1.1 Genoese colonies and other major Black Sea ports (after Quirini-Popławska 2002, p. 94, map no. 6); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 16
1.2 Major localities in the southern part of Crimea in the late medieval period (after Quirini-Popławska 2002, p. 91, map no. 5); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 21
1.3 Genoa – Archivio di Stato, Caffae Massaria 1423, f. 438r, fragment concerning the work of protomaster Theodore in Simisso; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2015; with kind permission of the Archivio di Stato, Genoa 37
1.4 Genoa – Archivio di Stato, Caffae Massaria 1446, f. 54r, fragment concerning the work of the builder Iuanes from Caffa in Soldaia; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2015; with kind permission of the Archivio di Stato, Genoa 38
2.1 Caffa – plan of the colony with the locations of major buildings (after Ponomarev 2000, p. 439, fig. 28); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 47
2.2 Caffa – view of the S part of the citadel from beneath the so-called Tower of St. Thomas; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 48
2.3 Pera – plan of the colony with the names of gates in the walls, and the stages of its territorial expansion (after Sauvaget 1934, pp. 254, 267 and Schneider-Nomidis 1944); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 51
2.4 View of Pera from the Golden Horn; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2010 52
2.5 Soldaia – plan of the colony (after Skrzhinskaya 2006, pp. 57–58); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 54
2.6 View of Soldaia from the slopes of Mount Perchem; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 55
2.7 Cembalo – plan of the colony (after Guide 2009, p. 158); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 56
2.8 Cembalo – view from the north; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 56
2.9 Vosporo – plan of the colony (after Bocharov 2015a, p. 130, fig. 1); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 58
2.10 View of Samastri from the highest point of Boz Tepe; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 60
2.11 Plan of Samastri (after Marek 1989, p. 379, fig. 2); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 61
2.12 Licostomo on the map of the Balkans (around 1470?); Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Codex Latinus Parisinus 7239, f. 113v–114r. © Bibliothèque nationale de France 62
2.13 Trebizond – city plan (after Sinclair 1989, p. 49); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 63
2.14 Samsun – fragment of the fortifications of the Simisso colony (?); photograph from the late 19th century; Istanbul, Istanbul University Rare Works Library, inv no. NEKYA 90764/10; © Istanbul University Rare Works Library, Istanbul 67
2.15 Sinop – Hellenistic defensive walls, tower by the southern port; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 68
2.16 Sukhumi – fortress (1578), tower ruins in the N corner; photo by Hons084 /https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Suchum,_Ruiny_antycznej_Dioskurii.jpg. Accessed 2023 Mar 12 69
2.17 Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi – citadel of the fortress (1421?), view from SW; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013 70
2.18 View of Tassilli castle (1459–1475) from W; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 70
2.19 Anadolu Kavağı – view from across the Bosporus (Middle Byzantine, rebuilt in the Late Byzantine period); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 71
2.20 Plan of late medieval Genoa (after Bianchi-Poleggi 1980, pp. 86–87); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 73
2.21 Portovenere – general view from the direction of Lerici; photo by Brianza 2008 /https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trota_Caput.JPG. Accessed 2023 Mar 12 74
2.22 Noli – fortifications on the Monte Orsino hill (around mid-12th–mid-16th c.); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2015 75
2.23 Caffa – reconstruction of the citadel walls (after Bocharov 1998a, p. 102, fig. 6 and Ponomarev 2000, p. 429, fig. 27); by Tomasz Pasteczka 77
2.24 Carl Ferdinand von Kügelgen, View from citadel in Feodosia (1824), brown wash drawing, 31.7×42 cm; Saint Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum, inv. no. OP-10328 (Quirini-Popławski 2017, p. 59, fig. 33) 78
2.25 Carl Ferdinand von Kügelgen, Citadel in Feodosia (1824), brown wash drawing, 31.7×41.5 cm; Saint Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum, inv. no. OP-10327 (Quirini-Popławski 2017, p. 60, fig. 34) 79
2.26 Caffa – citadel walls, Gate of Christ? (1340–1352); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 80
2.27 Caffa – eastern wall of the citadel (1340–1352); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 81
2.28 Caffa – citadel, Nameless Tower (1340–1352); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 81
2.29 Caffa – citadel, Tower of St. Anthony (1340–1352); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 81
2.30 Caffa – city walls, Tower of St. Constantine (before 1386?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 85
2.31 Caffa – city walls, Tower of St. Constantine (before 1386?), fragment of a room on the first floor; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 85
2.32 Caffa – city walls, so-called Dock Tower (1472–1473?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 86
2.33 Caffa – city walls, so-called Tower of Giovanni De Scaffa (B18 according to S. Bocharov, before 1374–1389?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 86
2.34 Caffa – city walls, fragment of a barbican (C12 according to S. Bocharov), traditionally called the Tower of St. Thomas (before 1374–1389?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 87
2.35 Caffa – double wall, moat, and fragment of a barbican (C24 according to S. Bocharov) near the E corner (before 1374–1389?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 87
2.36 Cristoforo Buondelmonti, Liber insularum Archipelagi (Florence, ca 1420), p. 123: panorama of Constantinople and Pera; Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Cod. Lat. XIV, 45 (=4595); © Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice 89
