, 8, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26 (3), 50, 52 (3)⁷⁷	20, 22, 25 (2), 34, 37, 38, 51, 52a, 52b (2), 52c (5)
50	1	9, 46, 49
51	2, 3, 15, 16 (2), 17, 18, 19, 21, 36, 49⁷⁸	40
52a	F, 3 (2), 42, 49⁷⁹
52b	25, 30, 40, 44, 49 (2)⁸⁰
52c	37 (3), 49 (5)⁸¹
52		2, 18, 42, 49 (3)

TableÂ 13

Cross-references between the four parts of the Epistles

	I	II	III	IV	Total
I	43	41	19	11	114
II	37	111	48	13	209
III	27	51	16	8	102
IV	19	45	19	30	113
Total	126	248	102	62	538

TableÂ 14

Reference ratio of the epistles

Epistle	References	Length (MS â®Ø¹â¬â)	References / 20 pages	Referents	Ratio
1	2	19	2.1	25	0.1
2	7	16	8,8	13	0.7
3	6	28	4.3	12	0.4
4	0	13	0	5	0
5	26	41	12.7	19	0.7
6	4	11	7.3	3	2.4
7	11	11	20	8	2.5
8	12	12	20.0	14	1.4
7â8	23	23	20.0	22	0.9
9	19	65	5.8	10	0.6
10	14	11	25.5	1	25.5
11	6	7	17.1	3	5.7
12	0	7	0	0	N/A
13	0	N/A	0	0	N/A
14	14	15	18.7	2	9.3
10â14	34	40	17.0	6	2.8
15	15	13	23.1	22	1.0
16	9	17	10.6	20	0.5
17	6	6	20.0	16	1.3
18	14	17	16.5	14	1.2
19	17	27	12.6	19	0.7
20	25	12	41.7	8	5.2
21	4	17	4.7	17	0.3
22	9	115	1.6	22	0.1
23	1	11	1.8	22	0.1
24	9	13	13.8	36	0.4
25	23	24	19.2	16	1.2
26	22	15	29.3	14	2.1
27	0	7	0	3	0
28	5	9	11.1	3	3.7
29	15	10	30.0	8	3.8
30	27	18	30.0	6	5.0
31	14	94 (BE)	3.0	2	1.5
32	3	12	5.0	0	N/A
33	2	7	5.7	0	N/A
32â33	5	19	5.3	36	0.1
34	13	6	43.3	7	6.2
35	22	11	40.0	12	3.3
36	13	12	21.7	11	2.0
37	11	11	20.0	3	6.7
38	3	20	3.0	24	0.1
39	20	14	28.6	2	14.3
40	14	26	10.8	10	1.1
41	4	9	8.9	1	8.9
42	43	89	9.7	7	1.4
43	2	6	6.7	1	6.7
44	1	17	1.2	5	0.2
45	3	12	5.0	3	1.7
46	23	38	12.1	9	1.3
47	2	17	2.4	14	0.2
48	15	34	8.8	1	8.8
49	14	26	10.8	16	0.7
50	1	13	1.5	3	0.5
51	11	8	27.5	1	27.5
52b	6	89	1.3	6	0.2

TableÂ 15

Chronology of epistles by ratio

Very early epistles	1, 3, 4, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 32/33, 38, 44, 47, 52
Early epistles	2, 5, 7â8, 9, 16, 19, 49, 50
Middle epistles	8, 15, 17, 18, 25, 31, 36, 40, 42, 45, 46
Late epistles	6, 7, 10â14, 26, 28, 29, 35, 43
Very late epistles	10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 30, 34, 37, 39, 41, 48, 51

TableÂ 16

Hypothesis of epistle chronology

I:	Mathematical/Pythagorean	1â6, 32â33
II:	Aristotelian physical	15â19, 21â24
III:	Non-Aristotelian physical	28, 31, 34â36, 38â40
IV:	Curricular	7â8
V:	Logical	10â14, 41
VI:	Non-Aristotelian physical II	20, 25â27
VII:	Cosmological/metaphysical	49, 51
VIII:	Ethical/religious	43â45, 47, 50
IX:	Ethical/religious II	9, 29â30, 37, 42, 46, 48
X:	Very late/post-RIS	52a, 52b, 52c, Fihrist, RJ

TableÂ 17

References from the Epistles to the Comprehensive Epistle

Epistle	Beirut edition	Most manuscripts
Fihrist	4	â
I	2	â
7	1	â
9	1	â
II	â	â
III	â	â
IV	8	6
42	1	â
49	1	1
50	2	1
52b	4	4
Total	14	6

TableÂ 18

Epistle lengths in the Comprehensive Epistle

Epistle	Ed. GhÄlib	Ed. Kacimi	RJ Fihrist	RJ non-Fihrist
Intro	3	3	â
1	75	88
2	2	4	1	3
3	1	1	1	â
5	3	4	2	2
4	4	4	4	â
6	4	5	1	4
7	9	12	1	11
8	2	2	2	â
9	11	13	2	11
10	1	1	1	â
11	1	1	1	â
12	1	1	1	â
13	1	1	1	â
14	12	15	1	14
TransitionÂ IâII
15	2	2	2	â
16	2	2	2	â
17	1	2	2	â
18	1	1 / 9⁸²	1	â / 8
19	2	3	3	â
20	2	2	2	â
21	3	4	3	1
22	70	99	1	98
23	4	6	1	5
24	2	3	3	â
25	23	35	5	30
26	35	56	8	48
27	9	16	2	14
28	2	3	3	â
29	2	2	1	1
30	11	14	1	13
31	13	17	8	9
32	11	14	1	13
33	1	1	0,5	0,5
TransitionÂ IIâIII
34	18	23	1	22
35	18	24	2	22
36	32	36	0,5	35,5
37	15	18	2	16
38	25	30	0,5	29,5
39	19	24	0,5	23,5
40	17	21	0,5	20,5
41	3	5	0,5	4,5
TransitionÂ IIIâIV
42	5	6	2	4
43	3	4	1	3
44	4	6	1	5
46	1	1	1	â
47	7	9	1	8
48	5	7	1	6
49	2	3	1	2
50	2	3	1	2
51	2	2	2	â
52	2	3	3	â
45	6	10	1	9

