Appendix B provides a chronological overview of all the derivatives/word-formation patterns coined on the basis of fairly common French, German, Spanish and Yiddish borrowings taken over since 1801. They have been arranged according to word-classes. The following symbols (placed after the first recorded usage of a lexical item) are used:
| ☐ |
lexical items initially or mostly confined to BE |
| ∞ |
lexical items originally or chiefly used in AmE |
| ◇ |
lexical items which mainly occur in colloquial usage or slang |
1. The Chronological Distribution of Derivatives of French Borrowings Since 1801
The following list gives an overview of the chronological distribution of derivatives of French borrowings which have been coined since 1801. Forty-four derivatives are from the nineteenth century, 61 from the twentieth century.
1.1 Derivatives of French Borrowings First Recorded in the Nineteenth Century
(a) 1810–1819
(1) Noun
diplomatist, n. (1815)
(2) Noun phrase
foie gras, n. p. (1818)◇
(b) 1820–1829
(1) Noun
acclimatization, n. (1826)
(2) Adjectives
climatological, adj. (1828); phantasmagorical, adj. (1828); neuralgic, adj. (1829)
(3) Adverb
phenomenally, adv. (1827)
(c) 1830–1839
(1) Nouns
bus, n. (1832); taxonomist, n. (1835)
(2) Adjectives
morphological, adj. (1830); metrological, adj. (1834); acrobatic, adj. (1838)
(3) Verb
semaphore, v. (1838)
(d) 1840–1849
(1) Nouns
minibus, n. (1841); sociologist, n. (1843)
(2) Adjective
thermodynamic, adj. (1849)
(3) Verb
chloroform, v. (1848)
(e) 1850–1859
(1) Noun
climatologist, n. (1852)
(2) Verbs
demobilize, v. (1850); crochet, v. (1858)
(3) Adverb
defiantly, adv. (1859)
(f) 1860–1869
(1) Nouns
polyethylene, n. (1862); lactoprotein, n. (1864); philatelist, n. (1865); bicyclist, n. (1869)
(2) Adjectives
Yugoslavian, adj. (1864); animistic, adj. (1869)
(3) Verbs
extradite, v. (1864); bicycle, v. (1869)
(g) 1870–1879
(1) Noun
cycle, n. (1870)
(2) Noun phrase
restaurant car, n. p. (1870)☐
(3) Adjective
gyroscopic, adj. (1871)
(h) 1880–1889
(1) Noun
bike, n. (1880)◇; immobilization, n. (1882); stabilization, n. (1887)
(2) Noun phrase
gas turbine, n. p. (1885)
(3) Adjective
impressionistic, adj. (1886)
(4) Verb
massage, v. (1887)
(i) 1890–1899
(1) Nouns
speleologist, n. (1895); auto, n. (1899)∞; isolationist, n. (1899)
(2) Noun phrase
matinee idol, n. p. (1897)
(3) Adjective
aerodynamic, adj. (1898)
(4) Adverb
flamboyantly, adv. (1894)
1.2 Derivatives of French Borrowings First Recorded in the Twentieth Century
(a) 1901–1909
(1) Nouns
oxyacetylene, n. (1907); plane, n. (1908); lipoprotein, n. (1909); stabilizer, n. (1909)
(2) Noun phrase
attaché case, n. p. (1904)
(3) Adjectives
anaphylactic, adj. (1907); menopausal, adj. (1907)
(4) Verbs
re-evaluate, v. (1905); garage, v. (1906)
(b) 1910–1919
(1) Noun
cinema-goer, n. (1913)
(2) Noun phrases
home cinema, n. p. (1913)☐; pep rally, n. p. (1915)∞◇