2.37 Pera – city walls, Galata Tower, the Genoese part from 1348; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 91
2.38 Pera – city walls, fragment of seaward fortifications, remains of a gate (between 1304 and 1329); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2014 92
2.39 Pera – fragment of the wall of the central district, view from inside (between 1304 a 1329); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 93
2.40 Pera – city walls, tower to SW of the Tower of Christ (between ca 1335 and 1349); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 94
2.41 Pera – city walls, Gate of St. Anthony (Harıp Kapı) (ca 1386–1387); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 95
2.42 Soldaia – panorama of the eastern part of the fortress; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 96
2.43 Soldaia – slab from the times of Consul Leonardo Tartaro (1371); Odessa, Archaeological Museum of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013 97
2.44 Soldaia – defensive walls, the main gate to the colony (1374–1389?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 98
2.45 Soldaia – panorama of the western part of the fortress; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 98
2.46 Soldaia – defensive walls, Tower of Luchino Fieschi (1409); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 99
2.47 Soldaia – general view of the middle castle (Castle of St. Elias?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 100
2.48 Soldaia – defensive walls, so-called Consul’s Tower (1381; renovated before 1426); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 101
2.49 Soldaia – defensive walls, Tower of Pasquale Giudice (1392), external view; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 101
2.50 Soldaia – defensive walls, Tower of Baldo Guarco (1394) internal view; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 101
2.51 Soldaia – defensive walls, slab with crosses (khachkar) in the wall of the Tower of Pasquale Giudice; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 101
2.52 Soldaia – defensive walls, Tower of Federico Astaguera (1386) known as the Port Tower; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 102
2.53 Cembalo – general view with the NE curtain (mainly the third quarter of the 15th c.); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 103
2.54 Cembalo – defensive walls, Tower of Barnaba Grillo (mainly 1462–1463); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 103
2.55 Cembalo – defensive walls, Gate Tower (mainly 1461–1463); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 104
2.56 Cembalo – location of the Castle of St. Nicholas (completed in 1387?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 104
2.57 Cembalo – New Citadel (construction works started before 1467); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1996 104
2.58 Cembalo – New Citadel, Circular Donjon (also called the Consul’s Tower) (1467); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1996 105
2.59 Lusta – plan of the castle (1420s and 1460s) (after Bocharov 2004, p. 197, fig. 4); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 107
2.60 Lusta – Middle Tower (1460s); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 107
2.61 Lusta – Lower Tower (1460s); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 108
2.62 Gorzovi – general view of the remnants of the fortress (renovation commenced in the late 1380s); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1996 108
2.63 Tassilli – plan of the castle (1459–1475) (after Myts 1994, p. 203); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 108
2.64 Tassilli – castle, circular tower (1459–1475); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 109
2.65 Tassilli – castle, remains of the northern turret (1459–1475); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 109
2.66 Samastri – bridge connecting the island of Boz Tepe (Sormagır Kalesi) with the western part of the peninsula fortifications (Zindan Kalesi); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 110
2.67 Samastri – Karanlıkyer Kapısı Gate (Gate of Shadows) (early 1st c. BC?, rebuilt in the first half of the 15th c.) from the side of the bridge; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 110
2.68 Samastri – southern curtain wall of Zindan Kalesi (7th–10th c.?, rebuilt between 1401 and 1435); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 110
2.69 Samastri – north-western tower of the citadel between Zindan Kalesi and İç Kale (mostly from 1421–1435?), upper part; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 111
2.70 Samastri – western gate of İç Kale, to the north of the citadel, upper part (1421–1435); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 112
2.71 Samastri – Karanlıkyer Kapısı Gate (Gate of Shadows) (early 1st c. BC?, rebuilt between 1401 and 1435), view from the north, with a hole remaining after removing a slab; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 112
2.72 Samastri – citadel gate, slab with the coat of arms of the Boccanegra family (between 1401 and 1435?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 113
2.73 Trebizond – Leontokastron, view from the west (before 1304–1314?; rebuilt 1418–1447?) with “church B” in the foreground; photograph taken around 1893 (Bryer, Winfield 1985, fig. 149) 114
2.74 Trebizond – Leontokastron, fragments of the western walls with a building with a gate (before 1304–1314?; rebuilt in 1418-1447?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 115
2.75 Pera – podesta’s palace (1370s–1380s/rebuilt in 1906–07), view from NW; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 116
2.76 Pera – podesta’s palace (1370s–1380s/rebuilt in 1906–1907), fragment of the N façade; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2014 116
2.77 Pera – podesta’s palace, S façade, drawing by Romualdo Tecco, around the middle of the 19th c. (Belgrano 1877–1884c, tav. IV) 117
2.78 Soldaia – cistern? (14th–15th c.), interior; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 119
2.79 Caffa – Genoese Bridge? (14th c.?); photo from 1906 (archives of SLSP, 4/17); © Società Ligure di Storia Patria 120
