Index
2001: A Space Odyssey
.
see Stanley Kubrick
A Revelation of Purgatory
194–195
Aachen
149, 151
abbeys
109–110, 128n1, 221.
Ename; Marchiennes
abbots
188–189, 202, 221.
entries on individual abbots
ABC primers
.
see primers
Abelard, Peter
215–216
absence of evidence
.
see evidence of absence
absolution
187–192.
contrition; confession
Acca’s Cross
141
accommodation (linguistic)
45–60
accommodation (lodging)
81–97, 115–120, 154.
hotels
acquisition (of language)
46, 66, 207–208
actant
.
see Bruno Latour; Actor-Network- Theory
actors
30
Actor-Network-Theory
4–6, 8, 22.
Bruno Latour
Adalbert, Saint
68n20, 72
Adam (Bible’s first man)
129, 156–165, 174
adaptation (of literary texts)
7–8, 11, 56, 156, 160, 166–182, 217–219, 228–229
administration (of justice)
73–75
administration (of sacraments)
190, 204–205
administration (of towns, counties)
21, 56–57, 115, 210
Ælfred the Great, King
9n16, 47, 164n73, 167n3
Ælfric of Eynsham
De Falsis Diis
57
Æthelberht the martyr
138
Æthelred II, King
57
Æthelred the martyr
138
Æthelweard
Chronicon
57
Africa
16, 225–226, 230n18
afterlife (place, vision)
183–201.
hell; purgatory; heaven
Age of Enlightenment
144
agency
4n5, 138, 184–185, 190, 194–197, 201
agents of a king
106
agriculture
47, 66, 107–109
Aidan, Saint
142
Albert, vogt
72n38, 73
Albi
119
alchemy
30, 94.
magic
alcohol
.
see wine
Aldhelm, Saint
166
Alexandreida
75
Alfred of Beverley, chronicler
102
aliens
7–9, 52, 210
Aljafería Palace, Zaragoza
131
Allah
16
altar
136, 141
alterity
12, 114, 122.
estrangement; otherness; strange
ambassadors
74, 87, 91
ambition
7, 131, 133, 226
Anatolius of Alexandria
158
ancestors
15, 148, 225–226, 230
anchorites
190n27, 194–197.
recluses
Andalusia
131
Anderson, Benedict
3
angels
24, 216
anger
6, 71, 222
Angers
116n12, 148
Anglo-Norman
98, 128, 130–131, 136
Anglo-Norse (language contact)
41–62.
Anglo-Viking; Old English; Old Norse; language contact
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
54, 99n7
Anglo-Viking (contact, names, relations)
44–62
animals
2, 71n35.
beasts; entries for individual animals
annals
99n7, 101n10, 136, 148–150, 158
Annals of Cracow
72n38
anthropology, historical
26–27
anthropophagi
2, 10
anxiety
28, 30–31, 227.
fear
Apocalypse of Paul
168.
Visio Sancti Pauli
Apollonius of Tyre
229
apostles, apostolic
190–191, 196–197
apprentices
31
Arabic language and culture
16, 70n31, 153–155, 226n5, 230
Aramaic
163–164
archaeology (data, methods)
19–21, 51–52, 98–112
archbishops
149–151.
entries on individual archbishops
architecture
10–11, 19, 21, 128–145, 229
archives
36–38, 91, 96, 127.
entries on individual archives and archival documents
Ari Þorgilsson
Íslendingabók
147–165
aristocracy
66, 75.
v
arms
.
see weapons
arms (body part)
167–168
armies
53, 74, 113, 120, 174n28
Arrageois (inhabitants of Arras)
113–127
Arras
21, 106, 113–127
Arru, Angiolina
96
art, art history
2, 5, 7, 23, 50–51, 128–145, 229.
magic
Arthur, King
216–217
Arthurian romance
175
artisans
32, 69–70, 84, 79–81, 115, 125–127, 135
Artois
113–127
ascetics
190, 228
Ashkenaz
146–165
assemblages
4–6, 20, 39, 135
assemblies
115–116, 133, 173
Asser of Lund
147
assimilation
3, 9–10, 30, 35, 68, 126–127, 174n27, 219, 225n1, 226
astrolabe
153–154
astrology, astronomy
146–158
asylum
211.
refugees
Augustine of Hippo
222–223
De Trinitate
160, 216, 222–223
Homilies on John
160
Augustinian friars
92, 202, 212
Augustus
156–157
Austin, David
98
autonomy
34n49, 56, 90–91, 139
autumn
.
see fall
Ave Maria
72
axes
179–181
Babel
7
Baldwin VII, Count
109
Balkans
35
Baltic Sea
18
Bamber Bridge
171
bandits
28–29, 36–39
banishment
33, 73, 75.
exile
baptism
10, 164, 204–207, 219
barbarians
10, 47n17, 76
Barberino
87, 89
Barcelona
80
Bardejow
36–39
basilicas
.
see Hagia Sophia
Basler Rathsmandat wider die Gilen und Lamen
36
battlefields
71, 178–179
battles
15, 57, 179
of Fornham
209
of Grunwald / Tannenberg
74
Battle of Maldon
57, 174n28
beans
204–206, 219
beasts
10, 11n21, 168–170.
animals
Beaune
119
Beaune, Colette
116
beauty
104n24, 124, 128–129, 134–135, 168, 178–179, 231
Bede
216–217
De temporum ratione
158
De nativitate infantium
161
Historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum
138, 142
begging
29, 31, 36, 39, 74, 92, 101, 125
beguines
184, 190–199.
women (religious); entries for individual beguines
beheading
78, 176–177, 181n38
Behre, K.E.
107
belief, disbelief
141, 196, 199, 212–213.
faith
believers
66–67.
converts
bells
207–209
belonging
3, 15, 28–29, 63, 77, 91, 116, 126, 209
Benedictine monks
140
Benfleet
54
Beowulf
14, 167, 169–173
Bernard of Chartres
145
Bernician, royal line
142
Bertilak
180–181.
Green Knight
Bewcastle, Cumbria
141
bible, biblical
7–9, 50, 157, 162–164, 197, 216
Bielorussia
67
bilingualism
44–46, 63–64n2, 70
Bilson, John
132, 144
birth (origin)
121, 165, 207–208.
Nativity
birth, childbirth
59, 188, 214
bishops
67, 130, 133, 146–150, 188, 1962.
entries for named bishops by first name
of Arras
123
of Nidaros
212n28
of St. David’s
22
Björn Jónsson of Skarðsá
149–150, 155
black
2, 167, 170–171, 175–177, 196–197, 226, 230n18.
colors
blade
.
see sword
Blickling Homilies
170–174
blind, blindness
11, 217n54
blood
as family connection
104n19
as physical substance
152, 163, 169–171
Board of the Sixteen, Bologna
83–84
bodies
.
organs; embodiment; entries for individual body parts
bodies of beings
11, 136–138, 159–163, 168–170, 196–200, 206, 218, 229
of civic communities
4, 18, 124, 126
Bohemia
65–69, 74
bollette, bollette offices
78–97
Bologna
20, 78–97, 229
bones
53–54, 159–163
Boniface, Saint
Letter to Eadberga
172–174
Bony, Jean
132, 144
books
96, 141, 146–147, 154, 156–158, 164, 187, 227
booklets
38.
primers
Books of Presentation
84–85, 88–96.
bollette
borders
66, 114, 120, 167, 174, 189, 191–194, 231
boundaries
conceptual
10, 19, 21–22, 166–167, 172–174, 181–201, 213
territorial
65, 114, 120, 139.
hell; purgatory
Bourges
116n12, 123
bourgeoisie
125–127
Bowden, Georgina R.
