Figures
0.1 Illustrative map of known eleventh and twelfth century medieval trade routes. Created by Martin Jan Månsson 17
2.1 Distribution of Scandinavian settlement names ending in -by, and those that form Grimston-hybrids. Adapted from Julian D. Richards, Viking Age England (London: Batsford, 1991), 34 48
2.2 “Faces of the Gosforth Cross.” C.G. Collingwood, Northumbrian Crosses of the Pre-Norman Age (London: Faber, 1927), Fig. 184, p. 156 51
4.1 July, 21st, 1412. Archivio di Stato di Bologna, Ufficio delle bollette e presentazione dei forestieri, B. 1, 1408–1428 86
4.2 January, 1st, 1479. Archivio di Stato di Bologna, Ufficio delle bollette e presentazione dei forestieri 95
6.1 Map of origins of settlers in Franchise 117
Tables
2.1 Most frequent types of Scandinavian place-names in England 48
2.2 Comparison of some ON and ModE words and phrases from Gunnlaugs Saga Ormstungu 58
2.3 Simplified comparison of the ON and OE gender systems in terms of overlaps and differences 61
2.4 Overlaps between the OE and ON gender systems 61
4.1 Foreigners entering Bologna in July 1412 90
4.2 Friars entering Bologna in July 1412 by order 92
4.3 Foreigners entering Bologna, January to May 1413 93
4.4 Breakdown of accompanying persons for foreigners entering Bologna, January to May 1413 93