2.80 Pera – single-storey building by Arap Camii (14th–15th c.), exterior; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 121
2.81 Pera – single-storey building by Arap Camii (14th–15th c.), interior; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 122
2.82 Genoa – city walls, Porta Soprana (around 1155); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013 124
2.83 Soldaia – main gate, eastern tower (1380s), machicolations; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 124
2.84 Samastri – İç Kale, north-western tower (between 1421 and 1435?), arcade frieze; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 125
2.85 Cembalo – New Citadel (construction started before 1467), eastern wall, arcade friezes; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 125
2.86 Genoa – Torre dei Piccamiglio (13th c.), upper part of the tower; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013 126
2.87 Genoa – Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo – today: Palazzo di San Giorgio (from 1260, arch. Frater Oliverius, rebuilding commenced in 1892, arch. A. d’Andrade), southern façade; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2015 127
2.88 Genoa – Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo (today: Palazzo di San Giorgio); photo taken around 1890 128
2.89 San Salvatore di Lavagna – Fieschi Palace (around the middle of the 13th c.); photo by Davide Papalini (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cogorno-palazzo_dei_Fieschi.JPG. Accessed 2023 Mar 12.) 129
3.1 Dvuyakornaya Bay near Feodosia, church ruins (Santa Maria de Corona?; before 1339/rebuilt after 1389), drawing of a portal (after Aybabina 2001, p. 160, fig. 69); by Tomasz Pasteczka 135
3.2 Dvuyakornaya Bay near Feodosia, floor plan of the church (Santa Maria de Corona?; before 1339/ rebuilt after 1389); drawing in Peter von Köppen’s notes; Saint Petersburg Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, F. 30, Op. 1, D. 344, L. 173 ob. (after Tunkina 2011, p. 66, fig. 85); by Tomasz Pasteczka 136
3.3 Caffa – Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul – foundation slab of Consul Giovanni De Marini (1406); today: Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 138
3.4 Caffa – Church of St. George at Ripa (14th c., before 1381), view from outside; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 140
3.5 Caffa – Church of St. George at Ripa (14th c., before 1381), interior; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 140
3.6 Caffa – Church of St. George at Nakhimov Street (1385 or 15th c.?/rebuilt in the mid-19th c.), view from NE.; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2002 140
3.7 Caffa – Church of St. George at Nakhimov Street (1385 or 15th c.?), floor plan (after Khalpakhchian 1991, il. 03/4); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 141
3.8 Caffa – Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (founded in 1408), view from W; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 142
3.9 Caffa – Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (founded in 1408), floor plan (after Yakobson 1956, p. 186, fig. 12); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 142
3.10 Caffa – Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (founded in 1408), transept vault; photo by Patrick Donabédian 1994 143
3.11 Caffa – Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (founded in 1408), vault over nave and transept; photo by Patrick Donabédian 1994 143
3.12 Caffa – Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (founded in 1408), gloriette; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 143
3.13 Caffa – Church of St. Sergius (before 1330?, expanded), view from W; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 144
3.14 Caffa – Church of St. Sergius (before 1330?, expanded), interior, view to E; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 144
3.15 Caffa – Church of St. Demetrius? (14th c.?), view from SE; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 145
3.16 Caffa – floor plan of the Church of St. Stephen? (second half of the 14th c.–early 15th c.?) (after Aybabina, Bocharov 1997, p. 225, fig. 3); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 145
3.17 Caffa – Church of St. John the Baptist (1348?, expanded in the 16th c.?), view from SW; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1996 146
3.18 Caffa – Church of St. John the Baptist (1348?), frieze in the interior of the dome; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 146
3.19 Caffa – Church of St. John the Theologian (14th c.?), view from NW; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1996 147
3.20 Caffa – slab in honour of the Holy Trinity, by the consul Francesco Salvo (1363), lost (after Skržinskaja 1928, p. 47) 148
3.21 Caffa – Church of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary (14th–15th c.?/rebuilt in 19th c.), view from S; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 149
3.22 Pera – plan of the colony with the locations of major shrines (after Schneider-Nomidis 1944); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 153
3.23 Pera – Church of St. Paul (1299–1323), floor plan (after Ivison 1996, p. 101, fig. 2); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 156
3.24 Pera – Church of St. Paul (1299–1323), choir vault; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 157
3.25 Pera – Church of St. Paul, interior of the corridor east of the church (1299–1323); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2014 158
3.26 Pera – Church of St. Paul, portal leading to the corridor from S (1299–1323); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2014 158
3.27 Pera – Church of St. Paul, belfry (1299–1323), view from S; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 159
3.28 Pera – view of the Franciscan monastery with the Churches of St. Francis and St. Anne in an account by Fr. Niccolo Guidolotto da Mondavio, pen drawing (1644); Rome, Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide (APF, SOCG 163, f. 258v–259r); © Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide 160
