Figures
1 Khādm in a house in Tetouan, 1911 27
2 “Slaves of the Sultan.” Postcard by Alan Lennox, Marrakesh, 1908 39
3 Slave market in Marrakesh. Postcard by Alan Lennox, ca. 1902 44
4 Depiction of a servant 62
5 Slaves of the sharīf Ahmed Raisuni 67
6 Plan of Tetouan, 1:1000, from 1928 75
7 Dar Bricha, Tetouan, 2018 83
8 Room of the Seffar House, Tetouan, 2012 86
9 The Bricha brothers’ marriages and unions with female slaves 101
10 Tarbiʿa al-Suf, Tetouan, 2013 108
11 Act of purchase of an ama, 1913 112
12 Slaves of the sharīf Ahmed Raisuni 117
13 Jebala peasant woman 119
14 Identity card of Zit al-Mal, 1965 122
15 Fatma, from Jebel Habib 126
16 Family tree of maids and the houses they served in (Cherti and Ganmia) 127
17 ʿAbdelkrim Cherti 129
18 Ben Bachir Haskouri’s links to the caliphal family 136
19 Ahmed ben Bachir Haskouri at the caliphal wedding, 1949 137
20 Muy Salama, stepmother of Ahmed ben Bachir Haskouri 139
21 Umm Salama’s trajectory 140
22 Genealogy of the Benyaich family (and previous bukhāra lineages) linked to the offices of the sultan and khalifa 142
23 Uali Benyaich, caliphal palace 145
24 Khalifa Muley Hasan, 1949 149
25 Mekhazni of the khalifa, 1943 154
26 Maid of the caliphal palace 159
27 Genealogy and alliances of the caliphal family: the wives and concubines of Muley Hasan 161
28 Wedding of the khalifa’s brother, Muley Ahmed, 1955 165
29 Dada Mul al-Khair at a wedding, 1938 174
30 Dada Mul al-Khair with the children of the family, 1980s 174
31 The Seffar family 179
32 Preparation of couscous in the courtyard of the house 187
33 Fatima and Fatima with a child of the house 188
34 Muhammad Skirej, with his daughters and tata, 1920 189
35 Marriage unions of Ahmed Erkaina 206
36 ʿAbdeslam with Fatima and Rebha, ca. 1929 213
37 Rebha 225
38 Hnia 226
39 Fatima 230
40 Miṣriya 234
41 Bayt of Fatima the Circassian, Bricha House, 2019 236
42 Young people at the Bab al-ʿUqla fountain, Tetouan (From a postcard by L. Roisin) 243
43 Judge Zuaq’s marital unions 260
44 Ahmed Zuaq 260
45 Marriage unions of Muhammad al-Hajj 263
46 Donation of Awida, a slave in the Raisuni household 265
47 Links between plaintiffs and defendants in the ʿOdda litigation 273
48 Theatrical performance, n.d. 284
49 Reminiscing about the past in the Bricha Palace with Hicham Harrak Medina, 2019 288
50 Remembering the tatas, with ʿAbdeslam Cherti, Seffar House, 2012 290
51 Johra 292
52 ʿAbdelkhaleq ʿAttar remembering Tata Mbrika, 2019 299
53 Khādm w lallaha, Erkaina House, 2012 305
54 “Rich Moors from Tetouan with a slave girl” 319
55 Gnawa at the khalifa’s wedding celebrations, 1949 335
56 Gnawa at the pilgrimage of Sidi ʿAli ben Harazem, Anjera, 1942 336
57 ʿAbdellah Wazzani’s Gnawa group in Rincón 340
58 Mʿallam Harrucha, Tangier 342
59 Hajja Zohra, 2017 343
60 Mʿallam Zouhair, grandson of Hajja Zohra, showing the ritual clothing of his grandfather Hajj Ahmed, 2017 344
61 Gnawa ritual on a Tetouanese alley 345
62 Blacksmith of Beni Ahmed, 2019 347
63 Group of Gnawas. From left to right, standing: Ba ʿOmar, Ahmed Raqqas, Basidi, ʿAbdelwahid Nasiri, Muhammad Sudani, ʿAli Khamlichi. Seated: ʿAbdelqader 349
64 Offerings to bāsha Hammu on an altar at the shrine of the ʿAwyna, 2019 355
65 Act of liberation of a slave, 1895 369
66 Burial of the Grand Vizier Ahmed Erkaina, 1924 371
67 Garsia Oven, 2018 380
68 Burial of a khalifa’s daughter whose mother was a slave girl, 1936 400
Tables
1 Ḥabūs of the Great Mosque, Tetouan, ca. 1924 233
2 Tetouanese families studied in the sample. Period 1880–1990 253
3 Family rank 255
4 Number of wives of slave origin 255
5 Number of free co-wives 256
6 Status of first wife 256
7 Slaves with offspring 256
8 Number of children according to women’s status 256
9 Names of the slaves 257