1 Guillaume Payen and Pierre Charlet, first page of the estate inventory of Chicart Bailly, ink on paper, 1533, Paris (Arch. nat., Min. cent., XIX, 111, 16 June 1533). Credit: Archives nationales (France), photograph by author 2
2 “Notary and appraisers creating an estate inventory,” Horae ad usum Parisiensem, fol. 140(v), paint on vellum, 15th century, France (Bibliothèque nationale de France, Jean-Baptiste Colbert Collection, MS Lat. 1176). Credit: Source gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothèque nationale de France 3
3 Writing tablet, ivory, 15th century, origin unknown (Musées Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire/Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst und Geschiedenis, Inv. V. 383A; Inv. V. 383B). Credit: Creative Commons CC BY-MRAH/KMKG 8
4 Game board with six games, ivory, ebony, and tinted walnut, ca. 1500-1525, Paris? (Musée national du Moyen Age — Thermes de Cluny, Cl. 3434). Credit: © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 8
5 Attributed to the workshop of Chicart Bailly, Memento Mori, ivory and ebony, early 16th century, Paris (Schnütgen Museum, Inv. B 160). Credit: © Museum Schnütgen, Foto: Dennis Zetlitz, Gelsenkirchen 10
6 Guillaume Payen and Pierre Charlet, detail from folio 15(v) of the estate inventory of Chicart Bailly, ink on paper, 1533, Paris (Arch. Nat., Min. cent., XIX, 111, 16 June 1533). Credit: Archives nationales (France), photograph by author 11
7 Attributed to the workshop of Chicart Bailly, Memento Mori Prayer Bead, ivory, early 16th century, Paris (Detroit Institute of Arts, 1990.315). Credit: Founders Society Purchase, General Art Purchase Fund, Insurance Recovery Fund, David L. Klein, Jr. Memorial Foundation, European Sculpture and Decorative Arts Fund, Henry Ford II Fund, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hamilton Fund for Medieval Art, with additional funds from Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hamilton, Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit 12
8 Attributed to the workshop of Chicart Bailly, Memento Mori with a Woman and Death, ivory, early 16th century, Paris (Bode-Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 8554). Credit: bpk Bildagentur / Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin / AntjeVoigt / Art Resource, NY 12
9 Attributed to the workshop of Chicart Bailly, Base for a Statuette, ivory, early 16th century, Paris (The Cloisters Collection, 55.168). Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters Collection, 1955 13
10 Memento Mori Pendant, probably from a rosary, ivory, ca. 1500, France or Flanders (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2007-133-1, https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/301619). Credit: Philadelphia Museum of Art: Purchased with the Walter E. Stait Fund, 2007, 2007-133-1 14
11 Comb, ivory, 1500-1550, France (Victoria and Albert Museum, 2144-1855). Credit: © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 14
12 Guillaume Payen and Pierre Charlet, detail from a corner binding, ink on paper, 1533, Paris (Arch. nat., Min. cent., XIX, 111, 16 June 1533). Credit: Archives nationales (France), photograph by author 29
13 Family tree for the Bailly. Credit: Diagram made by Leslie Parker, 2022 31
14 Detail of “Feuille 36ieme,” Atlas de la censive de l’Archevêché dans Paris (The Internet Archive, ark:/13960/t0sr17n3r, contributed by Getty Research Institute). Credit: Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (84-B14368) 43
15 Detail of page featuring “Marchés îlot n°1, 15e quartier,” Le cadastre de Paris par îlot, dit Atlas Vasserot (1810-1836) (Archives de Paris — F/31/79/02, http://archives.paris.fr/r/138/plans-parcellaires/). Credit: Archives de Paris (F/31/79/02), downloaded 8 August 2022 44
16 Detail of page featuring “Marchés îlot n°3, 15e quartier,” Le cadastre de Paris par îlot, dit Atlas Vasserot (1810-1836) (Archives de Paris — F/31/79/02, http://archives.paris.fr/r/138/plans-parcellaires/). Credit: Archives de Paris (F/31/79/02), downloaded 8 August 2022 50
17 Étienne Delaune, A Goldsmith’s Workshop, engraving, 1576, Paris (British Museum, 1951,1120.5). Credit: © The Trustees of the British Museum 54
18 André Thevet, “… le bois du Bresil trouué, auec plusierus autres arbres non veuz ailleurs qu’en ce païs,” Les singularitez de la France Antarctique autrement nommée amérique (recto of leaf 117), woodcut, 1558, Paris (JCB Archive of Early American Images, 0656). Credit: Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library. The items pertaining to the JCB digital collections are made available in Open Access 63
19 André Thevet, “Whale Flensing,” La cosmographie universelle d’André Thevet, Livre XXIII (recto of folio 1017), woodcut, 1575, Paris (Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Arsenal, FOL-H-78 [2]). Credit: Source gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothèque nationale de France 69