3.29 Pera – floor plan of the Franciscan monastery with the Church of St. Francis in an account by Fr. Niccolo Guidolotto da Mondavio, pen drawing (1644); Rome, Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide (APF, SOCG 163, f. 263v); © Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide 161
3.30 Pera – façade of the Church of St. Francis and the gate to the first courtyard of the Franciscan monastery in an account by Fr. Niccolo Guidolotto da Mondavio, pen drawing (1644); Rome, Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide (APF, SOCG 163, f. 260r); © Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide 162
3.31 Pera – portal of the Church of St. Anne and the S portal of the Church of St. Francis in an account by Fr. Niccolo Guidolotto da Mondavio, pen drawing (1644); Rome, Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide (APF, SOCG 163, f. 262v); © Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide 163
3.32 Pera – portal to the second courtyard of the Franciscan monastery (?) in an account by Fr. Niccolo Guidolotto da Mondavio, pen drawing (1644); Rome, Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide (APF, SOCG 163, f. 256r); © Archivio Storico di Propaganda Fide 164
3.33 Pera – former Benedictine church, view of the tower from SW (around 1427); photo by Dorota Zaprzalska 2019 166
3.34 Pera – former Benedictine church, non-extant portal in the monastery courtyard (second quarter of the 15th c.?) (Sauvaget 1934, pl. XXX/1) 167
3.35 Nesebar – Pantokrator church (14th c.), view from SE, ceramic decoration and arcade friezes; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 168
3.36 Pera – Church of St. Paul, vault of the southern chapel (of St. Nicholas?; 1299–1323); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 174
3.37 Chieri – Church of St. Dominic (14th c.), belfry; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1998 175
3.38 Soldaia – so-called church on corbels (14th–15th c.?), view from SW; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1996 178
3.39 Soldaia – remnants of the so-called church with a gavit (after 1330, rebuilt after 1365), view from W; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 178
3.40 Soldaia – Church of “The Holy Apostles” (13th–14th c.), view from NW; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 179
3.41 Soldaia – Church of St. Paraskeva (13th–14th c.), view from NW; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 179
3.42 Soldaia – so-called mosque (around the middle of the 14th c., rebuilt around 1423?), view from NE; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 180
3.43 Soldaia – so-called mosque (around the middle of the 14th c., rebuilt around 1423?), floor plan (Baranov 2005, p. 633, fig. 1) 180
3.44 Soldaia – so-called mosque (around the middle of the 14th c., rebuilt around 1423?), drawing of the mihrab with inscription (Dzhanov 2005, p. 662, fig. 12) 180
3.45 Soldaia – Church of the Virgin Mary (before 1384), floor plan (Dzhanov 2006, p. 330) 181
3.46 Soldaia – Church of the Virgin Mary (before 1384), hypothetical reconstruction (Guide 2009, p. 109) 182
3.47 Cembalo – the so-called Consul’s Church (1380s), floor plan (after D’yachkov 2004, p. 252, fig. 1); by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 183
3.48 Trebizond – Church of St. Eleutherius, slab of Manfredo Lercari (1365) (Hasluck 1910–1911b, p. 141, fig. 5) 185
3.49 Samastri – Zindan Kalesi, Fatih Camii (former church from the 7th–9th c.?), view from S; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 186
3.50 Samastri – İç Kale, Kilise Mescidi (former church from the 7th–9th c.?, rebuilt in Late Byzantine period), view from SE; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 186
3.51 Kerch – Church of St. John the Baptist (between 10th and 14th c.), view from SW; photo by Andrew Butko (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2015. Храм Святого Иоанна Предтечи в Керчи 046.jpg. Accessed 2023 Mar 12) 187
4.1 Caffa – slab of Consul Giovanni De Scaffa (1342), fragment; Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 190
4.2 Caffa – slab with inscription in honour of Pope Clement VI (1348); Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities (Guide 2009, p. 70) 191
4.3 Caffa – slab of Consul Gotifredo Vivaldi (1389), lost (Skržinskaja 1928, p. 56) 191
4.4 Caffa – slab of Consul Battista de Franchi (1413); Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities (Skržinskaja 1928, p. 62) 191
4.5 Caffa – bas-relief of St. George (before 1374–1389?); Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo before 1911 (archives of SLSP, 4/19); @ Società Ligure di Storia Patria 192
4.6 Caffa – slab of Consul Goffredo de Zoagli featuring Saint Mary Magdalene Lifted by Angels (1352); Moscow, State Historical Museum (inv. no. 44526, op. B 1866) (Skržinskaja 1928, p. 40) 192
4.7 Caffa – slab of Consul Goffredo de Zoagli featuring Warrior Saint (1352); Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities (Skržinskaja 1928, p. 45) 192
4.8 Caffa – slab of Consul Goffredo de Zoagli featuring Christ Pantokrator (1352), lost (Skržinskaja 1928, p. 43) 192
4.9 Soldaia – slab with Torcello coat of arms on the N wall of the Tower of Jacopo Torcello (placed secondarily in 1388–1389); photo by Aleksandr Dzhanov 2017 194
4.10 Soldaia – slab from the Tower of Pasquale Giudice (1392); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 194
4.11 Soldaia – slab on the E wall of the Tower of Jacopo Torcello (1385), fragment; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1996 195
4.12 Soldaia – slab on the E wall of the Tower of Jacopo Torcello (1385); drawing (Lapin 1928, p. 48) 195
4.13 Soldaia – slab from the Tower of Baldo Guarco (1394); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 195
4.14 Soldaia – slab from the Tower of Baldo Guarco (1394); fragment; photo by Aleksandr Dzhanov 2017 196
4.15 Soldaia – slab from the Tower of Luchino Fieschi (1409); photo by Aleksandr Dzhanov 2017 196
4.16 Soldaia – slab with the coats of arms of Consul Bernardo de Amico and Mary with Child (1469); Sudak, “Sudak Fortress” Museum; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 197
4.17 Soldaia – slab above the main gate, with Saint George (1388–1389?), drawing from around 1800 (Waxel 1803, fig. no. 17) 197