TableÂ 19

The relation between the Super-Comprehensive Epistle and the Comprehensive Epistle

RJJ	Subject	RIS⁸³	RJ⁸⁴
Intro	Death and life	29	G308â309/K409
1	Death and life	29	G309â310/K410â411
2	Soul and Intellect	32	G337â339/K450â452
3	Particular souls	32	G339â340/K453â454 G344â345/K458â459
4	Macrocosm	34	G346â349/K461â464
5	Soul	34	G349â350/K464â466
6	Hierarchy of creation	34	G351â352/K466â468
7	Macrocosm	34	G352â354/K468â471
8	Particular souls	34	G354â356/K471â474
9	Judgment Day	34	G356â358/K475â477
10	Judgment Day	34	G358â359/K477â478
11	Judgment Day	34	G359â360/K478â480
12	Judgment Day	34	G360â363/K480â484
13	Macrocosm; prophets and imÄms	26	G287â290/K383â389
14	Judgment Day	38	G428â429/K563
15	Judgment Day	38	G429â435/K564â569
16	Judgment Day	38	G435â436/K569â571
17	Judgment Day	38	G436â437/K572â573
18	Judgment Day	38	G437â439/K573â574
19	Judgment Day	38	G439â441/K575â577
20	Judgment Day	38	G441â443/K577â579
21	Judgment Day	38	G443â445/K579â583
22	Judgment Day	38	G446â448/K583â587
23	Judgment Day	38	G448â451/K587â590
24	Judgment Day	38	G451â453/K590â592
25	Hierarchy of creation	32	G334â336/K446â449
26	Two primary principles	32	G336â337/K449â450
27	Spiritual father and mother; microcosm	25, 26	G253â254/K330â332 G260â263/K342â346
28	Intellect and Soul	44, 48, 40	G517/K680 G527/K693 G484â485/K632â3
29	Intellect	35, 40	G363â384/K484â485 G485/K633â634
30	Soul	40	G485â489/K634â637
31	Soul	40, 39	G489/K637â638 G461â463/K602â604
32	Knowledge of God; belief	35, 34, 46	G370/K493 G370/K492â493 G353/K469 G517â518/K681â682
33	Adamâs sin; good and bad beliefs	25, 1, 5	G251/K326â327 G90/K91 G91â92/K93 G64/K60 G83/K82 G103/K111
34	IblÄ«s	1	G75â77/K73â76 G69/K66â67
35	IblÄ«s	28, 9	G306/K406â407 G307â308/K408 G124â126/K139â140
36	IblÄ«s; love	9, 37	G128/K142â143 G427â428/K561â562
37	Particular souls; IblÄ«s	37, 49, 7, 22	G416/K547 G532â534/K702â703 G112/K123 G171â172/K213â214
38	False imÄms; microcosm	22, 23	G206/K262 G226/K289â290
39	Microcosm	26	G264â265/K347â349 G272â273/K361â362
40	Paradise and hell	30	G313/K414â415 G316â318/K418â420
41	Paradise and hell	30	G319â321/K422â425
42	Human form; God, Intellect, Soul	26, 41	G257/K336â337 G490â492/K639â643
43	Souls and intellects; spiritual and corporeal existents	35	G373â374/K497
44	Causes of existents	35	G374â375/K498â500
45	Macrocosm	26	G281â282/K374â375 G283/K376â377
46	Intellect and Soul	25, 41	G240â241/K309â312 G490â491/K639â640
47	Intellect, Soul, matter	41, 25	G491/K641 G241â242/K312 G242â243/K312â315 G246â247/K318â320
48	Macrocosm	25	G235â236/K301â304
49	Embryo; end of movement; grades of heaven and hell; kinds of resurrection	36	G383â384/K510
50	Intellect and Soul	25	G248â251/K320â325
51	Embryo	25	G251â252/K326â327
52	Jinns	22	G194â196/K245â248

These refer to the positions of epistles in some manuscripts of the Epistles that differ from the positions they occupy in the Beirut and the Institute of Ismaili Studies/Oxford University Press editions. Variant numbers exclude the cases where all subsequent epistles are one unit smaller or higher than they would be otherwise due to the fact that, (1) in most manuscripts, Epistles 12 and 13 form a single epistle; and, (2) in MSS â®Ø²â¬â and â®Ùâ¬â, Epistle 48 constitutes two epistles and Epistles 49 and 50 form a single epistle.

The assessment of the extent of manuscript variation for each epistle, summarized in these endnotes, is based mostly on the technical introductions provided by each editor of the Institute of Ismaili Studies/Oxford University Press editions. I have, in some cases, supplemented them by my personal observations but have not systematically studied the manuscripts for this purpose. Within the nineteen manuscripts employed in these editions, the editors have often used different subsets of a smaller number of manuscripts; some editors have also used additional manuscripts outside the nineteen manuscripts. These conclusions should, then, be viewed as a provisional overview of the conclusions made by the editors of the Institute of Ismaili Studies/Oxford University Press editions complemented by some additional findings. A systematic study of a larger sample of manuscripts, including those not used in the IIS/OUP editions, would be a desideratum in the future.