(2) Adjectives
biodynamic, adj. (1911); cinematic, adj. (1912)
(3) Verbs
camouflage, v. (1917); chauffeur, v. (1917); sabotage v. (1918)
(c) 1920–1929
(1) Nouns
deb, n. (1920)∞◇; immobilizer, n. (1922)∞; isolationism, n. (1922); physiotherapist, n. (1922); cigarette-butt, n. (1923); voyeurism, n. (1924); commie, n. (1928)∞◇; palais, n. (1928); motivator, n. (1929)
(2) Adjectives
phonemic, adj. (1921); clichéd, adj. (1925); collaborative, adj. (1927); evaluative, adj. (1927)
(3) Verb
premiere, v. (1927)
(d) 1930–1939
(1) Nouns
bra, n. (1936)◇; rappelling, n. (1938)
(2) Noun phrases
bicycle shorts, n. p. (1933)∞; personnel carrier, n. p. (1937)
(3) Adjective
surreal, adj. (1937)
(4) Verb
destabilize, v. (1934)
(e) 1940–1949
(1) Nouns
mayo, n. (1940)∞◇; vacky, n. (1940)◇; copter, n. (1947)∞; avionics, n. (1949)
(f) 1950–1959
(1) Adjective
diglossic, adj. (1959)
(2) Verbs
rappel, v. (1950); rally, v. (1956)
(g) 1960–1969
(1) Nouns
physio, n. (1967)◇; rallycross, n. (1967); limo, n. (1968)∞◇
(2) Adjective
infrastructural, adj. (1963)
(3) Verbs
demystify, v. (1963); format, v. (1968)
(h) 1970–1979
(1) Nouns
aromatherapist, n. (1970); eco-chic, n. (1975)
(2) Noun phrase
bikini line, n. p. (1979)
(i) 1980–1989
(1) Noun
arb, n. (1983)◇; tankini, n. (1985)∞; precariat, n. (1989)
(2) Noun phrase
helicopter parent, n. p. (1989)
(2) Adjective
andropausal, adj. (1988)
(j) 1990–1999
(1) Noun
gastropub, n. (1996)☐
(2) Noun phrase
UK garage, n. p. (1992)☐
(k) Not dated
(1) Noun phrase
boho chic, n. p. (not dated)
2. The Chronological Distribution of Derivatives of German Borrowings Since 1801
The following list offers an overview of the chronological distribution of derivatives of German borrowings which have been coined since 1801. Twenty-two date from the nineteenth century and 41 from the twentieth century.
2.1 Derivatives of German Borrowings First Recorded in the Nineteenth Century
(a) 1820–1829
(1) Noun
ethnographer, n. (1825)
(b) 1830–1839
(1) Adjective
homœopathic, adj. (1830)
(c) 1840–1849
(1) Nouns
accordionist, n. (1842); histologist, n. (1842)
(d) 1850–1859
(1) Adjectives
epistemological, adj. (1854); spooky, adj. (1854)
(e) 1860–1869
(1) Noun
psychiatrist, n. (1869)
(2) Noun phrases
piano accordion, n. p. (1860); paraffin wax, n. p. (1867)
(f) 1870–1879
(1) Noun
dialectologist, n. (1871)
(2) Adjective
ecological, adj. (1879)
(3) Verb
spook, v. (1871)
(g) 1880–1889
(1) Noun
oceanographer, n. (1886)
(h) 1890–1899
(1) Nouns
ecologist, n. (1893); methanol, n. (1894); gabfest, n. (1895)∞◇; psych, n. (1895)◇; zooplankton, n. (1897)
(2) Adjectives
psychotic, adj. (1890); entropic, adj. (1893)
(3) Verb
X-ray, v. (1896)
(4) Adverb
subliminally, adv. (1892)
2.2 Derivatives of German Borrowings First Recorded in the Twentieth Century
(a) 1901–1909
(1) Nouns
talkfest, n. (1906)∞◇; motoneuron, n. (1908)
(2) Adjectives