4.18 Pera – slab commemorating financial contribution of Pope Nicholas V to the renovation of the city walls (1452); Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 950 T); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007; with kind permission of the Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 198
4.19 Pera – slab with Virgin Mary among the Saints (1442?); Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 911 T); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007; with kind permission of the Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 198
4.20 Samastri – slab from the tower by the eastern port (1440s–1450s?); Amasra, Archaeological Museum; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019; with kind permission of the Archaeological Museum, Amasra 199
4.21 Samastri – slab with the Visconti coat of arms on a tower in the southern curtain of Zindan Kalesi (1421–1435); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 200
4.22 Samastri – slab with the Zoagli coat of arms (1424); Amasra, Archaeological Museum; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019; with kind permission of the Archaeological Museum, Amasra 200
4.23 Samastri – slab of Consul Ansaldo Doria (1407); Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2353); © Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 201
4.24 Samastri – slab with the coat of arms of King Charles VI (1401–1409); Amasra, Archaeological Museum; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007; with kind permission of the Archaeological Museum, Amasra 201
4.25 Samastri – slab with the coat of arms of King Charles VI (1401–1409); Amasra, garden in a private house; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 202
4.26 Cembalo – slab with the coat of arms of Consul Barnaba Grillo and angels (1463); Genoa, Museo Navale di Pegli (inv. no. N.I.M.N. 3518); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013; with kind permission of the Museo Navale di Pegli – Istituzione Musei del Mare e delle Migrazioni – Genoa 202
4.27 Cembalo – slab with the coat of arms of Consul Battista de Oliva (1467); Genoa, Museo Navale di Pegli (inv. no. N.I.M.N. 3519); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013; with kind permission of the Museo Navale di Pegli – Istituzione Musei del Mare e delle Migrazioni – Genoa 202
4.28 Simisso – slab with the coat of arms of King Charles VI (1402); Samsun, Archaeological Museum; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 203
4.29 Pera – grave slab of Antonio de Varna (1440) from the Church of St. Paul; Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2905 T); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007; with kind permission of the Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 204
4.30 Pera – grave slab of Nicola de Deo (1399) from the Church of St. Paul; Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2875); © Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 204
4.31 Pera – grave slab of John of Florence, Bishop of Tiflis (1347) from the Church of St. Paul; Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2888); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007; with kind permission of the Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 205
4.32 Pera – grave slab of an anonymous burgher from Pera (around 1400) from the Church of St. Paul; Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2897); © Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 205
4.33 Pera – grave slab of a pair of English knights: William Neville and John Clanvowe (1391) from the Church of St. Paul; Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2894 T); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007; with kind permission of the Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 206
4.34 Pera – fragment of a grave slab (1336) from the Church of St. Paul; Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2880); photo in the Photo Library of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Istanbul (D-DAI-IST-KB10090); © Deutsches Archäologisches Institut; with kind permission of the Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 207
4.35 Pera – slab with coats of arms of the De Marini family (14th c.?) from the Church of St. Paul; Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2903); © Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 207
4.36 Pera – grave slab of Francesco Pastera (14th c.?) from the Church of St. Paul; Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2899); © Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 207
4.37 Pera – Church of St. Paul, corridor east of the choir, arcosolium arch? (1315–1330); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2014 208
4.38 Pera – grave slab of Andriolo de Pagana (1335) from the Church of St. Francis, Istanbul, Feriköy catholic cemetery; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 209
4.39 Soldaia – grave slab of Angelina de Travi (1384) from the Church of the Virgin Mary; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 210
4.40 Caffa – well frame (by Amir?, 1430); Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 210
4.41 Caffa – well frame (by Michael of Padua, 1331); Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 210
4.42 Caffa – slab commemorating the foundation of a well by Khaspek (14th–15th c.), drawing (after Aybabina 2001, p. 108, fig. 34); by Tomasz Pasteczka 211
4.43 Soldaia – so-called mosque (around the middle of the 14th c., rebuilt around 1423?), upper part of mihrab with inscription; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 212
4.44 Soldaia – so-called mosque (around the middle of the 14th c., rebuilt around 1423?), upper part of mihrab, coat of arms of the Goano family?; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 212
4.45 Soldaia – so-called mosque (around the middle of the 14th c., rebuilt around 1423?), eastern gallery, bas-relief of Saint George? (Baranov 2005, p. 637, fig. 4) 212
4.46 Caffa – Church of St. Sergius, N wall of the gavit, khachkar of Khitr-shah (1356); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 213
4.47 Caffa – Church of St. Sergius, N wall of the altar part, baptismal niche founded by Kulaf-chai (1415); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 213