54
branches
.
see trees
Brandenburg, March of
68
bravery
.
see courage
bread
1, 204–206, 227n11.
food
Brewer, Derek
210
bribe
119
bridges
21–22, 154, 166–182, 228, 230
Briggs, Katherine
219
Britain
16, 53–54, 101–103, 142n46, 225, 230
Brompton, John
102
brothels
39
brothers
90, 104, 142, 149, 196, 217
Bruges
89
Brut Y Tywysogyon
100–101
brutality
11, 13, 28, 66, 73n43, 100–103, 113–121, 164
buildings
21, 88, 109–110, 113–114, 128–145, 177–178
bundle theory
3–48
Buonarroti, Michelangelo
83–84
burghers
.
see citizens
Burgundy
113, 116, 124
Burgundians
120.
Mary of Burgundy; Charles the Bold
business
70, 75–76.
commerce; trade
Byrhtferth of Ramsey
138
Caesarius of Heisterbach
Dialogue on Miracles
183–201
Cagots
35
calculus
154
Cambrian Archaeological Association
102
Camden, William
98–99, 102, 104
Camelot
179
canonization
71n33, 150
canons
72, 123
cant
.
see thieves’ argot
Canterbury Cathedral
128n1, 129, 138
cantor
136
Capelli, Christian
54
capitalism
16–17, 31, 44, 70
Caradoc of Llancarvan
101–102
Carlisle Cathedral
55
Carruthers, Mary
134
carvings
50, 130–133, 141, 230–231
castles
128, 136, 177–181
cathedral schools
148
cathedrals
21, 68, 72n38, 128–145, 148, 165, 229
Catherine of Siena
192
Catholics
77
caves
204, 208–210, 221
cell (biological)
53
cell (for a recluse)
183
Celtic
174, 220
Celts
220
cemeteries
52–53, 196
ceremonies
.
see rituals
Chaganti, Seeta
229
chancels
136
chancery
75.
Kanzleisprache
changelings
213n34, 218
chapels
136.
Green Chapel
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy
113
Charles VII, King
116
Charles VIII, King
123
Chaucer, Geoffrey
229
Cheddar Gorge
221
Chester
47
chieftains
146, 148, 155, 164
children
1, 3, 10, 22, 38, 50, 54, 85, 87, 90, 93, 115, 118–124, 138, 149–152, 161, 165, 188, 202–224, 230.
green children
Chinese
16
chivalric romances
174, 176, 180
chivalry
180–181
chlorosis
209–210.
greenness
choir
130, 136
Chrétien de Troyes
Le Chevalier de la Charrette
175–176
Christ
10, 24, 50, 138, 157, 174, 177–178, 208
Christendom
9–10, 16, 68, 164, 189, 192
Christianity
9–12, 16, 30, 35, 49–50, 141–142, 151, 189, 192, 216, 218–219
Christians
22, 25, 30–35, 124, 132, 142, 153, 158, 164, 184, 188, 190–193, 230
Christianization
10–11, 30, 49–50, 147
Christina the Astonishing
190–191
Christopher, Saint
10–13
chronicles
.
see entries for individual chronicles
Chronicle of the Princes
.
see Brut Y Tywysogyon
chroniclers
65–66, 71n35, 99, 101–102, 121, 209, 212–219, 223.
entries for individual chroniclers
Chronicon Anglicanum
202–224.
Ralph of Coggeshall
Church, the
10, 32–33, 49–50, 66, 74, 77, 146, 164, 183–201
churches
49, 55–56, 71–72, 74, 78, 109–110, 128–145, 146, 166, 207–208.
cathedrals
Church Fathers
167n3, 216
churchvillage
49
ciboriums
135–136
Cirencester Abbey
221
Cistercians
183–201, 202, 218
citizenship
10–11, 32, 52, 73, 75, 82–83, 87–89, 119, 123, 166, 230
cities
7–8, 10–12, 16, 39, 51–52, 69–72, 75–76, 78–97, 113–127, 226–227.
councils; towns
civil war
.
see war
Clanchy, Michael
38
Clarke, Catherine A.M.
213, 218
classes (social)
23–40, 66–68, 70n28, 73, 75, 77, 111, 125, 131, 133, 183–185, 227.
elites
Cleddyf, river
100–101
clergy
26, 67–68, 71–72, 81, 93, 129, 136, 138, 164, 187–197.
ecclesiastical
clerks
75, 125, 140, 231
cliffs
169–171, 179
clothes
11, 63, 209, 220–221.
appearance; dress; garments
coasts
100–101, 108, 111–112, 153–154
codicology
24
Cohen, Jeffery Jerome
15, 212–213
collectives
183
collectivity
6–9, 21, 69, 77
Cologne
89, 149, 151, 164
colonization
12–13, 21, 44, 47, 53, 67, 77, 98–112, 113–127
colors
135, 202–224.
entries for individual colors
Colossians, Epistle to
10
commerce
70, 226–227.
capitalism; economy; trade
Communal Palace
84, 88
communal
2–3, 7–9, 19
communes
80–83, 89
communication
19–20, 23–40, 44–62, 63–64, 69–76, 135, 202, 224.
bilingualism; multilingualism; oral; non-verbal; written; semi-communication
communities
1–12, 18–21, 25, 28, 33, 44–61, 63–69, 72, 77, 80, 91, 113–114, 119–121, 139–144, 185, 199–201, 209, 218, 225–226
companions
84, 87–97, 120, 175, 185
condemnation
18, 31, 33, 78, 180, 183, 192, 200, 217
confessions (religious)
71, 142, 183–201
conflicts
11, 14, 26, 71–72, 103, 126, 130, 193, 225.
tensions
confrontation
65, 68, 69
conquest
47, 50, 53, 113, 116, 130
Constantine, Emperor
131
Constantinople
16, 18, 128
construction
2–3, 6, 7–8, 12–15, 18, 42, 80–81, 128–145, 158, 167, 173, 180, 209n18, 210
contact
25, 41–62, 63–64, 69–70, 76n54, 103n17, 212–213, 226
contrition
183–201.
absolution; confession
controls
7, 13, 53, 68n22, 73, 78–97, 223, 231
convents
92, 159.
orders
conversion
10–11, 25, 30, 50, 66–67, 147, 174n27
convicts
33.
criminals
Coptic
160
Coquet, river
141
corpse
230–231.
dead; death
corruption
137, 138, 188, 196
Cosmas of Prague
65
councils
18, 32, 37–38, 68, 75, 125
countries
9, 16, 26, 37, 70, 74, 84, 102, 120–121, 148, 156, 205, 207–208, 222
courage
177, 180.
cowardice
courts
28–29, 36–38, 66, 68, 75, 150
cousin
149–151
cowardice
180
Cracow
67, 70–75
crafts
.
see artisans
Creation
141, 158–160
Credo
72
Creil
118–119
creolization
44
crime
28–29, 31, 36, 38, 79, 91, 227, 230n18
crimson
134–135.
colors
crosses
174, 179.
