1.1 Map of Transylvania with the location of Alba Iulia 12
1.2 The plan of the Roman fort in Alba Iulia with the location of the episcopal site and of the pillared church (2011) 14
1.3 The episcopal ensemble in Alba Iulia, with the spot of the pillared church in front of the cathedral 17
1.4 The plan of the archaeological digs published by Radu Heitel in 1985, with the location of all the churches 19
1.5 The church discovered in 2011 – general view from the east 22
1.6 The apse of the pillared church during the excavation process 23
1.7 The central part of the church viewed from north-east with the ruins of the four pillars 24
1.8 Stratigraphical sequence between the south pillars, with the traces of pavement over the black backfill of a dwelling from the 9th–10th centuries, including an oven 25
1.9 The foundation of the south-west pillar 26
1.10 Lunula earring found on the site, south-west from the ruin, 9th–10th centuries 27
1.11 Pot from the 9th–10th centuries discovered on the hearth of an oven 29
1.12 Graves over the ruin of the apse 31
1.13 The ruin of the south wall of the church, with the remains of a 12th century brick cist, built within the ruin 33
1.14 The ruin of the southern wall of the church and a cluster of graves from the 12th century 35
1.15 Graves over the south wall of the church 36
1.16 The church at the end of the excavations – with some overlapped Roman ruins in hatches 38
1.17 The reconstructed plan of the church in Alba Iulia and some contemporary analogies 39
1.18 The orthodox St. Nicholas church in Densuș (1–2) and the reconstructed plan of the Byzantine church in Alba Iulia (3) 41
1.19 Pectoral cross from the inventory of the cemetery at ‘Izvorul Împăratului’ 44
1.20 Medieval churches in Alba Iulia: the ruins of the 10th–11th-century Byzantine church and the restitution of the 9th to 12th-century round church 47
1.21 Medieval churches in Alba Iulia: the first cathedral (in black), 11th and 12th centuries, with or without the round church (in black) – ruins beneath the St. Michael Cathedral (in grey). To the west, the former Byzantine church (in grey) 49
1.22 St. Michael Cathedral, view from the east 51
2.1 Water pipe segments (1–10) and piping joint (11): 1 – Bucov-Rotari, house 1; 2 – Căscioarele, stray find; 3, 4 – Căscioarele, house 1a; 5, 7–10 – Chirnogi, stray finds; 6, 11 – Chirnogi, house 2 64
2.2 The distribution of water pipe segments in the lands north of the river Danube 65
3.1 Map of present-day Alba Iulia with the location of the main sites referred to in the text 80
3.2 Plans of the 1979–1981 (1) and 1981–1985 (2) excavations, with the location of the 9th–10th centuries burials. Overlapping graves of the first and second phase in the medieval cemetery at ‘Stația de Salvare’ (3) 83
3.3 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. 1–2. Tile cist graves of the first burial horizon (Cemetery I). 3. Burial of the first phase with animal offerings, ceramic and iron knife 85
3.4 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. Different types of graves with food offerings in the first burial horizon (Cemetery I) 86
3.5 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. Stone covering of burial pits (1–2) and deposition of ceramic vessels (3–4) in the second burial horizon (Cemetery II) 87
3.6 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. Different ceramic types of the first burial horizon (Cemetery I) 90
3.7 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. Different ceramic types of the first burial horizon (Cemetery I) 91
3.8 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. Different ceramic types of the first (1–3) and second (4–8) burial horizon (Cemetery I and II) 92
3.9 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. Grave goods of the first burial horizon (Cemetery I) 97
3.10 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. Grave goods of the second burial horizon (Cemetery II) 100
3.11 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. Grave goods of the second burial horizon (Cemetery II) 101
3.12 Alba Iulia – ‘Stația de Salvare’. Grave goods of the second burial horizon (Cemetery II) 102
3.13 Jewelry discovered in the Ciumbrud (1–9), Orăștie X8 (10–13) and Ghirbom (16–19) cemeteries. Yellow burnished pot (14) and tile cist with cremation graves (15) discovered at Micești-Orizont 103
3.14 Types of graves in Stația de Salvare I cemetery (9th–first half of the 10th century) 105
3.15 Demographic composition of the 9th–10th centuries burials at Stația de Salvare cemetery (I and II) 105
3.16 The 9th–12th centuries burials and settlement areas located on the map drawn by Giovanni Morandi Visconti in 1711 108
3.17 Distribution of calibrated radiocarbon date RM99 Cârnic 1–upper level from Roșia Montană 111
3.18 Map of the main sites around Alba Iulia and selected Balkan key sites in the 9th–10th centuries 112
3.19 Temporal spans of early medieval cemeteries in the Alba Iulia area 114