The length is given in pages, rather than folios, excluding the title page.

The manuscripts carry various variants of the Fihrist. For the table of contents section, (1) most manuscripts contain a short variant (Fihrist a); (2) D contains a slightly expanded variant (Fihrist b); and (3) the Beirut edition contains the longest variant (Fihrist c). For the final part of the Fihrist, (1) â®Ø¹â¬â and F contain a very concise variant; (2) most manuscripts contain a longer variant; and (3) the Beirut edition carries a much more elaborate variant which includes an additional cosmological section.

â®Ø·â¬â carries a long additional passage (edited in AppendixÂ 2 of the edition); â®Ùâ¬â contains additional passages, partly shared with â®Øºâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, at the end of ChapterÂ 21; the end of â®Ø³â¬â is followed by a passage celebrating the benefits of knowledge not present in other manuscripts. â®Ùâ¬â contains a text corresponding to Epistle 6 between Epistles 1 and 2. The Beirut edition contains an additional section in ChapterÂ 26.

â®Ø£â¬â and â®Ùâ¬â contain thirteen additional chapters of mainly technical nature (edited in Appendix A); â®Ø¹â¬â contains an additional explanation at the end of ChapterÂ 16.

The variant positions are 5 (â®Ø¬â¬â, â®Ø®â¬â, â®Ø±â¬â, â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Øºâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, F, G) and 6 (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â).

â®Ø¹â¬â contains significant omissions, including most images and tables, which, however, also vary between other manuscripts; â®Ø®â¬â also contains significant omissions.

The variant positions are 2 (â®Ùâ¬â, B) and 4 (â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â).

â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â contain an additional short appendix on the extraction of cubic root; the final passage of the Beirut edition is omitted in â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â.

Epistles 7 and 8 occupy the reverse positions in â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, B, G, H, I.

Shaded epistles occupy an arbitrary position within the Epistles.

â®Ø£â¬â, â®Øâ¬â, â®Ø¯â¬â, â®Ø±â¬â, â®Ø·â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â contain an additional chapter on the importance of self-knowledge at the end (edited in Appendix A of the edition).

â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, and the Beirut edition contain an additional passage with QurÊ¾Änic and á¸¥adÄ«th citations.

â®Ùâ¬â has a short addition at the end (AppendixÂ 1 of the edition) with quotes on ascetic virtues and two citations of poems, as well as a concise passage on genera and species which probably should form a part of the logical epistles that follow.

For the logical epistles (10â14), manuscripts manifest major additions and omissions, sometimes concerning entire epistles: â®Ùâ¬â contains only Epistles 10 and 11, even though its Fihrist lists thirteen epistles for the first part. For Epistle 10, â®Ø¹â¬â contains a cosmological addition with IsmÄÊ¿Ä«lÄ«-like terminology; â®Ø®â¬â and â®Øºâ¬â carry an alternative short, but more technical, version of the epistle (edited in Appendices A and B of the edition). â®Ø£â¬â contains an additional passage at the end of Epistle 11. In â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ø®â¬â, â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Øºâ¬â, Epistles 12 and 13 constitute a single epistle, so that epistle 13 forms a chapter of Epistle 12. â®Ø£â¬â contains a lengthy addition for Epistle 12 (AppendixÂ C of the edition), possibly paraphrasing chapters 13â14 of Aristotleâs On Interpretation.

In â®Ùâ¬â, On Interpretation is numbered as the thirteenth and the Prior Analytics as the twelfth epistle, but their actual positions are inverse, and thereby coincide with those of the other manuscripts.

The Prior Analytics is a separate epistle in â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, B, F, I, and the Beirut edition; it is a chapter of Epistle 12 in the rest of the manuscripts.

For the physical epistles (15â21), many manuscripts contain an incomplete text; â®Ø£â¬â omits Epistle 20 and â®Ø·â¬â ends in Epistle 19. There are also short additions.

In â®Ùâ¬â, Epistle 20 is incorrectly numbered as the thirteenth epistle, despite occupying the correct position and being correctly numbered as the sixth of the physical section.

â®Ø¨â¬â contains an incomplete text ending at chapterÂ 21.

â®Ø¹â¬â contains an additional chapter at the end.

MSS â®Øâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, and â®Ùâ¬â contain an additional passage at the end on animalsâ aversion for death and love of life.

The manuscripts carry a shorter and a longer version of this epistle. In the Beirut edition and â®Ø£â¬â, it is the fourth longest epistle in the entire work; in â®Ø¹â¬â, the epistle is fairly short. In â®Ùâ¬â, there is a shorter and a longer version of the epistle one after the other, each with separate epistle title and both numbered as the seventeenth of the second part. For the most part, the text of the shorter version corresponds to passages in the longer version.

Epistles 32 and 33 are intertwined in the manuscripts, which manifest great variation. This implies the existence of two or more versions for these epistles. All manuscripts contain mostly the same material which is arranged in different orders. The editor posits the arrangement in â®Ø¹â¬â as correct, where the variants 32a and 32b are followed by 33. The corresponding epistles in the Beirut edition follow the arrangement 32a, 33, 32b. In addition, the Beirut edition and some manuscripts contain additional material not shared by other manuscripts.

â®Øºâ¬â and the Beirut edition include a lengthy addition at the end, replicated from other epistles, in particular Epistle 21.