Acca’s Cross; St Cuthbert’s Cross; Gosworth Cross
crossings
2–3, 7, 10–11, 16–17, 88, 166–182, 193, 196, 201, 225
crowns
231.
fidelity
cruelty
6, 11, 13, 66, 124, 176–177, 178–179
Crusades
16, 18, 70n31, 76, 164, 218
cultural identity
30, 33, 42, 99, 104–106, 114, 126.
identity
cultures
3–4, 13, 21, 26, 30, 33, 41–42, 55, 59, 62, 76, 104–105, 107, 111, 130, 184–185, 212, 216, 220, 229.
see separate entries for specific cultures
Cumbria
141
customs
.
see traditions
Cuthbert, Saint
130–144
Cuthman, Saint
137–138
Cyrillic
77
Czech
69–70, 75
Dagnus, King
11–12
Damme
111
damnation
168, 189–199.
salvation; hell; purgatory
Danish
41–62, 150, 158, 181
Danelaw
47–57
dangers
18, 25, 80, 82, 92, 103, 118, 154, 170, 175, 178.
peril; perilous bridge
dark arts
146, 151, 153.
magic; witchcraft
darkness
167, 170–171, 176, 220
daughters
90, 146, 154, 158
Dauphant, Léonard
116
Day of Judgement
186
de Certeau, Michel
39
de Heere, Lucas
104
de Voragine, Jacobus
Legenda Aurea
10
dead
24, 183–201, 214, 219, 231
defense
80, 114, 115, 119–120, 154, 194, 198n48
dehumanization
65.
humanity
Deiran
142
Deleuze, Gilles
4, 5
demographic pressure
.
see population pressure
demons
29, 168–170, 187, 193, 215–217
Denmark
57n64, 58, 150–153, 156–157
departure
7, 85, 88, 114, 117–118, 121, 134
depopulation
111–127
Derby
51
Derbyshire
221
descent
35, 47n16, 49–50, 52–53, 56, 76, 133, 157, 158, 163, 172n20, 226n3
desires
1, 7, 9, 11, 102, 135, 159, 193–194, 223
destitution
7, 31–32.
poverty
destruction
2, 6–7, 11, 113–114
Deuteronomy, Book of
160
devils
24, 29, 146, 152–154, 175–177, 179, 220.
demons
Devil’s Arse
221
Di Mattiolo, Pietro
78–79
dialects
75, 104, 164
dignitaries
106, 131
dioceses
72–73, 137, 149–150, 196
disability
29, 227
disciple
152, 164–165.
pupil
discipline
185, 190
disciplines (academic)
18–19, 23, 41–43, 63n2, 98–99, 105, 209n18, 225
disease
.
see illness
displacement
44, 52, 192, 211n24, 223–224
distances
1–3, 6, 13, 97, 226
diversity
42, 116, 121, 124, 134–135, 193, 200
divine
130, 139–140, 184–185, 189–190, 198–201, 212–216
DNA
52–54
doctrines
41–42, 184n5, 185, 188, 192, 194, 200–201
dogs
10–11, 71, 213
dominance
2, 3, 27–40, 64, 130, 222, 226
Dominicans
74, 190
donjon-palais
136
doom
167, 171
drapery
125
dreams
70–71, 191–192.
visions
dress
35, 68, 130.
appearance; clothes; garments
Duchy of Burgundy
.
see Burgundy
ductus
134–135, 229
dukes
66, 89.
entries for individual dukes by first name
Dunkirk
111
Durham Cathedral
128–145
Durham University Library
137
Dutch
104
Dwyer, M.E.
169
dynasties
66–67, 69n25.
ancestors
Eadberga
172
Eadwine, King
142
Ealdhun, Bishop
137
earth
7, 139, 154, 159, 160, 170, 187, 190, 205, 210, 231
East Anglia
50–51, 203–204
eastern Europe
16, 63–77, 103n17, 112
ecclesiastical
49, 71–73, 81, 91, 106, 110, 133, 195–197, 211, 129–220, 222, 230.
religious
Ecgberht, King
138
echo chambers
8
echoes
142n46, 156, 195, 226
École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
27
ecology
112
economy
28–32, 70, 80, 107–108, 112, 115, 164, 186.
capitalism; finances; trade
Eden
7, 139
Eadgar, King
56
Edmund, King
50, 204
education
37, 38, 146.
school
Egil’s Saga
57
Egypt
9, 128
Einzelhöfe
110
Elbe, river
65
elites
26, 66, 68, 73, 75, 77, 110–111, 133, 184–200.
classes
elves
.
see fairies
Ely Cathedral
129
embarrassment
123
embodiment
6n9, 135, 190, 195, 229
emotions
19, 143, 213, 229
emperors
114, 135, 157
empires
12, 15–16, 18, 66, 130.
entries for individual empires
Ename, Abbey of
109
enclosed women
.
see recluses
enemies
50, 77, 100, 103, 120, 130
England
16, 20–21, 44–61, 99–106, 129–144, 153, 167–168, 171–174, 191, 202–203, 213, 221, 226
English
7, 14, 18–21, 41–62, 66, 98–102, 128, 132, 167–174, 191–194, 204, 213, 217, 220, 226.
Old English; Middle English
English Channel
132
enslaved people
31, 44, 92n19, 93
enslavers
44
entertainment
75, 217–218
entrances
81–82, 88, 94, 226. See also bollette; otherworld
epigraphy
24
equality
56
equinox
158.
moon; spring
Erler, Mary
195
escape
152–154, 165, 198
Essex
138, 202, 218
establishments
22, 189, 198
estrangement
5–8, 13, 18–21, 123, 126, 193, 201, 229.
strange; strangers
estuaries
.
see rivers
eternity
183, 193, 199
ethics
6, 225
Ethiopians
220
ethnicities
52, 63, 66, 70, 72–73, 77, 132, 213
ethnology
25
eulogies
155–157
Europe
6–19, 25, 64, 70, 75, 94, 112, 129, 146–148, 162–165, 183–186, 190, 227.
medieval
evidence of absence
43, 50, 53, 62
evil
174–177, 216
excavations
51–52, 204
exclusion
33, 125.
exile; margins
excommunication
32–33
executions
11, 28–30, 82, 183
exegesis
223
exile
114–123, 142, 212
exits
82, 88.
entrances; bollette
Exodus, Book of
165
exoticism
132
expansion
65, 108, 130
experience
3, 6, 8–9, 13, 18–21, 24, 31, 58, 64, 70, 76, 103, 112–114, 130–134, 143, 167, 180, 189, 194, 213, 216, 222, 229.
otherness; estrangement; strange
exploitation
105–111
eyes
1, 10, 134–135
faces
1–2, 5, 10–12, 64, 178, 197
fairies
219–220
faith communities
10.
Christendom
faith
9, 10, 12, 16, 137–141, 177
fall
92, 174
familiarity
1, 9, 11, 22, 140, 166, 171–182, 226–227, 229
families
7, 21, 32–33, 80, 84–85, 115, 118–121, 146, 150, 188, 206.
friends; relatives; entries for specific family members
famine
30.
hunger
fantasies
14, 22, 143, 221
farms
46, 108–110
Farmer, Sharon
188
fasting
137, 196–197
fathers
1–2, 12–13, 50, 53, 93, 100, 116, 123, 137, 151, 155, 157, 164, 207, 222.