4.48 Caffa – Church of St. John the Baptist, portal (1348?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 214
4.49 Caffa – Church of St. Sergius, bas-relief of Agnus Dei in a circle (14th–15th c.), secondarily placed in the synthronon wall; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 214
4.50 Caffa – Church of St. John the Baptist, stucco relief of Communion of the Apostles, part S (around 1348?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 214
4.51 Caffa – Church of St. John the Baptist, stucco relief of Saint John the Baptist (around 1348?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 215
4.52 Soldaia – bas-relief of Saint George (between 1409 and 1475) from the Tower of Luchino Fieschi; Sudak, “Sudak Fortress” Museum; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 215
4.53 Cembalo – lintel fragment from the so-called Consul’s Church, with the coat of arms of the Barbagelata family (1380s); photo by Aleksandr Dzhanov 2011 216
4.54 Pera – Church of St. Paul, corridor east of the choir, cornice fragment (1315–1330); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2014 216
4.55 Caffa – wooden door from the Church of St. Sergius (fragments from 1330?), fragment; Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 216
4.56 Chios – portal lintel with a bas-relief of Saint George (workshop of Giovanni Gagini, second half of the 15th c.?); Chios, Byzantine Museum; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013 218
4.57 Constantinople – Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora, parekklesion, grave of Theodore Metochites (d. 1332), fragment; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 220
4.58 Pera – anonymous grave slab (third quarter of the 14th c.); Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2904); © Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 221
4.59 Pera – anonymous grave slab (1402); Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. no. 2855); © Archaeological Museum, Istanbul 222
4.60 Florence, Church of Santa Maria Novella, grave slab on the façade (around 1350); photo by Łukasz Quirini-Popławski 2015 222
4.61 Constantinople, southern church of Constantine Lips, fragment of decoration from an eastern window (end of 13th c.); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 222
4.62 Genoa – Piazza delle Cinque Lampadi, slab with De Marini coats of arms and Agnus Dei (14th c.?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013 223
4.63 Constantinople – Theotokos Pammakaristos Church, marble cladding with heraldic tondos? (around 1310); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2009 224
4.64 Mikhail Ivanov, Portal of madrasa in Solkhat from south-east, drawing (1783); Moscow, State Historical Museum (inv. no. Р-30072); © Archive Collection / Alamy Stock Photo 226
4.65 Caffa – synagogue (15th c.), portal; drawing based on a pre-WW2 photograph (after Buschhausen, Buschhausen, Korchmasjan 2009, tab. F10, fig. 23); by Tomasz Pasteczka 227
4.66 Soldaia – portal fragment (second half of the 14th c.– 15th c.) secondarily incorporated into a fountain in the village of Uyutnoye; photo by Aleksandr Dzhanov 227
4.67 Surp Khach – portal of the monastery church (around 1338), upper part; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 227
4.68 Mangup-Kale – Palace of Prince Alexios I of Theodoro (around 1425), portal; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2002 228
4.69 Solkhat – the Özbeg Mosque, portal (1314), fragment; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 228
4.70 Soldaia – the so-called mosque (around the middle of the 14th c., rebuilt around 1423?), northern window of the eastern gallery, frame (Baranov 2005, p. 641, fig. 8) 228
4.71 Caffa – Church of St. Sergius (before 1331), muqarnas capital; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 229
4.72 Soldaia – so-called mosque, a capital (around the middle of the 14th c.); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 229
4.73 Soldaia – Church of the Virgin Mary (between 1365 and 1384), cornice fragment (corbel?) (I. A. Baranov, Otchet o raskopkakh v Sudakskoy kreposti v 1981 g., Simferopol’ 1982 [scan from Igor Baranov’s manuscript, made available by Aleksandr Dzhanov and Vadim Mayko]) 230
4.74 Trebizond – Hagia Sophia Church (1250s), western portico, decoration of the right spring of the arch; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 231
4.75 Caffa – stone slab with khachkars and image of St. Stephen, lintel fragment? (second half of the 14th c.?) found in the Church of St. John the Baptist; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 1997 235
4.76 Caffa – bas-relief of Agnus Dei (14th–15th c.?) from an Armenian church?; Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo before 1906 (archives of SLSP, 4/17); © Società Ligure di Storia Patria 238
4.77 Caffa – Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (founded in 1408), main portal, drawing reconstruction (after Korkhmazyan 1978, p. 100, il. XIV); by Tomasz Pasteczka 238
4.78 Aghjots – Church of St. Stephen, bas-reliefs of Saint Peter and Saint Paul on the sides of the portal (around 1270); photo by Z Galstyan (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Աղջոց_վանք_19.jpg. Accessed 2023 Mar 12) 239
4.79 Genoa – Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo (today: Palazzo di San Giorgio), eastern façade, one of the lion heads (before 1261?) originating from the so-called Venetian Castle in Constantinople; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013 242
4.80 Marble column with Greek inscription (819) from the Selim Mosque in Kefe, traditionally believed to have originated from Anatolia; Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 243
4.81 Sculpture of a lion (around AD 105?) originating from Matrega (Fanagoria?); Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 244
4.82 Bas-relief of a griffin (3rd c. BC?) originating from Vosporo (Panticapaeum); Feodosia, Feodosia Museum of Antiquities; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 245
4.83 Samastri – slab with coats of arms (around the middle of the 15th c.?) (Düll 1989b, p. 371, il. 3) 245