â®Ø£â¬â includes a list of letters (á¸¥urÅ«f muÊ¿jama) at the end of the epistle; the text in â®Ø¬â¬â is incomplete. The list of nine philosophical questions differs in the manuscripts.

The manuscripts vary greatly regarding the order of sections, definenda, and the wordings of definitions. There are frequent omissions: â®Øºâ¬â omits three of the eight sections and â®Ø®â¬â two sections present in â®Ø¹â¬â. â®Ùâ¬â adds a lengthy additional passage from another manuscript at the end of the epistle. NÄá¹£ir-i Khosrowâs Persian translation of the epistle in JÄmiÊ¿-i á¸¥ikmatayn, predating the oldest manuscript by a century, appears to have employed a shorter version of the treatise.

In most manuscripts of the Comprehensive Epistle, this is the final epistle.

The manuscripts vary greatly regarding the order of chapters and contain lengthy additions and omissions. Of the twelve manuscripts employed by the editor, only seven (â®Øâ¬â, â®Ø¯â¬â, â®Ø±â¬â, â®Ø²â¬â, â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â) contain the complete text. The editor postulates two main manuscript groups for the arrangement of the chapters; the order in â®Ø£â¬â forms a special case. â®Ø²â¬â and â®Ùâ¬â divide the epistle into two separate epistles. Chapters 5â7 reproduce verbatim a section of Epistle 45. Since these chapters are missing in some manuscripts, although present in the Beirut edition and â®Ø¹â¬â, and contain a reference to Epistle 48 as a different epistle, these could be a later addition. Another section appears to be derived from Epistle 15.

The manuscripts carry a shorter version of the epistle (a) in â®Øâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, and a longer version (b) in â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ø®â¬â, â®Ø¯â¬â, â®Ø²â¬â, â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â. Variant b is an elaboration on a; the editor thus believes variant a to be earlier. The Beirut edition represents a hybrid of both variants, although it does not contain the entirety of variant a. â®Ø±â¬â and â®Ùâ¬â contain an incomplete text with an abrupt transition to Epistle 50.

Epistles 49 and 50 form a single epistle in â®Ø²â¬â and â®Ùâ¬â.

â®Ø²â¬â and â®Ùâ¬â only contain a partial version of the epistle, presented as a part of Epistle 49. â®Ø®â¬â and â®Øºâ¬â carry completely different texts (variants b and c); the former, with the title Description of the World in Its Entirety (edited in AppendixÂ D of the edition), corresponds to Epistle 32a, and the latter (Appendix B of the edition) appears to be a summary of much of the Epistles, while it also relates to variant b. â®Ø£â¬â contains a lengthy addition (Appendix A of the edition).

The editor posits three different variants for the epistle: a) â®Ø£â¬â, â®Ø®â¬â, â®Ø¹â¬â, â®Øºâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â; b) â®Øâ¬â, â®Ø¯â¬â, â®Ø²â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, the Beirut edition; c) â®Ø±â¬â. Variant a draws on Epistle 32b and variant b on Epistle 34. Variant c combines variants a and b.

Manuscripts carry three different variants of the epistle: a) â®Ùâ¬â and â®Ùâ¬â, b) most manuscripts, and c) â®Ø£â¬â. The three variants are completely different and bear no textual relation with each other. â®Ø£â¬â includes variant c after variant b; the copyist introduces it as a version he found in another, unidentified, manuscript. In the Beirut edition, variant a is followed by variant b with no indication that they are separate treatises.

Bolded epistles either changed position or were inserted later into the middle of existing epistles.

The incipits are classified into four categories: (1) correct: correctly indicates the preceding epistle; (2) incomplete: introduces the epistle but does not indicate the preceding epistle; (3) none: the epistle contains no proper introduction; and (4) incorrect: the epistle indicates the preceding epistle incorrectly. In the last case, the incorrect number is given in the next column. The cases where the reference differs from the Beirut and Oxford editions because the epistles in a manuscript are ordered differently, but the reference is correct within that manuscript, are not included.

In the table, the number designates the ordinal number of the referred epistle; the number in parentheses designates the number of references to that epistle, in case there are more than one. References to unidentified epistles are indicated by TBD (âto be determinedâ). The references have been collected from the Beirut edition. Each reference has been checked against the critical edition, or, if no critical edition was available, against MS â®Ø¹â¬â. The manuscript variation in the cross-references is surprisingly minor; for each epistle, major variants are indicated in these endnotes. The number of references excludes (1) the references to the previous epistle at the beginning when it only occurs in the âcorrectedâ variant of some manuscripts (the incipits are discussed in ChapterÂ 2 and summarized in TableÂ 11); (2) the references to the next epistle at the end of most epistles in many manuscripts (which seem to come from the scribeâs pen rather than the original text); (3) the references that an epistle makes to itself; and (4) the references to the Comprehensive Epistle (discussed in ChapterÂ 4 and summarized in TableÂ 17). The list of refences is not entirely definitive. First, some references are ambiguous; these are indicated in the following endnotes. Second, since the main method for seeking the references was a digital search of the Beirut edition, those references that occur in one or more manuscripts, but not in the Beirut edition, are mostly not present. However, given the small extent of manuscript variation in this case, there should not be many such references.

The beginning of Epistle 42 contains a reference to the Fihrist only in the Beirut edition and some manuscripts.

The end of MS â®Ø±â¬â (fol.Â 39^a) contains a reference (probably added by the copyist) to Epistle 6.