4.1 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IA: 1 – Isaccea; 2 – Dolojman; 3a–b – Beroe 117
4.2 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IA: 1a–b. Dăbâca 118
4.3 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IA: 1a–b – Păcuiul lui Soare; 2a–b – Păcuiul lui Soare 119
4.4 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IA: 1a–b – Șuletea; 2a–b – Capidava 120
4.5 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IA: 1a–b – Isaccea; 2 – Hârșova; 3 – Capidava 121
4.6 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IA: 1 – Isaccea; 2 – Dinogeția; 3a–b – Isaccea 122
4.7 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IB: 1 – Măcin; 2a–b – Dinogeția 124
4.8 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IC: 1a–b – Nufăru; 2–4 – Banat 126
4.9 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IC: 1a–b – Păcuiul lui Soare; 2 – Păcuiul lui Soare; 3a–b – Capidava 127
4.10 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IC: 1–2 – Dinogeția; 3 – Păcuiul lui Soare; 4–5 – Isaccea; 6 – Capidava 128
4.11 Reliquary crosses with embossed figures Type IC: 1a–b – Dinogeția; 2a–b – Dinogeția 129
4.12 Number of enkolpia with embossed figures 132
4.13 Arrangement of enkolpia with human figures in relief depending on the type in the Romanian provinces 132
4.14 Distribution of enkolpia with human figures in relief depending on the type in Dobrudja 133
4.15 Map of the spread of reliquary crosses with embossed figures 138
7.1 The consecration of Patriarch Theophylact (Biblioteca Nacional de España, MSS Graecus Vitr. 26-2 Codex Græcus Matritensis Ioannis Skylitzes, fol. 129a) 194
7.2 The emperor Romanos I welcomes the Mandylion, with the patriarch Theophylact (Biblioteca Nacional de España, MSS Graecus Vitr. 26-2 Codex Græcus Matritensis Ioannis Skylitzes, fol. 131a) 201
7.3 Patriarch Theophylact prays for the co-emperor Romanos II crowned by his father Constantine VII (Biblioteca Nacional de España, MSS Graecus Vitr. 26-2 Codex Græcus Matritensis Ioannis Skylitzes, fol. 133v) 203
7.4 Queen Olga of Rus’ in front of Emperor Constantine VII (Biblioteca Nacional de España, MSS Graecus Vitr. 26-2 Codex Græcus Matritensis Ioannis Skylitzes, fol. 135b) 216
7.5 Patriarch Theophylact leaving the Easter office in order to visit his horses (Biblioteca Nacional de España, MSS Graecus Vitr. 26-2 Codex Græcus Matritensis Ioannis Skylitzes, fol. 137a b) 223
7.6 Patriarch Theophylact baptizes the Hungarian prince Bulcsú (Boulosoudes) in St. Sophia church, with Emperor Constantine VII as godfather (Biblioteca Nacional de España, MSS Graecus Vitr. 26-2 Codex Græcus Matritensis Ioannis Skylitzes, fol. 134v) 234
7.7 The Hungarian cavalry defeated by the Germans at Lechfeld (955) and the execution of prince Bulcsú (Volosodès) (Biblioteca Nacional de España, MSS Graecus Vitr. 26-2 Codex Græcus Matritensis Ioannis Skylitzes, fol. 135a) 235
10.1 Bishop Theophylaktos’s seal 258
10.2 Bishop Antonios’s seal 259
10.3 Bishop Demetrios’s seal 261
14.1 The pillared church in Alba Iulia (10th–11th centuries) and the first cathedral in Alba Iulia (11th century) having the same scale and actual distance from one another. It’s possible that the churches could have existed simultaneously for a short time 359
14.2 A standard cross-in-square church plan using the quadrature for proportioning the width and length 360
14.3 A simplified scheme of the naos, represented as a grill of 9 modules with the position of the interior columns 361
14.4 Extension of the previous figure by a width of 1 module, including the sanctuary on the east and the narthex on the west 362
14.5 The church at the end of the excavations – archaeological plan 366
14.6 Archaeological site. Aerial perspective. Carved stones are visible on the apse, the north-eastern inner structure and the south-western corner. In the middle – the pillars 367
14.7 St. Nicholas church in Densuș. 13th century. Unusual volume with central tower and quarter-cylinder vaulting 368
14.8 St. Nicholas church in Rădăuți. 14th century. Unusual volume with longitudinal and perpendicular barrel vaulting and without a dome 369
14.9 The pillared church in Alba Iulia, basilica church in Szabolcs and royal court church in Zirc. Same scale and outline 370
14.10 Church of St. Andrew at Baćina. Early Christian church with pre-Romanesque vaulting structure 371
14.11 St. Peter at Omiš. 11th century 372
14.12 The cross-in-square version without narthex. Overlap of the archaeological plan. Architectural plan, section and axonometry. Perspectives 373
14.13 The cross-in-square version without narthex. Overlap of the archaeological plan. Architectural plan, section and axonometry. Perspectives 374
14.14 Church of St. John the Baptist in Lopud. 11th Century. Middle bay supporting the tower is slightly narrower 376
14.15 The pseudo-basilical version with a tower. Overlap of the archaeological plan. Architectural plan, section and axonometry. Perspectives 378