Church Fathers
fears
1–2, 7, 9, 12–13, 154, 164, 176, 221, 223, 230
feelings
1, 8–9, 13, 28, 55, 67–71, 116, 124, 143, 179, 191, 198, 208, 229
feet (body part)
10, 88–89, 152, 168, 176
female
53–54, 61, 90–93, 159, 163, 184, 190, 218
femininity
60–61, 185, 196–197, 211
Fenrir
50
Fenton, Richard
102–104
Fernie, Eric
131, 135
Ferrara
82, 89, 94–96
Ferry de Locre
124
festivals
220
feudalism
44, 68
fictions
7–8, 13, 210, 213, 217, 228.
fantasies
fidelity
70, 76, 116–117, 124–126.
loyalty
fields
105, 108, 204, 207–208, 221
fighting
50, 54, 103, 179
finances
7, 18, 80, 118, 136.
capitalism; economy; trade
fines
80, 111
Fiorenzuola
89
fires
10, 18, 37, 74, 159, 183, 190.
hell; purgatory
Flambard, Ranulf, Bishop
130
Flanders
20, 67, 98–112
Flateyjarbók
155
Flemings
20–21, 98–112, 191, 209
flesh
4, 163, 200
fleur-de-lis
115
fleeing
122, 151, 209
flocks
207–210
Flood
14
flooding
14, 101, 170
Florence
82, 87, 89, 94
Florence (John) of Worcester
99
florins
37
folk
.
see people
folklore
26, 98, 210, 219
folktales
152–155
food
15, 31, 68, 118, 204, 206, 219
force
.
see brutality
foreign languages
63, 68
foreign
7, 21, 63, 75, 103, 114, 121–123, 126, 145, 151–152, 214, 226.
strange
foreigners
20, 32, 69, 78–97, 114–115, 119, 123–127, 152
forests
107–111, 210
forgers
29
forgiveness
.
see contrition
Fornham St. Martin
209
fortifications
52, 128
Fóstbrœðra saga
161
fourriers
119
Fowler, Elizabeth
229
fragments
50, 80, 127, 132, 155–157
Frakkland
146–152
France
21, 27–28, 33, 35, 87, 113–127, 128, 131–132, 148–149, 164
Franchise
21, 114–127
Franconia
148, 151, 164–165
Franken
148
freakish
10, 205–206, 213, 215, 218
Freeman, Elizabeth
218
French (language)
27, 58, 66, 124, 163, 175–176
friars
87, 89, 92.
entries for individual orders
friendship
184, 190, 199
fright
12, 121, 175
frontier
.
see border
frost
170–171, 175
Fulda
149
future
1,7, 13, 109, 145, 186.
past; present
Galatians, Epistle to the
10
gall bladder
159
gall
162
gambling
30, 94
gangs
37
garments
178–179, 196–197, 204.
appearance; clothes; dress
gates
1–6, 10–11, 14–15, 18–22, 28, 31, 35, 79, 83–84, 97, 114–115, 225–230
Gaul
153–154
Gawain
22, 166, 176–181
Gaza
134
gaze
1, 2, 7, 11
gender (grammatical)
41, 60–62
genealogy
147, 158, 160.
ancestors; lineage
Genesis, Book of
7, 14, 146, 159, 162–163
genetics
20, 52–54
genocide
13, 52, 140
Gentiles
10, 165
Geoffrey of Monmouth
De Gesta Britonum
216
geography
20, 25, 96, 112, 121, 133, 166, 176
geometry
154
geophysics
105
Gerald of Wales
Journey Through Wales
102–104, 221–223
Gerbert
.
see Silvester II, Pope
Geremek, Bronisław
27
German (language)
20, 21, 63, 67–77, 103, 148, 164
Germans
10, 31, 64–77, 150, 198
Germanic
16, 46, 57, 65, 141
Germany
10, 21, 28, 87, 89, 131, 146, 148–150
Gervase of Tilbury
Otia Imperalia
214, 221–222
gestures
24, 39, 63
Ghent
104, 109,
giants
10, 128, 145, 218
Gimpel, Jean
Les Bâtisseurs de Cathédrales
128
girdles
177, 181
girls
202, 204–222
GIS-software
105
Gizurr Ísleifsson of Skálholt, Bishop
146, 149
Glanville
108
glory
134, 186, 201
Gniezno
71–72
gods
11, 24
God
6–7, 9–11, 24, 68, 121, 135, 139, 157, 159–160, 177, 179, 192–193, 196–200, 223
Goffman, Erving
39–40
gold
16, 18, 134, 167, 213, 221–222, 231
Gosworth Cross
50–51
gospels
50.
entries for individual gospels and manuscripts containing them
Gothic
128, 144
governments
13, 29, 32, 80, 82–83, 97, 114, 157
grace
189, 193
grammar
41–62
grandsons
155, 157
Grant, Lindy
136
graves
28, 30, 196
Gravelines
111
gray
18, 170–171, 231.
colors
Great Mosque of Córdoba
131
Great Paxton
132
Great Reclamation Period
107–108
Great Schism
18
Great Wakering
138
Great War
74
Greeks
16, 135, 160, 168, 196, 222
Green Chapel
179–181
green children
22, 202–224, 230
Green Knight
177–181, 210.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
green
135, 167, 181, 202–211, 220, 230.
colors
Gregory the Great
Dialogues
166–182
Grendel
14, 169–171, 172n20
Grendel’s Mother
14
Grice, Herbert P.
45
Griffiths, David
52
groves
170–171
Grunwald, Battle of
74
Guattari, Félix
4–5
guests
97, 199, 225–226
guilds
32
guilt
167
Gunnlaugr Leifsson
150–151
Gunnlaugs Saga Ormstungu
57–58
Gurevič, Aron
26–27
Guthrum, King
47
Guyenne
116
habits
30, 75, 89, 145, 196, 206,
habitations
6, 105, 137, 206
Hadewijch of Brabant
191–192, 196
Hadithic
160
Hadley, Dawn M.
52
Hagia Sophia
129, 134
hagiography
10–12, 68n20, 70–72, 115
halls
128, 136, 141
Hamburg-Bremen
149
hands
10, 74, 76, 103, 132, 139, 153, 176, 211, 215–216, 228
handwritten
24–25, 75.
written; manuscripts
Hanover
150
haploid
53
Haraldr Finehair, King
155–157
harassment
195
harbor towns
.
see towns
Harris, Paul
209–210
harvest
204, 220
hatred
124
Hautdesert
177–181
Haverfordwest
102–105
heads
10, 71, 152
health
11, 205–206
hearts
159, 162, 187–188, 192
heaven
139, 152, 160, 178–179, 190–193, 223
Hebrew
16, 21, 162–165
Hebron
159–160
hell
22, 154, 168–176, 183–201
Helmold of Bosau
66
Henry I, King
99–103, 213
Henry of Huntingdon
Historia Anglorum
221
Heremod
14
heresy
29, 35–36, 183, 199–200, 218–219
Herford
149
Herman of Ramsbury, Bishop
128–129
hermits
137, 195n40.
recluses; anchorites
heroic
7
heroism
180–181
heterodoxy
185, 194
Hexham
141
Hibbard, Laura
176
Higden, Ranulf
102
Historia Apolonii regis Tyri
75
Historical Interdisciplinary Triangulation
20, 41–62
historicity
212
historiography
73, 96, 98, 216
holy languages
16, 36
Holy Land
18, 226
holy women
184–201
holiness
139, 172–174, 206.