In one of the five references to Epistle 1, the Beirut edition and MS â®Ùâ¬â omit the explicit reference and only refer vaguely to a previous passage. MSS â®Ùâ¬â and the margin of â®Ùâ¬â contain a sixth reference to Epistle 1, which explicates a vague reference in most manuscripts (âas we have shown previously (qabla dhÄlika)â). The Beirut edition and some manuscripts (including â®Ø¹â¬â) contain a self-reference that gives the impression that the reference is to another epistle: âas we have shown in the epistle on geometry (risÄlat jÅ«muá¹riyÄ).â

Most manuscripts refer to Epistles 1 and 2 at the beginning; the Beirut edition only refers to Epistle 1.

The references to Epistles 7 and 8 occur as a single reference to âtwo epistles of oursâ (fÄ« risÄlatayni lanÄ) addressing intellectual and corporeal disciplines. The first of the two references to an âepistle on logicâ (risÄlat al-maná¹iq), that is, Epistles 10â14, takes the form âbook/books of logicâ (kitÄb/kutub al-maná¹iq) in the Beirut edition and some manuscripts. Both references to Epistle 25 use the vague allusion âepistle of oursâ (risÄla lanÄ), although the referent epistle is clear from the context. The epistle also contains references to a âbook of prosodyâ (kitab al-Ê¿urÅ«á¸) and a âbook of prophetsâ (kitab al-anbiyÄÊ¾). Both are attributed to the authors by the use of the first person plural, although for the latter some manuscripts employ the passive voice suggesting that the work was not composed by the Brethren of Purity.

The reference to Epistle 5 is present in the Beirut edition and MS â®Ùâ¬â, but absent in many manuscripts, including â®Ø¹â¬â. The epistle contains three unidentified references (pp.Â 31â32 of the edition) to (1) an epistle addressing the âmutual relations of lettersâ (nisbat al-á¸¥urÅ«f baÊ¿á¸uhÄ min baÊ¿á¸); (2) âanother epistleâ (risÄla ukhrÄ) on the proportions of colors (aá¹£bÄgh); and (3) a âpreviously mentioned epistleâ (al-risÄla al-mutaqaddim dhikruhÄ) addressing the proportions of forms (á¹£uwar). Since the references occur close to each other, and all address proportions, they may all indicate the same epistle.

An addition to the epistle (present in MSS â®Ø£â¬â, â®Øâ¬â, â®Ø¯â¬â, â®Ø²â¬â, â®Ø·â¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, â®Ùâ¬â, and â®Ùâ¬â, and edited in Appendix A of the edition) also contains references to Epistles 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 35, and 38.

The reference to Epistle 3 (Astronomy) is in the form âepistle of the effects of stars on generated beingsâ (risÄlat taÊ¾thÄ«rÄt al-nujÅ«m fÄ« al-mawÄlÄ«d). This expression could plausibly designate several other epistles, such as Epistle 17 (Generation and Corruption), Epistle 18 (Meteorology), or Epistle 36 (Cycles and Revolutions). The Beirut edition also contains a second, vague, reference to Epistle 7: âand previously we discussed the scientific [disciplines]â (wa-taqaddama al-qawl fÄ« al-Ê¿ilmiyya), which is omitted in most manuscripts. The second reference to Epistle 35 (p.Â 123 of the edition) is ambiguous: âand we ascribed this epistle to the epistles of intellect and the intelligiblesâ (wa-nasabnÄ hÄdhihi al-risÄla ilÄ rasÄÊ¾il al-Ê¿aql wa-l-maÊ¿qÅ«l). Given the plural form of the âepistles,â this could perhaps also mean the third part of the Epistles. In addition, there is the following passage (p.Â 102): âthe soul gains the forms of objects of knowledge through three ways: one is by way of the five senses, the other by way of demonstration, and the last by way of thought and deliberation. And we have composed an epistle for each of these.â It is unclear to which specific epistles the passage refers.

The reference to Epistle 8, âepistle of human disciplinesâ (risÄlat al-á¹£anÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-bashariyya), is ambiguous and could also designate Epistle 7. The reference to Epistle 42 speaks of âan epistle of oursâ (risÄla lanÄ) that addresses the subject of âcorrupt viewsâ (al-ÄrÄÊ¾ al-fÄsida). The reference to Epistle 47 (Divine Law) speaks of both law (nÄmÅ«s) and governance (siyÄsa), to which âwe designated an epistleâ (afradnÄ lahu risÄla), and could also refer to Epistle 50 (Governance). The epistle contains a reference (p.Â 92 of the edition) to âour legal and intellectual epistlesâ (rasÄÊ¾ilinÄ al-nÄmÅ«siyya wa-l-Ê¿aqliyya), that is, the fourth and third sections of the Epistles, respectively.

In the reference to Epistle 25 (p.Â 26 of the edition), the title of that epistle is absent in many manuscripts. The reference is prefaced by a mention of the manner of particular soulsâ spread into matter, while some manuscripts contain the addition: âI gave it the title (tarjamtuhÄ) the human being is a microcosm.â Thus, the reference could also be to either Epistle 26 (The Human Being is a Microcosm) or Epistle 27 (Spread of Particular Souls into Physical Bodies). A discussion of intelligible knowledge makes an unidentifiable reference to an âepistle of knowledge/mathematicsâ (risÄlat al-taÊ¿ÄlÄ«m).

The reference to Epistle 38 (Resurrection) employs the form âepistle of afterlifeâ (risÄlat al-maÊ¿Äd), which is ambiguous. The otherworldly pleasures, to which the passage refers, are also discussed in Epistle 30 (Pleasure and Pain). At least one manuscript (â®Ø£â¬â) adds âand resurrectionâ (wa-l-baÊ¿th wa-l-qiyÄma) to the epistle title, perhaps to explicate the reference.