4.84 Samastri – western gate of İç Kale, to the north of the citadel, upper part (1421–1435), fragment; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 246
4.85 Pera – Early Byzantine capital in the courtyard of the Kurşunlu Han caravanserai, originally in the Church of St. Michael (?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2014 247
5.1 Pera – Church of St. Paul, choir vault, paintings Saint Matthew and Saint Mark (around the middle of the 14th c.); photo by Stephan Westphalen 2005 249
5.2 Pera – Church of St. Paul, choir vault, paintings Saint Matthew and Saint Mark (around the middle of the 14th c.); drawing by Stephan Westphalen 250
5.3 Pera – Church of St. Paul, southern wall of the choir, painting Nativity (around the middle of the 14th c.); photo by Stephan Westphalen 2005 251
5.4 Pera – Church of St. Paul, southern wall of the choir, painting Baptism of Christ (around the middle of the 14th c.); photo by Stephan Westphalen 2005 252
5.5 Pera – Church of St. Paul, southern wall of the choir, paintings Nativity and Baptism of Christ (around the middle of the 14th c.), drawing by Stephan Westphalen 253
5.6 Pera – Church of St. Paul, southern wall of the choir, painting Dormition of the Virgin Mary (around the middle of the 14th c.), fragment (Rönesans 2012, pp. 42–43) 254
5.7 Pera – Church of St. Paul, southern wall of the choir, painting Dormition of the Virgin Mary (around the middle of the 14th c.), fragments (Rönesans 2012, pp. 44–45) 255
5.8 Pera – Church of St. Paul, eastern wall of the northern choir chapel, mosaic: among others, Saints Peter and Paul? (around the middle of the 14th c.) (Rönesans 2012, pp. 40–41) 256
5.9 Pera – Church of St. Paul, eastern wall of the northern choir chapel, mosaic Saint Peter? and Saint Paul? (around the middle of the 14th c.) (Rönesans 2012, p. 41) 257
5.10 Pera – Church of St. Paul, eastern wall of the southern choir chapel, painting Coronation of the Virgin Mary (around the middle of the 14th c.) (Rönesans 2012, pp. 36–37) 258
5.11 Pera – Church of St. Paul, eastern wall of the southern choir chapel, painting Coronation of the Virgin Mary (around the middle of the 14th c.), fragment (Rönesans 2012, p. 34) 259
5.12 Pera – Church of St. Paul, arcosolium niche in the S wall?, painting Dormition of the Virgin Mary (around the middle of the 14th c.) (Rönesans 2012, pp. 38–39) 260
5.13 Pera – Church of St. Paul, floor fragment (around the middle of the 14th c.?) (Rönesans 2012, p. 44) 260
5.14 Ravenna – Church of St. John the Evangelist, chapel vault, paintings (second quarter of the 14th c.?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2016 263
5.15 Constantinople – Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora, parekklesion, painting Saint John of Damascus and Saint Cosmas of Jerusalem (1320–1321); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 263
5.16 Painting Coronation of the Virgin Mary (by Jacopo di Mino del Pellicciaio, 1340s?); Montepulciano, Museo Civico Pinacoteca del Comune di Montepulciano; © “Su concessione del Comune di Montepulciano – Museo Civico Pinacoteca Crociani” 264
5.17 Constantinople – Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora, narthex, mosaic Dormition of the Virgin Mary (around 1315–1320); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 265
5.18 Constantinople – Theotokos Pammakaristos Church, southern chapel, mosaic Baptism of Christ (after 1315); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 266
5.19 Genoa – Church of San Matteo, tympanum of the main portal, mosaic Saint Matthew (between 1278 and 1284); photo by Rafał Hryszko 2016 271
5.20 Genoa – Cathedral of St. Lawrence, inner wall of the façade, painting Last Judgement (by Mark of Constantinople?, 1307–1312); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013 273
5.21 Caffa – Church of St. Demetrius?, apse, fragment of painting Communion of the Apostles (14th c.?), fragment; photo by Oleksandr Chernavolov 2015 275
5.22 Caffa – Church of St. Demetrius?, apse, paintings Deesis and Communion of the Apostles (14th c.?); photo by Oleksandr Chernavolov 2015 275
5.23 Caffa – Church of St. Demetrius, northern wall, painting of a standing figure (14th c.?); photo by Oleksandr Chernavolov 2015 276
5.24 Caffa – Church of St. Demetrius?, western wall, fragment of painting Last Judgement (14th c.?); photo by Oleksandr Chernavolov 2015 277
5.25 Caffa – Church of St. Demetrius?, western wall, fragment of painting Last Judgement (14th c.?), sinners with names of sins; photo by Aleksandr Dzhanov 277
5.26 Soldaia – the so-called mosque, painting with a saint under three coats of arms (around 1423?); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 278
5.27 Soldaia – Church of the Holy Apostles, painting Last Supper (14th–15th c.?), engraving (Eugène de Villeneuve, Album historique et pittoresque de la Tauride, Paris 1853, pl. 30) 280
5.28 Cembalo – painting Virgin Mary with Child (14th c.?) found by the Gate Tower; National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 280
5.29 Studenica – King’s Church, apse, painting Communion of the Apostles (around 1314), southern part; © BLAGO Fund 283
5.30 Kerch – Church of St. John the Baptist, southern pillar of the pair standing closer to the altar, fresco with a saint (early 14th c.), fragment (after Dombrovskiy 1966, pp. 68–69, il. 37); by Tomasz Pasteczka 284
5.31 Constantinople – Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora, parekklesion, painting Theotokos Eleusa (around 1335?), fragment; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 285
5.32 Constantinople – Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora, naos, mosaic Virgin Hodegetria (around 1315–1320); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 286
5.33 So-called Madonna di Pera (14th c.?) from the Church of Sant’Antonio di Prè in Genoa; Genoa, Museo di Sant’Agostino; © Museo di Sant’Agostino, Genoa 287
5.34 So-called Madonna di Pera in metal dress (late 13th c–first quarter of the 14th c.?) from the Church of Santa Maria di Castello in Genoa, damaged in 1878 (Belgrano 1877–1884c, tav. V) 288