saints
homes
6–8, 21, 38, 47, 78, 80, 91, 105, 123, 126, 133, 147–154, 179, 221
homelands
7, 21, 80, 89, 119–121, 202, 208
homilies
160, 170–174
honor
82–83, 142, 155
Honorius of Autun
Imago mundi
160
horror
10, 12, 135, 169, 176–177, 190
horses
87, 93
hosts
80, 165, 179, 225
hostages
66, 120
hostility
68, 73, 77, 103, 107, 112, 179.
hatred
hotels
81, 88–89, 97.
accommodation
houses
31–32, 44, 46, 88–89, 94, 119–123, 128, 141–142, 149, 167, 196, 206, 222, 227
household items
comb
54–55
cup
213
porcelain
16
householders
85, 116, 118–121
Hrothgar
14, 169
humans
2, 8, 10, 22, 152
agency
138, 184–185, 194
interaction
52
mobility
.
see movement (of people)
Hume, David
4
humiliation
74, 76, 125
Hundred Years War
116
Hungarian
70
hunger
204, 206.
famine
husbands
114, 196–199
hybrid names
47–49, 55, 56
hygiene
bathing
30, 54
combing hair
54
Iberia
30, 35
Ibn Battuta
226
Ibn Khaldun
230
Iceland
21, 57–58, 146–165
ice
.
see frost
identity
5–11, 21, 52, 55, 59–61, 63–65, 70, 99, 104–106, 114–116, 119, 124–126, 133, 144, 195, 213, 224, 226, 230
ideologies
3, 164, 220
ignorance
164, 188, 230.
prejudice
illiteracy
34–37, 211.
literacy
illness
32, 121, 214, 220, 227
imagery
50, 135
imagination
7–8, 13, 69, 73, 140, 226–228
imagined communities
3
immigration
20, 33, 43, 54, 76, 84, 98, 101–105, 119, 229–230.
migration
imperialism
130, 226.
empires; entries for individual empires
imps
219
inanimate
166, 172
indigenous
67, 69, 76–77, 230.
native
individuals
3–22, 32–38, 63, 79–82, 90, 97, 116, 125, 127, 133, 138, 192, 198–199, 224.
community
indulgences
136, 186, 191–192
industrial
31, 51, 55, 128
Industrial Revolution
128
inhabitants
30, 37, 50, 52, 66, 75, 77, 80, 83, 98–102, 113–123, 169–172, 179, 195, 206–208, 219
inns
.
see hotels
Innocent III, Pope
190
inscriptions
54–56
institutions
18, 70, 110, 113–115, 123, 164, 189, 197, 224, 230, 231
integration
50–56, 74, 80, 114–115, 119–127, 230
intelligibility
58, 185
intensification
107–108
intercession
185–186
interdisciplinarity
15, 19–20, 41–47
interiors
130, 134, 145
intimacy
20, 44, 46, 54
invasions
12, 16, 47, 49–50, 128, 133, 140
Ipswich
51
Iraqi
211
Ireland
142, 168
iron
177
Islam
30, 165
islands
101, 139
Ísleifr Gizurarson, Bishop of Skálholt
149
Íslendingabók
156, 164
Israel
165
Italian
20, 36, 78–97
Italy
36, 81–82, 89, 94, 97
Jerome, Saint
7–8, 162n65, 222–223
Jerusalem
16, 174, 226
Jesus
.
see Christ
Jews
9–10, 21, 25, 29–30, 35–36, 87, 89, 94, 146, 163–165
John, Gospel of
140
Jón Loptsson
155
Jón Ǫgmundarson, Bishop of Hólar
149–150
Jóns saga ins helga
150
Jordan, Terry
105
journeys
18, 20–21, 81–97, 118, 221, 226
joys
130, 170–172, 200
judgement
32, 74, 118, 174, 180, 186, 189, 193
Julian of Norwich
191
jurisdiction
56, 78, 87, 94, 108, 113, 184, 187, 192, 194
Justinian, Emperor
129, 134
Jutland
150
Kanzleisprache
75
Keightley, Thomas
205
Kelsey, Charles
141
Kent
210
Kentish Royal Legend
138
Ketill Þorsteinsson of Hólar, Bishop
147
kin
.
see relatives
kindness
1, 176
kingdoms
20, 63–77, 100, 103, 113–126
kingship
11–12, 16, 21, 50, 57, 69, 74, 99–103, 106, 113–125, 138, 142, 146–147, 153, 155–158, 202–204, 209, 216.
entries for individual kings by first name
Kipling, Rudyard
The Stranger
1–19
Kirkdale
56
Kissock, Jonathan
106
Kluizen
108–110
knights
68–69, 74, 76, 104, 167, 174, 177–181, 188, 206, 210
Knudsen, John Christian
211
Kubrick, Stanley
2001: A Space Odyssey
2
Kulturkampf
64
La Mule Sans Frein
176–179
labor
31, 66, 84, 137, 142, 189–190, 197, 201, 218
lace
181
lakes
169–171
Lancashire
52, 65, 171
Lancelot
175–177
land (management, use)
20, 105–107
Landnámabók
164
landowners
67, 108–110
landscape archaeology
104–105
landscapes
16, 20–21, 98–112, 128, 141, 159, 169, 171–172, 179, 227
language contact
20, 41–47, 58, 70, 213
languages
7, 10, 16, 19–20, 30, 35–36, 39, 44–47, 55, 58–60, 62, 63–77, 98, 103–105, 142, 149, 197, 204, 207–213, 220–228.
entries for individual languages
Languedoc
116
Latin
21, 38, 50, 55–58, 74–77, 138, 146, 150–151, 156, 160–161, 164–168, 172, 203, 213, 217
Latour, Bruno
4, 14
laughter
159, 162
Laval
121–122
laws
7, 9, 28–29, 33, 36, 38, 56, 67, 69–72, 75–76, 80–81, 84, 90, 109, 123, 125, 146–148, 162, 212, 225.
legal; Willkür
Laws, Edward
102–104
lay (elite)
75, 110–111
lay (spirituality)
140, 188–197
Lazarus
214
Le Chevalier de la Charrette
175–179
Le Goff, Jacques
27, 144, 186, 191
Le Guin, Ursula
8
leadership
37, 74
learning
.
see schools
Ledoyen, Guillaume
121, 125
legs
59, 168
legacies
15, 212–213, 215, 230
legal status
90, 87, 125
legends
139, 146, 153, 165
Leicester
51
lepers
29, 35
Leslie, Stephen
53–54
letters
36–39, 76, 82, 120–123, 172
Letterston
106
Levinas, Emmanuel
5–12
Leviticus, Book of
9, 165
Libellius de Exordio
21, 128–145
Liber vagatorum
36
libraries
96, 137, 140
Libri di Presentazioni dei Forestieri. See Books of Presentation
Libri forensium
94
LiDAR
105
Liège
151
limbs
163, 178, 206, 214
liminality
21, 166, 172
Limousin
116
Lincoln
51, 55
Lindisfarne Gospels
140–141
Lindisfarne
47, 140
lineages
139, 158
lingua franca
45, 76–77
linguistics
20, 28, 30, 41–62, 65–77.
language contact; identity
lions
78, 175–176
listening
19, 45, 71, 208, 211, 219
literacy
24, 26, 34–39, 55, 75–76.
illiteracy; bandit literacy
literature
13, 19–22, 31, 34, 37, 57, 67, 75, 136, 153, 166–167, 174, 185, 212, 220–221, 227–228
Little England (beyond Wales)
98–112
Little Flanders
98–112
little folk
.
see tiny men; green children
liturgy
33, 50, 229.
excommunication
liver
159, 162
livestock
.
see flocks
Ljubljana
89
loanwords
55, 59, 228
locals
21, 44, 68, 71–74, 98, 108, 111, 116, 126, 140, 145, 164, 196, 201, 202, 221.
foreign; national
lodging
.
see accommodation
Loevinson, E.