In the transition passage at the beginning of the epistle, some manuscripts refer to Epistle 11 (Categories).

The epistle (p.Â 151 of the edition) also contains a reference, depending on the manuscript, to either an âepistle of theologyâ (al-risÄla al-ilÄhiyya) or âtheological epistlesâ (al-rasÄÊ¾il al-ilÄhiyya), which supposedly shows that the worldâs creation does not occur in space and time. This could be a reference to the fourth section, where only Epistles 49 and 50 deal with philosophical theology, or else to some unidentified epistle.

The reference (p.Â 53 of the edition) to Epistle 6 (âan epistle in which we discussed numerical, geometrical, and harmonious proportionsâ) occurs in the context of a list of the four mathematical sciences. Thus, the reference might also designate Epistle 5 (Music). The reference to Epistle 20 (Essence of Nature) is ambiguous. The passage (p.Â 9 of the edition) refers to âanother epistleâ (risÄla ukhrÄ) where the authors addressed nature as a faculty of the Universal Soul.

The reference (p.Â 70 of the edition) to Epistle 20 (Essence of Nature) is ambiguous: âthen we describe â¦ in another epistle the essence of the world soul.â There is an unidentified reference (p.Â 72) to an âepistle of the attributes and their substratesâ (risÄlat al-á¹£ifÄt wa-l-mawá¹£Å«fÄt).

Epistles 19, 21, and 22 are referred to together (p.Â 175 of the edition); the authors state that âwe have dedicated a separate epistle to each kindâ (wa-qad afradnÄ li-kull nawÊ¿ minhÄ risÄla mufrada) of minerals, plants, and animals.

The first reference (p.Â 250 of the edition) to Epistle 21 (Plants) has, in many manuscripts, the ambiguous referent of âanother epistleâ (risÄla ukhrÄ). In other manuscripts, the reference is explicitly to an âepistle of plants.â The reference to Epistle 22 (p.Â 250) is similarly ambiguous in most manuscripts: âan epistle after the discussion of plantsâ (risÄla baÊ¿d dhikr al-nabÄt); some manuscripts refer explicitly to an âepistle on animals.â The references (p.Â 252) to Epistle 36 (Cycles and Revolutions) and Epistle 20 (Essence of Nature) are to an âepistle of oursâ (risÄla lanÄ) that is specified to discuss the subject in question.

The first reference to Epistle 34 (The World is a Big Human Being), and the second reference to Epistle 8 (Practical Sciences), are absent in many manuscripts. One passage (p.Â 391 of the edition) in many manuscripts refers to the authorsâ âfive booksâ which are identified as Epistles 3, 16, 17, 18, and 34. In the Beirut edition and other manuscripts, the reference is instead to Epistle 16 only. The second reference (p.Â 396) to Epistles 19, 20, and 22 is in the form the âepistle of minerals, plants, and animals.â

The third reference to Epistle 19 (Minerals) is ambiguous: the fact that the active and passive powers are not separate in some individuals is said to be shown in an âepistle of oursâ (risÄla lanÄ). Five manuscripts specify this to be the âepistle of minerals.â

An unidentified reference (p.Â 9 of the edition) to âan epistle of oursâ (risÄla lanÄ) addresses the Universal Soulâs faculties and their spread into celestial and earthly bodies. This could be either Epistle 20 (Essence of Nature) or Epistle 27 (Spread of Particular Souls into Physical Bodies).

The epistle contains a reference to the âfirst epistleâ (al-risÄla al-Å«lÄ) where an organic bodyâs constituent parts (flesh, blood, bones, etc.) were explained. The first epistle of the second part, Epistle 15 (Matter and Form), contains no such explanation. The parts of an animal body are addressed, for example, in Epistle 22 (Animals) (pp.Â 13â15 of the edition).

The epistle also contains a reference to what âwas mentioned in the book of introduction to astronomy (madhkÅ«ra fÄ« kitÄb madkhal al-nujÅ«m).â This is presumably not a reference to Epistle 3 (Astronomy), to which many manuscripts also refer as an âintroduction,â but to an external source. The reference to Epistle 19 and the second reference to Epistle 21 occur within a list of five epistles in MS â®Ø¹â¬â. In the Beirut edition, the list only contains Epistles 18, 20, and 22, while it omits Epistles 19 and 21. The reference to Epistle 34 (The World is a Big Human Being) is clear in MS â®Ø¹â¬â. In the Beirut edition, however, the reference is in the form âthe epistle on the meaning of the sagesâ saying that the human being is a microcosm and the world is a big human being.â This would also include Epistle 26 (The Human Being is a Microcosm) in the reference. The first reference to Epistle 36 is present in the Beirut edition but missing in MS â®Ø¹â¬â. The epistle contains two unidentified references (RasÄÊ¾il, vol.Â 2, 428): (1) the âbook of natures of nourishments and degrees of their powersâ (kitÄb á¹abÄÊ¾iÊ¿ al-aghdhiya wa-darajÄt quwÄhÄ) and (2) the âbook of anatomyâ (kitÄb al-tashrÄ«á¸¥). The authors refer to both as their own works. The subject matter of both might relate to Epistle 23 (Constitution of the Human Body).

The reference to Epistle 21 is missing in MS â®Ø¹â¬â but present in the Beirut edition. The reference to Epistle 6 (Arithmetical and Geometrical Proportions) (RasÄÊ¾il, vol.Â 2, 476) uses the ambiguous title âepistle of the virtue of proportionsâ (risÄlat faá¸Ä«lat al-nisab). The mentioned subject, harmonious proportions of animal bodies, is in fact addressed in Epistle 6 (35â36).