5.35 Istanbul-Galata – Church of Santa Maria Draperis, painting Virgin Mary Draperis (15th c.?, renovated in the 17th–18th c.?) from the medieval chapel of Virgin Mary Draperis?; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2019 289
5.36 Istanbul-Galata – Church of Saints Peter and Paul, so-called Madonna di Caffa (14th c.?, renovated in 1698-1699 and after 1731) from a Dominican church in Caffa, Mary’s face; photo taken before the conservation in the second half of the 20th c.; Istanbul, Archivio Conventuale dei Domenicani in Galata; © ACDG, Istanbul 291
5.37 Codex Cocharelli (Genoa, around 1330–1340), f. 13: Gluttony; London, British Library, Add. 27695; © The British Library Board 293
5.38 Book of Lamentations by St. Gregory of Narek, f. 107v: Crucifixion (1401); Yerevan, Matenadaran, no. 3863; © Matenadaran, Yerevan 297
5.39 Gospels, f. 121v: Descending into Hell (14th c.); Yerevan, Matenadaran, no. 7644; © Matenadaran, Yerevan 298
5.40 Interpretation of the Psalms of St. Gregory of Tatev, f. 14v: Saint Gregory of Tatev surrounded by a group of monks (by Tadeos Avramenc, 1449); Yerevan, Matenadaran, no. 1203; © Matenadaran, Yerevan 299
5.41 Nerses Shnorhali’s writings, f. 87r: Crucifixion (by Kristosatur, 1432); Vienna, Library of the Mekhitarist Congregation, cod. 543; © Bibliothek der Mechitaristen-Congregation, Vienna 300
5.42 Tetraevangelion, f. 187v: Evangelist John (around 1330); Vienna, Library of the Mekhitarist Congregation, cod. 242; © Bibliothek der Mechitaristen-Congregation, Vienna 301
5.43 Gospels, f. 297v: Virgin Mary with Abraham (1332); Yerevan, Matenadaran, no. 7664; © Matenadaran, Yerevan 302
5.44 Reliquary of St. Anne (early 14th c.?), view of both sides; Genoa, Tesoro del Duomo (after Ameri 2004, p. 254); © Proprietà del Capitolo dei Canonici della Cattedrale di San Lorenzo, Genoa 306
5.45 Reliquary of St. Anne (early 14th c.?), rim with crown; Genoa, Tesoro del Duomo; photo by Gianluca Ameri; © Proprietà del Capitolo dei Canonici della Cattedrale di San Lorenzo, Genoa 307
5.46 Reliquary of St. Anne (early 14th c.?), bottom; Genoa, Tesoro del Duomo; photo by Gianluca Ameri; © Proprietà del Capitolo dei Canonici della Cattedrale di San Lorenzo, Genoa 307
5.47 Painting Virgin Mary in silver dress (1325; foundation of Papadoulina and Ariadne); Athos, Vatopedi monastery; © The Holy and Great Monastery of Vatopedi 309
5.48 Trebizond – Hagia Sophia Church (1250s), southern portico, fragment of decoration of the southern façade; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 310
5.49 Bilingual asper of Caffa from the times of Filippo Maria Visconti’s rule over Genoa (1421) (Retovskiy 1906, tab. I/7) 316
5.50 Asper of Caffa from the times of Haji Girey (1442–1466), obverse and reverse; Kraków, National Museum; © “w zbiorach Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie; Mennica Kaffa, Kolonia Genueńska, Hajji Giray, Kaffa, asper, 1433–1466, bicie, śr. 13,5–12,1 mm, waga 0,696 g, oś 6 g., nr inw. MNK VII-P-46032” 317
5.51 Follero of Caffa from the times of the Gireys, with St. George (1453–1466) (Retovskiy 1906, tab. VI/263) 318
5.52 So-called baricat of the Golden Horde with a Lithuanian countermark (first half of the 15th c.?), obverse and reverse; Kraków, National Museum; copyright © “w zbiorach Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie; Witold – Aleksander, Litwa, Witold – Aleksander (1392–1430), tatarski asper z kontrasygnatą – tamgą Witolda – Aleksandra, 1392–1430, bicie, śr. 14.3, waga 0.842., nr inw. MNK VII-P-5577” 319
5.53 Ducat of Pera from the times of Doge Tommaso Campofregoso (1436–1442) (after Oberländer-Târnoveanu 2010a, p. 49, fig. 1); by Tomasz Pasteczka 319
5.54 Imprint of the seal found in Blizhneye near Feodosia (14th c.?); Klimanov 2016, p. 273 322
6.1 Bogatoye – Church of the Holy Saviour (14th c.), floor plan; drawing by A. Yakobson (after Buschhausen, Buschhausen, Korchmasjan 2009, tab. F4, fig. 8); by Tomasz Pasteczka 331
6.2 Bogatoye – Church of the Holy Saviour (14th c.), interior, vault of the main nave; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 331
6.3 Bogatoye – Church of the Holy Saviour (14th c.), southern portal; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 331
6.4 Foundation slab of Prince Alexios I of Theodoro from Mangup Kale (1427); Bakhchysarai, Bakhchysarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve (http://iospe.kcl.ac.uk.. Accessed 2023 Mar 12); photo by Andrey Vinogradov 332
6.5 Foundation slab from Funa (1459); Simferopol, Central Museum of Tavrida (http://iospe.kcl.ac.uk. Accessed 2023 Mar 12); photo by Andrey Vinogradov 332
6.6 Lviv – Armenian Cathedral of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary (arch. Dorchi?, around 1356–1363), view from S; photo by Joanna Wolańska 333
6.7 Lviv – Armenian Cathedral of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary, glyphes of the window in the southern wall with paintings: St. James and St. John the Evangelist (turn of the 15th/16th c.); photo by Joanna Wolańska 336
7.1 Chorgun Tower (15th or 16th c.); photo by Aleksandr Dzhanov 340
7.2 Inkerman – Calamita fortress (6th–8th c., rebuilt between the end of the 14th c. and mid-15th c. and in the late 17th–18th c.), western part with the gate tower; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2012 341
7.3 Akçakoca – Ottoman castle (?), view of so-called little fortress from SW; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 342
7.4 Bendery – Turkish castle (1538–1541), northern curtain; photo by Ivo Kruusamägi 2013 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bender_Fortress._Northern_side_04.JPG. Accessed 2023 Mar 12) 343
7.5 Constanța – the so-called Genoese lighthouse (1858–1860); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 343
7.6 Enisala – castle (third quarter of the 14th c.), view from S; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2006 344
7.7 Ereğli – fragment of the citadel (founded by Emperor of Nicaea Theodore I Laskaris, between 1214 and 1222); photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 344
7.8 Filyos (Hisarönü) – ruins of the medieval fortress, view from W; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2007 345
7.9 Soroca – castle (founded by Prince Petru Rareș, 1340s), view from E; photo by Rafał Quirini-Popławski 2013 346