mitochondrial, adj. (1901); snarky, adj. (1906)◇; chromosomal, adj. (1909)
(b) 1910–1919
(1) Nouns
kindy, n. (1910)◇; polio, n. (1911)∞; allergist, n. (1915); slugfest, n. (1916)∞◇; sadomasochism, n. (1919)
(2) Adjective
schizophrenic, adj. (1912)
(c) 1920–1929
(1) Nouns
polyester, n. (1922); abseil, n. (1923); sadomasochist, n. (1929)
(2) Adjective
sadomasochistic, adj. (1921)
(3) Adverb
tendentiously, adv. (1924)
(d) 1930–1939
(1) Nouns
Nazism, n. (1930); dunk, n. (1932)∞; abseiling, n. (1936); frank, n. (1936)∞
(e) 1940–1949
(1) Nouns
blitz, n. (1940); necrophiliac, n. (1945); deli, n. (1948)∞
(2) Verb
demotivate, v. (1949)
(f) 1950–1959
(1) Noun
kinder, n. (1955)◇
(2) Adjectives
angsty, adj. (1956); angst-ridden, adj. (1957 as earliest OED quotation)
(3) Verb
snorkel, v. (1959)
(g) 1960–1969
(1) Adjective
kitschy, adj. (1967)
(h) 1970–1979
(1) Noun
chemo, n. (1977)◇
(2) Noun phrase
giro cheque, n. p. (1972)
(i) 1980–1989
(1) Nouns
biotech, n. (1980); carb, n. (1981)∞◇; biodiesel, n. (1986); feminazi, n. (1989)∞◇
(2) Noun phrase
ozone hole, n. p. (1986)
(3) Adjective
ozone-friendly, adj. (1988)
(4) Verb
tippex, v. (1983)
(j) 1990–1999
(1) Nouns
webinar, n. (1997); yogalates, n. (1999)
(k) Not dated
(1) Noun
mark, n. (not dated)
3. The Chronological Distribution of Derivatives of Spanish Borrowings Since 1801
The following list provides a chronological overview of the derivatives of Spanish borrowings which have been formed since 1801. Six were formed in the nineteenth and seven in the twentieth century.
3.1 Derivatives of Spanish Borrowings First Recorded in the Nineteenth Century
(a) 1810–1819
(1) Adjective
blue-blooded, adj. (1813)
(b) 1830–1839
(1) Nouns
rancher, n. (1836)∞
(c) 1840–1849
(1) Adjective
Mayan, adj. (1843)
(d) 1850–1859
(1) Noun phrase
ranch house, n. p. (1859)
(e) 1890–1899
(1) Noun
bronc, n. (1893)∞◇
(2) Noun phrase
dude ranch, n. p. (1899)
3.2 Derivatives of Spanish Borrowings First Recorded in the Twentieth Century
(a) 1910–1919
(1) Nouns
groceteria, n. (1913)∞; Argentinian, n. (1918)
(2) Verb
tango, v. (1913)
(b) 1930–1939
(1) Noun
vigilantism, n. (1937)∞
(c) 1960–1969
(1) Noun phrases
ranch dressing, n. p. (1962)∞; tequila sunrise, n. p. (1965)
(d) 1980–1989
(1) Noun
canyoning, n. (1986)
4. The Chronological Distribution of Derivatives of Yiddish Borrowings Since 1801
Only two derivatives of Yiddish borrowings were coined in the nineteenth century, four were first recorded in the twentieth century.
4.1 Derivatives of Yiddish Borrowings First Recorded in the Nineteenth Century
(a) 1870–1879
(1) Noun
nosh, n. (1873)◇
(b) 1890–1899
(1) Noun
schmoozer, n. (1899)◇
4.2 Derivatives of Yiddish Borrowings First Recorded in the Twentieth Century
(a) 1930–1939
(1) Adjective
schmaltzy, adj. (about 1934)◇
(b) 1950–1959
(1) Verb
putz, v. (1950)∞◇
(c) 1960–1969
(1) Noun
schlep, n. (1962)◇
(2) Adjective
klutzy, adj. (1961)∞◇