87
Lǫgmannsannáll
184
Loire
116, 176–177
Lombard, Peter
Sentences
187
Lombard
66, 200
London
47–48, 230
loneliness
7–8, 12, 15, 90
longing
143.
nostalgia
Longinus
50
lords
77, 78, 91, 110–111, 136, 141, 180, 196
Lotharingia
149
Louis XI, King
21, 113–127
love
6, 9, 15, 210, 228
loyalty
56, 115, 179.
fidelity
Lucca
80, 94
Lucifer
7
luggage
82
Lund
147, 150
lungs
159, 162
luni-solar model
158
lust
162
Lutgard of Aywìeres
190
Lyon
115–116, 118–120
Macerata
96
Machan, Tim William
213
magic
30, 152–155.
dark arts; witchcraft
Magnús Barefoot, King
146, 155
mainstream
8, 23, 25, 26, 31, 34, 185, 195, 200–201.
dominance
Mainz Cathedral
131–132
Mainz
151, 164–165
male
52–54, 61, 89–90, 159, 163, 218, 222
Malekin
213n34, 218
Malmesbury
166.
William of Malmesbury
mandate
88
manipulation
74, 144, 223, 230
mankind
.
see humanity
Mantova
89
Mantua
82
manufacture
55, 80
manuscripts
10, 14, 37, 73, 76, 136, 150, 156, 158, 161, 162, 202
London, British Library, Cotton MS Nero D. iv [the Lindisfarne Gospels]
140
Reykjavík, Arnamagnaean Library, MS 186 III 4to
156, 158
Reykjavík, Arnamagnaean Library MS 194 8vo
162
Reykjavík, Arnamagnaean Library, MS 624 4to
158, 160
Reykjavík, Arnamagnaean Library, MS 764 4to
159–165
Uppsala, Universiteitsbibliothek, MS DG 11 4to [Codex Upsaliensis; Uppsala Edda]
158
maps
17, 47, 117, 228
marble
131, 231
Marchiennes, Abbey of
110
margins
.
see boundaries
marginalization
20–22, 92, 218, 227
markets
52, 70, 78, 92
Marquis of Ferrara
96
marriage
70, 80, 118, 146, 158, 205, 207, 215
martyrs
138, 203–204
marvels (mirabilia)
214–218.
miracle or wonder
Mary of Burgundy
113–114, 121, 123
masculinity
14, 60–61, 195
mask
1, 22
masonry
129–135, 144–145
mass baptism
164
mass-produced
38, 55
master mason
132–133
master
91, 132–133, 151–153, 221
matrilinear
.
see DNA
Matthew, Gospel of
141
Maximilian of Austria
114, 123
mayors
123, 164
meadows
135, 167, 221
meals
.
see food
Mechthild of Magdeburg, beguine
The Flowing Light of the Godhead
198–199
medicine, medical
28–29, 158, 160, 162–163
medieval communication
.
see communication
medieval
English
7, 41–43, 50–62, 174, 220
Europe
7, 10, 13, 18–19, 25, 183
hagiography
.
see hagiography
late medieval
20, 30–31, 63, 74, 81, 94, 103, 167, 185, 191, 193, 197
as the Middle Ages
13, 15, 20, 21, 24–25, 27, 33, 36, 40, 41, 43, 61, 62, 65, 75, 94, 97, 107, 114, 162, 185, 200, 218, 228
society
.
see society
medievalists
14, 23, 27–28, 40, 210, 228, 230
Meleagant
175
members
of a community
3, 10, 25–27, 32, 35, 37, 46, 66–68, 73, 77, 84, 102, 199
of a family
80, 85
of a gang
37
memory also memory loss
40, 50, 115, 143, 165, 211, 213
mercenaries
209
merchants
30, 66, 69, 79–80, 94, 115, 118–123, 227
Mercia
16
mercy
169, 180, 185, 190, 193, 198–200
Middle East
16
Middle English
193–194
Middle German
75, 164
Midgley, Mary
8
Midlands
174
Midrash
163
migration
20, 33, 41, 43–44, 53–54, 61, 67–68, 71, 76, 81, 84, 98, 101–111, 119, 218, 229–230.
colonization; immigration
Milan
82, 89
military
56, 65, 69, 109, 128, 130, 226
mills
126, 128.
water mills
miners
31
minorities
226
miracles
10, 70, 128, 183, 212–223.
marvels; wonders
Mirandola
89
misery
14
Mishna
162
misogyny
217
missionaries
66
mist
167, 170–171
mnemonic
143
Modena
89, 94
Modern English
57–58
modernity
39, 40, 64, 69, 91–92, 134, 144–145, 148, 154, 202, 210, 212, 217, 223–224
modus communicandi
54
Molinet, Jean
121, 124
Monastery of Bec (Normandy)
148
monasticism
47, 111, 129–130, 138, 142, 148–149, 153, 184, 189–197, 204, 218
money
.
see finances
monks
72, 74, 109, 133, 136–139, 141, 144, 150, 156, 172–173, 186, 197, 200, 226–227
mono-cultural
1, 9, 27–33, 76, 185, 222, 226
monopolies
108
monsters
170–171, 215
Montferrand
118
moon
158
morality
8, 172, 176–179, 182, 188, 212
Moriscos
30, 35
mortality rate
52
mothers
14, 50, 53, 93, 100, 137, 155, 169, 221
motifs
50, 136, 140–141, 153
mouths
of a cavern
6, 209, 221
of the body
1, 35, 187
movement
across borders
2, 16, 22, 166, 174, 180–181, 197
of people
13, 16, 79–81, 84–85, 94, 96–97, 99
Moxey, Keith
133
mule
176
multilingualism
35, 213, 218
multiplicity
4–5, 8, 14, 19, 22, 145
municipal records
73, 75, 96
music
154, 166
Muslims
25, 30, 35–36, 153, 226
mysteries
159, 203, 209–210, 223, 231
mystics
191, 192, 194
myths
7, 98, 139, 141
names
7, 28–29, 32, 40, 53, 83–84, 87–89, 90–92, 110, 114, 120, 123, 124, 137, 138, 148, 151–152, 155, 159–160, 165, 217, 229
narratives
7, 10–11, 15, 18, 22, 72, 83, 126, 134, 138–141, 145, 156, 183–184, 187–189, 191, 194, 201–202, 205, 210–211, 213, 217–218, 221–224, 226, 228–229
narrators
2, 12, 169, 228, 230
nationhood
7, 13–15, 21, 116–124
national identity
63, 116–124
‘native’ land
.