The first references to Epistles 23, 24, and 38, and the references to Epistles 9 and 26, are omitted in many manuscripts. Three of the four references to Epistle 29 refer to an âepistleâ in the Beirut edition but to a âchapterâ (faá¹£l) or a âprevious passageâ (qablu) in most manuscripts.

Epistles 32 and 33 are intertwined in the manuscripts. The references here follow the Beirut edition division of these epistles. Among the Oxford edition variants, Epistle 32a has two references to Epistle 1; 32b has one reference to Epistles 1 and 5 each; and Epistle 33 has one reference to Epistle 25. The reference to Epistle 25 refers to âanother epistleâ (risÄla ukhrÄ) which addresses the subject of sperm.

The epistle contains a reference to âanother epistleâ (risÄla ukhrÄ), which addresses the animal body as either the soulâs prison or as a âbridgeâ (barzakh) to resurrection.

The âcorrectedâ incipit of this epistle in the Beirut edition contains a fourth reference to Epistle 32/33, which is not included in the final count. The epistle contains a reference to âour physical epistlesâ (rasÄÊ¾ilinÄ al-á¹abÄ«Ê¿iyya), that is, the second part of the Epistles.

The second references to Epistles 21 and 22 occur in the combined form of âepistle of animals and plantsâ (risÄlat al-á¸¥ayawÄn wa-l-nabÄt).

The beginning of the epistle contains a reference (p.Â 5 of the edition) to âour physical and theological epistlesâ (rasÄÊ¾ilinÄ al-á¹abÄ«Ê¿iyyÄt wa-l-ilÄhiyyÄt), that is, the second and, presumably, the fourth sections of the Epistles. At the end (p.Â 56), there is another reference to âour theological epistles.â

The third reference (pp.Â 109â110 of the edition) to Epistle 32/33 (Intellectual Principles) occurs in the form âtwo epistles on the principlesâ (risÄlatayni fÄ« al-mabÄdiÊ¾). This appears to be the only reference in the Epistles that treats these epistles as two separate epistles. However, even here the epistlesâ full titles are not mentioned. Moreover, in the same passage, the authors also refer to âtwo epistles on the constitution of the worldâ (risÄlatayni fÄ« naá¸d al-Ê¿Älam). Only Epistle 50 carries this name. The other epistle could potentially be Epistle 49 (Spiritual Beings), which addresses similarly metaphysical themes. Since this is the only reference to Epistle 50 in the entire Epistles, and the term âconstitutionâ (naá¸d) varies considerably in the manuscripts, it could also be that the reference is to two epistles on the coming-to-be of the world in general, rather than to Epistle 50 in particular. The third reference (p.Â 110) to Epistle 7 (Theoretical Sciences) states: âas we have shown in the epistle on the kinds of sciences (ajnÄs al-Ê¿ulÅ«m), the nine questions and their philosophical answers.â The Beirut edition and many manuscripts, however, omit the word âsciences.â Hence, the passage then refers to the epistles or epistles on the nine questions. The epistle also contains a reference to âour physical epistlesâ (rasÄÊ¾ilinÄ al-á¹abÄ«Ê¿iyyÄt), that is, the second section of the Epistles.

The second reference to Epistle 18 is ambiguous. In most manuscripts, the reference is to âan epistle of oursâ (risÄla lanÄ) addressing the causes of the saltiness versus sweetness of sea and river water. In the Beirut edition and some manuscripts, this is specified to be the âpreviously mentioned epistleâ (risÄla lanÄ qad taqaddama dhikruhÄ), which would be Epistle 18.

The fifth reference to Epistle 32/33 is present in the Beirut edition but omitted in MS â®Ø¹â¬â. The Beirut edition contains what seems to be a second reference to Epistles 10â14: âand we have discussed some of that in length in the books of logic (kutub al-maná¹iq).â The reference is missing in MS â®Ø¹â¬â. The two references to Epistle 28 (Human Capability for Knowledge) appear in the form âepistle of knowledgeâ (risÄlat al-maÊ¿Ärif), and are thus ambiguous. The epistle contains references (RasÄÊ¾il, vol.Â 3, 457, 464, 465, 510, 512) to âour preparatory (al-riyÄá¸iyyÄt)â epistles, âphysicalâ (á¹abÄ«Ê¿iyya) epistles, an âintellectualâ epistle or epistles (risÄla/rasÄÊ¾il al-Ê¿aqliyyÄt), and âour theological epistlesâ (rasÄÊ¾ilinÄ al-ilÄhiyya), which presumably refer to the four sections of the Epistles.

The epistle contains a reference (p.Â 20 of the edition) to âtwo first epistles that we composed to learners and disciplesâ (al-risÄlatayni al-awwalatayni allatayni waá¸aÊ¿nÄhumÄ li-l-mutaÊ¿allimÄ«na wa-l-murÄ«dÄ«na) where the authors addressed the gradual way of instruction.

The epistle contains a reference (p.Â 38) to a âsecond epistleâ (risÄla thÄniya) addressing âour spiritual cityâ (madÄ«natunÄ al-rÅ«á¸¥Äniyya).

The epistle contains a reference (p.Â 20 of the edition) to âfive epistles which we formed (á¹£awwarnÄ) in the human form (Ê¿alÄ á¹£Å«rat al-insÄn)â. The epistle contains two references (pp.Â 98, 131 of the edition) to a âsecond epistleâ (al-risÄla al-thÄniya). In the first, the authors tell that their sciences are derived from four books; the second refers to the four degrees of the Brethren of Purity and their city.