20 Detail of “Tabletier-Cornetier, planche Iere,” Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc., Planches. t. 9, edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert, engraving, 1762-1772, Paris (Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Littérature et art, Z-371). Credit: Source gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothèque nationale de France 72
21 Detail of “Tabletier-Cornetier, planche XIII,” Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc., Planches. t. 9, edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert, engraving, 1762-1772, Paris (Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Littérature et art, Z-371). Credit: Source gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothèque nationale de France 75
22 Jean Bourdichon, “Woodworker,” Les Quatre Etats de la Société, manuscript illlumination on velin, ca. 1505, Tours (Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de Paris, Mn.mas 92). Credit: © Beaux-Arts de Paris, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 79
23 “Georg Han — Schreiner,” Die Hausbücher der Nürnberger (Mendel II, folio 50 recto), watercolor on paper, 1589, Nuremberg (Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg, Amb. 317b.2°). Credit: Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg, Amb.317b.2°, f. 50r 80
24 Details of scie a tronchet in Jean Bourdichon, “Woodworker,” Les Quatre Etats de la Société, manuscript illlumination on velin, ca. 1505, Tours (Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de Paris, Mn.mas 92). Credit: © Beaux-Arts de Paris, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 81
25 Detail of serpes from “Tabletier-Cornetier, planche XIII,” Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc., Planches. t. 9, edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert, engraving, 1762-1772, Paris (Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Littérature et art, Z-371). Credit: Source gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothèque nationale de France 82
26 Details featuring houettes or adzes, “Georg Han — Schreiner,” Die Hausbücher der Nürnberger (Mendel II, folio 50 recto), watercolor on paper, 1589, Nuremberg (Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg, Amb. 317b.2°). Credit: Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg, Amb.317b.2°, f.47r; 50r 83
27 “Mathes Otth — Holtz Drechsell,” Die Hausbücher der Nürnberger (Mendel II, folio 47 recto), watercolor on paper, 1589, Nuremberg (Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg, Amb. 317b.2°). Credit: Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg, Amb.317b.2°, f.47r 85
28 Nicolas de Larmessin II, “Habit de Tabletier,” Les Costumes grotesques et les métiers, engraving and etching, 1695, Paris (Museum of Fine Arts Boston, 44.1097). Credit: The Elizabeth Day McCormick Collection. Photograph © 2023 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 89
29 Chess/checkers from Game board with six games, ivory, ebony, and tinted walnut, ca. 1500, France (Musée national du Moyen Age — Thermes de Cluny, Cl. 3434). Credit: © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 90
30 Jeu de tables from Game board with six games, ivory, ebony, and tinted walnut, ca. 1500, France (Musée national du Moyen Age — Thermes de Cluny, Cl. 3434). Credit: © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 91
31 Detail of marquetry from Game board with six games, ivory, ebony, and tinted walnut, ca. 1500, France (Musée national du Moyen Age — Thermes de Cluny, Cl. 3434). Credit: © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 94
32 Jeu de merelles and Renard et poules from Game board with six games, ivory, ebony, and tinted walnut, ca. 1500, France (Musée national du Moyen Age — Thermes de Cluny, Cl. 3434). Credit: © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 95
33 Wheel-based game from Game board with six games, ivory, ebony, and tinted walnut, ca. 1500, France (Musée national du Moyen Age — Thermes de Cluny, Cl. 3434). Credit: © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 96
34 Word-based game from Game board with six games, ivory, ebony, and tinted walnut, ca. 1500, France (Musée national du Moyen Age — Thermes de Cluny, Cl. 3434). Credit: © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 99
35 Double-Sided Game board, ivory and ebony, ca. 1550, France (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1964-91-8a-i, https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/60285). Credit: Philadelphia Museum of Art: Gift of John F. Harbeson, 1964, 1964-91-8a-i 100