see homeland
‘native’ language
20, 70–71, 75–76, 149
‘natives’
20, 56, 80, 112, 119, 120, 128, 133, 165, 230
Nativity
156–157, 226
natural landscape
107, 139, 141
natural sciences
52
natural world
172–173, 181, 216
natural
166, 172, 204, 214, 223
nature
2, 135, 223
naves
131
necrology
157
neighborhoods
9, 18, 25, 30, 33, 65, 68, 102, 164, 226
Nequam, Alexander
De Naturis Rerum
221
New Platonism
216
New Testament
9
New Troy
230
Newman, Barbara
185, 190–191, 195
Newport
111
Nianias, Helen
211
Niemcy
64–65
night
152, 183, 194, 196
Nîmes
119
nobility
26, 38, 73, 79, 91, 170, 231.
elites
noise
1, 53, 179, 209
non-verbal
24, 34–37
Nóregskonungatal
155
Norfolk
212
norms
12, 18, 36, 91
Norman
21, 51, 58, 128–129, 132, 140, 144, 213
buildings
128–145
empire
128, 130, 133, 144
Norman Conquest
47, 98, 128–133, 137–145, 202, 213
Normandy
124–125, 136, 140, 148
North America
105
North Sea
151
northern
47, 53, 56, 70, 98, 106, 111, 113–114, 116, 126–127, 130, 132–133, 140–144, 147–148, 150, 155–156, 160, 171, 174
Northumberland
141
Northumbria
51, 99, 141–142, 144
Norway
55, 58, 146–147, 150, 155–158, 162–165
Norwich
51
nostalgia
21, 128, 143–145
notaries
75, 78, 82–83, 121
nothingness
13
Nottingham
51
novice
186, 191–192
nuns
184–196.
women (religious)
Nunnykirk
141
oak
142
obedience
113, 115, 120
objectification
2, 6–7, 22.
gaze
Occam’s Razor
42
occupation
53, 69, 101, 113
Oda, Bishop of Ramsbury and archbishop of Canterbury
49
Oddaverjatal
158
Oddi
146–158, 164
Oddr Snorrason
156, 160
Oddverjaannáll
148
Oder, river
65
George Owen of Henllys
98
Offa, King
16, 18
offspring
66, 158
Oholot
162
Ohthere’s Voyage
57
Óláfr Tryggvason, King
147, 156,
Old English
41–49, 55–57, 166, 169, 172–173
Old Melrose
142
Old Norse
41–58
Old St Paul’s Cathedral
129
Old St Peter’s
128, 131
Oman, C.C.
210
onomastics
47, 49
optical illusion
176
oral communication
25–26, 34–37, 69–70, 72, 74–75, 98, 153, 157, 162, 211, 220, 222.
communication
Oral Torah
162–163
ordain
147–150
order
worldly
12, 76, 140
religious
74, 89, 92, 139, 184, 192, 194–195, 218
Ordericus Vitalis
102
Orford
218
organs
161–162
origins
15, 67, 75, 77, 83, 85, 101, 106, 109, 111, 117–123, 137, 140–141, 163, 185, 202, 209
Orléans
116, 118, 120
ornamentation
131, 135,
orphans
29
Orthodox Church
77
orthodoxy
22, 185, 191–201
ostracism
33
Ostsiedlung
67
Oswald, King
142
Oswiu, King
142
otherness
1, 12–18, 35, 63–64, 77, 114, 122, 182
otherworldly
21, 167–168, 173, 177–178, 184, 213–222
Otter, Monika
212
Otto of Bamberg
66
Ottoman empire
18
outcasts
116
outlaws
.
see bandits
outside
3–4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 26–29, 34, 77, 82–83, 89, 91, 168, 176–177
outsiders
2, 9, 12, 20, 36, 40, 97, 114–115, 218.
margins (of society); otherness; outcasts; outside; strange
overpopulation
51, 55, 122, 125
pacification
72
Paderborn
150
Padua
82
pagans
30, 49, 50, 226, 230
pages
.
see servants
pains
115, 176, 186, 190, 197
painters
104, 119, 131–132, 135–136, 178
paleography
24
Páll Jónsson of Skálholt, Bishop
157
panegyrics
103, 134
papacy
18
paradise
200
parasites
52
parchment
24
parents
53, 90, 122, 150
Paris
27, 115–116, 148, 164, 183, 221
parishes
71–72, 110, 128, 132, 196
Partner, Nancy
212
past
1–2, 13–14, 19, 21, 33, 41, 132, 140, 143–145, 211, 214, 228, 231.
future; present
pastoral care
71, 184–185, 196
pastures
108–109
Pater noster
72
patron saints
70, 72, 115
patronage
49, 133, 135–136, 142, 155
Payen, Pontus
124
peace
52, 56, 68, 121, 137, 157, 164
Peak Cavern
221
peasants
26, 37, 111, 213
Pembrokeshire
98–111
penalty
80–83
penance
183–201
pentangle
177
Pentateuch
162
people of color
16
peoples
4, 7–9, 14–20, 24–25, 30–40, 44, 46, 56, 66, 80–81, 84, 90, 92–93, 97, 101–104, 107, 112, 116, 119, 126, 136–139, 166, 176, 181, 206, 208, 221–223, 226, 229
peril
129–130.
danger
perilous bridge
21–22, 166–182
Perugia
89
pestilence
.
see plague
Peter the Venerable
De miraculis
189
Philip of Alsace
110–111
philosopher
4, 154, 228
physical world
172, 176, 182
physiology
162–163
Piast dynasty
66–67
Piazza Maggiore
84
pidginization
44
piety
138, 190, 192, 197, 199
pig
221
pilgrims
79, 151
Pisa
89
place-names
37, 55–56, 105, 114, 123, 171, 204
plagues
121–122, 126
plants
54, 141
Platonism
216
plurality
116, 121, 124, 192
poetry
7, 8, 14, 157, 166, 169–182, 229, 231
Polabian Slavs
.
see Wends
Poland
20–21, 27, 63–77, 103
politics
8, 16, 21, 30, 56, 65, 68, 73–74, 77, 80, 98–99, 108–109, 112, 197, 212, 226, 228, 230
polytheism
10, 29
Poole, Kristopher
52
popes
71, 89, 153–154, 190, 196.
individual popes listed by pontifical name
population pressure
101, 108, 111, 112.
overpopulation
possession
.
see devils
poverty
26–40, 116, 122, 227
Prague
74
Prato
89
prayers
10, 12, 70, 137, 177, 179, 183–201
preachers
72, 92, 190, 196
prejudices
22, 66, 230
present (time)
2, 21, 61, 140, 143, 211, 214.
future; past
prestige language
36, 44–46, 49–59
Prestwich, Michael
212
preternatural
214
pride
52, 66
priesthood
66, 71–72, 123, 146–148, 153, 155, 157–158, 184, 187–198, 222
primers, ABC
38
princes
68, 100, 103, 124, 133, 179
print
24–25, 28, 36, 135
priories
74, 109–110, 128, 185, 192, 202, 212.
individual priories listed by place
prisons
12, 39, 66, 120, 122
privileges
6, 56, 109–110, 117, 123, 226
Procopius of Caesarea
De Aedificiis
129, 130, 134–135
prodigies
128, 203, 208
professions
31, 85, 115, 119
prophecies
152
prostitution
.
see sex-workers
protagonists
138, 180, 210, 222
protection
30, 33, 80, 120, 209, 225
Prussia
69
psalters
75, 153
punishment
33, 113, 123, 186, 195, 200
pupils
152–153, 164–165
purgation
100, 174, 186, 196
purgatory
22, 184–201
purple
135.