The reference to Epistles 10â14 (RasÄÊ¾il, vol.Â 4, 65) occurs in the form âour logical epistlesâ (fÄ« rasÄÊ¾ilinÄ al-maná¹iqiyyÄt), as opposed to an âepistle of logic,â as is usually the case. The reference to Epistle 28 (Human Capability for Knowledge) is ambiguous as it has the form âepistle of knowledgeâ (risÄlat al-maÊ¿Ärif). The references to Epistles 44 and 45, and the third reference to Epistle 47, occur within a passage that is present in the Beirut edition but absent in MS â®Ø¹â¬â. The second reference to Epistle 45 (Companionship of the Brethren of Purity) occurs in the Beirut edition in the form âepistles of the Brethren of Purity.â The epistle contains an unidentified reference to âanother epistleâ (risÄla ukhrÄ) addressing the âclassesâ (á¹abaqÄt) of demons (shayÄá¹Ä«n). The epistle also contains references (RasÄÊ¾il, vol.Â 4, 83) to âour physical epistlesâ (rasÄÊ¾ilinÄ al-á¹abÄ«Ê¿iyya) and our âintellectual epistlesâ (rasÄÊ¾ilinÄ al-Ê¿aqliyya), that is, the second and third sections of the Epistles.

The epistle contains two unidentified references to (1) âour epistle after this oneâ (risÄla lanÄ baÊ¿da hÄdhihi), addressing the properties of prophecy, and to (2) âour epistle before this oneâ (risÄla lanÄ qabla hÄdhihi), addressing either âpure brotherhoodâ (á¹£afwat al-ukhuwwa) or the âattributes of brotherhoodâ (á¹£ifat al-ukhuwwa). The latter reference could be to Epistle 45 (Companionship of the Brethren of Purity).

In the first reference to Epistle 44 (Beliefs of the Brethren of Purity), only MS â®Ø®â¬â includes the full title in the reference. Other testimonies have either âepistle of the Brethren of Purityâ (risÄlat ikhwÄn al-á¹£afÄÊ¾), âepistle by the Brethren of Purityâ (risÄla li-ikhwÄn al-á¹£afÄÊ¾), or âan epistleâ (al-risÄla). In the second reference to Epistle 44, the word âepistleâ (risÄla) is absent in the Beirut edition but present in most manuscripts. The epistle contains a reference (p.Â 222 of the edition) to âour legal epistlesâ (rasÄÊ¾ilinÄ al-nÄmÅ«siyya), that is, the fourth section of the Epistles. The epistle contains three unidentified references (pp.Â 69, 97, 113 of the edition) to (1) âanother epistleâ (al-risÄla al-thÄniya), which addresses the four degrees of the Brethren of Purity, (2) âanother epistleâ or a âthird epistle,â addressing the prophetsâ twelve characteristics, and (3) an âepistle of oursâ (risÄla lanÄ), which addresses the question of whether soul is a substance or an accident.

These represent the references of the Beirut edition variant of this epistle. The manuscripts carry a short and a long version; the Beirut edition combines both. All of the Beirut edition references are contained in one or another of the variants: Epistle 49a refers once to Epistles 3 and 50, and twice to Epistle 52; the rest of the references correspond to Epistle 49b. The reference (p.Â 44 of the edition) to Epistle 3 (Astronomy) and the second reference to Epistle 52 (Magic) occur in the form âepistle of astronomy, magic, and talismans,â as if the two epistles constituted a single epistle.

These are the references in the Beirut edition variant, which corresponds to Epistle 51b in the critical edition. All the Beirut edition references are also present in the other manuscripts with that variant.

Since the three variants of Epistle 52 are textually entirely independent, their references are given separately. The Beirut edition version of this epistle combines Epistles 52a and 52b.

The reference to Epistle 30 is to the âcommentaryâ (shará¸¥) of this epistle in the Comprehensive Epistle. The references to Epistles 25 and 40 are absent in the Beirut edition but present in most manuscripts.

The references to Epistle 49 (Spiritual Beings) are in the form of either an âepistle on angelsâ (risÄla fÄ« al-malÄÊ¾ika) or âepistle on tranquil angelsâ (risÄla fÄ« al-sakÄ«nÄt). There is no such epistle, but angels are discussed within Epistle 49 as one kind of spiritual beings.

This epistle commentary has a short and a long version in the manuscripts.

The number refers to the epistle(s) of the RasÄÊ¾il IkhwÄn al-á¹¢afÄÊ¾ (RIS) to which the cited section of al-RisÄla al-jÄmiÊ¿a corresponds.

The page numbers give the sections in the GhÄlib and Kacimi editions of al-RisÄla al-jÄmiÊ¿a that are cited in the chapter of RisÄlat JÄmiÊ¿at al-jÄmiÊ¿a.

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The Formation of the IkhwÄnian Corpus

A Philological Study of the Epistles and Two Summaries Attributed to the Brethren of Purity

Reihe:Â Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies, Band: 132

Cover The Formation of the IkhwÄnian Corpus

ISBN:: 9789004690141

Verleger:: Brill

Print-Publikationsdatum:: 25 Nov 2025

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PartÂ 1 Redaction History of the Epistles

PartÂ 2 The Comprehensive Epistle

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The Formation of the IkhwÄnian Corpus

A Philological Study of the Epistles and Two Summaries Attributed to the Brethren of Purity

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The Formation of the IkhwÄnian Corpus