36 “Ground Billiards,” Histoire de Robin et Marion, Gombaut et Macée, wood engraving, 1581-1599, Paris (Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Estampes et photographie, RESERVE FOL-ED-5 [G]). Credit: Source gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothèque nationale de France 103
37 “Billiards,” The compleat gamester…, wood engraving, edition by F. Willfrod, 1721 (original 1674), London (George Peabody Library Rare Book, 790 C851 1721). Credit: Courtesy of the George Peabody Library, The Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins University 103
38 Detail of a tapestry with Millefleurs with Children and Peacocks, wool and silk, ca. 1500, probably Tournai (Musée des Arts Décoratifs, inv. 10551). Credit: Musée des Arts Décoratifs, photograph by author 104
39 Dînette, lead, late 14th century, Paris (Musée de Cluny, Cl. 17872;Cl. 17779; Cl. 17856; Cl. 17846; Cl. 17852; Cl. 17856; Cl. 17863). Credit: © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY 106
40 “Kitchen,” Stromersches Puppenhaus, multimedia, 1639, Germany (Germanisches Nationalmuseum, HG4063). Credit: Courtesy of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum 108
41 “Penelope at Her Loom,” a fragment of The Stories of Virtuous Women, wool tapestry, ca. 1480-1483, French or Franco-Flemish (Museum of Fine Arts Boston, 26.54). Credit: Maria Antoinette Evans Fund. Photograph © 2023, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 110
42 “Saint Hedwig of Silesia with Duke Ludwig of Legnica and Brieg and Duchess Agnés,” Vita beatae Hedwigis, tempera, colored washes, and ink on parchment, 1353, Poland (Getty Center, Ms. Ludwig XI 7 (83.MN.126), fol. 12v). Credit: Courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program 111
43 Crib of the Infant Jesus, wood, polychromy, lead, silver-gilt, painted parchment, silk embroidery with seed pearls, gold thread, translucent enamels, 15th century, Brabant (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1974.121a-d). Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Ruth Blumka, in memory of Leopold Blumka, 1974 113
44 Virgin and Child with base, ivory, polychromy, gilding, 15th century (?), Italian (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 30.95.17a, b). Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Theodore M. Davis Collection, Bequest of Theodore M. Davis, 1915 116
45 Pax with Saint Roch, ivory, ca. 1500, Netherlands (Museo Correr, Inv. XVII no. 7). Credit: Museo Correr 119
46 Workshop of Jean d’Ypres, “Saint Roch,” Hore Diue v[ir]gis Marie Scd[u]m Veru[m] Vsum Romanu[m], metalcut illustration, 1511, Paris, printed by Thielman Kerver (Special Collections Library — UVA, Gordon 1511.C38). Credit: courtesy of the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia 120
47 The Temptation of Adam and Eve, boxwood, 1520-1540, Germany or Flanders (The Walters Art Museum, 61.156). Credit: The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore 121
48 Workshop of Jean d’Ypres, “Creation,” La premier [-second] volume de la bible en francoiz, woodcut, 1517, Paris, printed by Antoine Vérard (Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection, Library of Congress, BS230 1517, fol. A.iir). Credit: Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division 122
49 Workshop of Jean d’Ypres, “Nativity” and “Adoration of the Magi,” Horae Beatae Mariae Virginia, Cum Kalendario: Ces Presentes Heures a Lusaige de Romme, metalcut illustration, 1502, Paris, printed by Philippe Pigouchet and Simon Vostre (Special Collections Library — UVA, Typ 1502.C374). Credit: Courtesy of the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia 123
50 Jean Pichore, “Nativity” and “Adoration of the Magi,” Hore diue v[ir]gi[ni]s Marie s[e]c[un]d[u]m vsum Romanu[m], metalcut with paint on vellum, 1514, Paris, printed by Germain Hardouyn (Rare Books — Huntington Library, 108684). Credit: Courtesy of The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 124
51 Candlestick, copper alloy, 15th or 16th century, South Netherlands or Germany (The Cloisters Collection, 55.40.1). Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters Collection, 1955. Candlestick, copper alloy, 15th, Germany (The Cloisters Collection, 57.135). Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters Collection, 1957 125
52 Albrecht Dürer, The Mass of Saint Gregory, woodcut, 1511, Germany (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.1201.27). Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art, George Khuner Collection, Bequest of Marianne Khuner, 1984 126
53 Maître aux Fleurs, detail of folio 57r, Livre d’heures, en latin, manuscript illumination on parchment, 15th century, France or the Netherlands (Bibliothèque nationale de France, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, Ms-638 réserve, folio 57r). Credit: Source gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal 127