colors
pursuit
103, 152, 154, 222
Putter, Ad
176
Queen Guinevere
175
Rabbinic
160, 162–165
races
2, 10
racism
2
Ragnarök
50
raids
47
Ralph of Coggeshall
Chronicon Anglicanum
202–224
rebellions
7, 21, 100, 113, 120
reclamation (of forests, lands)
98, 107–111
recluses
183–184, 190–191, 195–196, 199–201
Red Ruthenia
77
red
83–84, 202
redemption
174, 190, 194, 200
reforms
3, 19, 184–185, 189–201, 228
refugees
13, 210–214, 230
Regimen sanitates
161–163
registers
linguistic
75
of people crossing city gates
81–97, 125
Reilly, Lisa
133, 144
relatives
100, 148, 184, 187–188, 190, 199.
families
religion
14, 19, 75–77, 116, 141, 154, 164–165, 193, 226
religious
25, 28–30, 110, 217, 228
buildings
88, 133.
cathedral
communities and individuals
25, 92, 110, 137–138, 183, 185, 187, 201, 211
culture
25, 185–186, 189–201, 216–222.
ecclesiastical; penance; religion
elites and institutions
106, 110, 184–185, 188, 189, 194, 195, 200
teachings
71, 164, 184–201
texts
75
visions
176
Remella, Frano
96
remote sensing
105
Renaissance
162
Reninge
110
repentance
197, 201
rescue
150, 165, 175, 184, 196–197
revenants
214, 217
revenge
37, 76
rhetoric
13, 134, 139–140, 219
Rhine, river
149–151, 164
Rhodes
89
Rhos
98–104
rich
.
see classes; elites; wealth
rights
33, 56, 109, 113, 164
Ripon
137, 142
rituals
24, 32, 34, 220
rivers
10, 65, 101, 139, 141, 149, 167–169, 170–180, 208, 221
Roberts, Brian K.
106
rock
170–171
Rodez
118
Roman empire
15
romances
14, 174–176, 193
Romani
35–36
Rome
16, 36, 89, 128, 131, 150
Rouen
115–116
royal commissioners
115–119, 122
royalty
71, 75, 115–126, 146, 150, 155.
kingship; rulers
Rubin, Miri
227
ruins
120, 122, 126
rulers
16, 26, 30, 47, 52, 56, 66–67, 73, 77, 96, 103, 128, 140, 155.
kingship
rules
32, 45, 108
runes
54–56, 231
rural
52, 105–106
Sachsenspiegel
76
sacrament
184–201, 205
sacrifice
11
sadness
.
see nostalgia
Sæmundar þáttr
150–154, 159, 165
Sæmundr Sigfússon
21, 148
safety
15, 79, 109–110, 167, 178–179, 226
sagas
57–58, 150–161
saints
10–12, 24, 39, 50, 70, 115, 137–139, 150, 190
St. Adalbert
72
St. Aidan
142
St. Aldhelm
166
St. Augustine
160, 216, 222–223
St. Christopher
10–13
St. Cuthbert
130–144
St. Cuthman
137–138
St. Denis
115
St. Edmund
50, 204
St. Jerome
8, 222–223
St. Jón
149–150
St. Lutgard of Aywìeres
190
St. Martin of Tours
39
St. Stanislas
70
St. Augustine’s Cathedral
129
St. Cuthbert Gospels
140
Saint Erkenwald
230
Saint-Étienne
129
Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand
131
Saint-Jean-d’Angély
115
Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe
131
Salerno medical school
162–163
salvation
18, 166–168, 174, 183–201
Samos
10–11
sanctions
79, 140
sanctuary
139
Satan
12.
devil
Saxland (Saxony)
149
Saxo Grammaticus
Gesta Danorum
157
sayetterie
126
Scandinavian
43, 47–56, 141, 149, 153, 157
scholasticism
186, 193
schools
38, 46, 55, 67–69, 71, 87, 124, 146–165, 221, 204, 216, 222, 228, 231
of Nôtre Dame
148.
cathedral schools
science fiction
210
Scotland
53, 153
scripture, scriptural
.
see bible; biblical
sculpture
50, 84, 136, 229
seas
101, 153, 169
seals
animals
153
city sigils
115, 125
sects
25
security
32, 79–80, 97
seduction
154
selfhood
2–8, 13, 130
semi-communication
44–61
Senlis
118–119
sensory perception
69, 139, 216, 229
sermons
71–72
servants
31, 87, 89–93, 115, 138, 207
settlement morphology
104–111
settlements
20, 47–56, 71, 98–111, 117, 164
settlers
49–50, 71, 105, 113–126, 164
Seville
153–154
sex workers
11, 28, 30, 35, 91–94
sexualities
30, 91, 188
sheep
169
shepherds
31
shock
5, 12
shoes
152
shrines
136
sickness
.
see illness
Sieradz
74
Sighvatr Surtsson
147
Signola, Nando
211–212, 218
silencing
212, 218
Silesia
67–68, 71–72, 74–75
silk
80, 94
Silvester II, Pope
153
sins
166–181, 183–198, 200
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
167, 174–178, 180–181
Sir Owain
193
sisters
59, 190, 205–206, 217
skalds
149, 155, 157
Skáldskaparmál
157
skill
37, 84, 103, 105, 134–135, 144, 154, 231
skin
163, 206, 220
Skjǫldunga saga
157
sky
59, 152
Slavs
65–66
slaves
.
see enslaved people
slavery
.
see enslavers; enslaved people
Slavic languages
64–65, 67
Slovakia
37
smiths
122, 167–168
Snorri Sturluson
158–165
Edda
156–158, 165
Heimskringla
156
Skáldskaparmál
157
social elites
.
see elites
social ladder
32, 70, 84, 91.
classes
social media
8
societies
2, 6, 9, 20, 24–40, 41–42, 50, 56, 77, 96–97, 215, 228
sociology
2, 24, 33, 39, 63
sodomites
30
Soens, Tim
107, 110
soldiers
11, 79, 120, 167–168, 176, 217
sons
56, 78, 85, 90, 93, 110–111, 114, 146, 149, 157–158, 170
sorcery
.
see dark arts; magic; witchcraft
souls
1, 22, 24, 153, 168–169, 171–176, 179, 184–200
sounds
46, 207–208.
noise
South Pembrokeshire
20, 98, 104
South Wales
20, 99, 105–106, 111–112
southern
16, 35, 55, 77, 98, 102, 107, 119, 130–131, 133, 137, 141, 145, 147–151, 160, 163
Southeast Asia
226
spaces
2, 4, 6–7, 13–15, 20–22, 35, 69, 114, 126, 130, 136, 184, 193, 198, 229, 230
Spain
132, 153
Speculum Duorum
104
speech communities
44–61, 64
Speyer Cathedral
131–132
Speyer
149, 151, 164
spirits
72, 154, 176
spirituality
32, 149, 182, 184–201
spleen
159, 162
spoken language
.
see oral
spring
137
stableboy
91, 93
Stamford
51
stars
152–154
star-craft
.
see astrology, astronomy
stasis
15
statutes
72, 79, 81–83, 92–94
stench
167
Stephen, King
202–209
stereotypes
.
see prejudices
Stevenson, Joseph
203, 208
Steyning
137
stigma
39, 164
stone
2, 50, 55, 128, 130, 134–135, 141–144, 213, 231
stories
7, 10–13, 22, 70, 74, 129, 130, 137, 141, 146, 150, 152–157, 164–165, 166, 202–224, 230
Stow
132
strangeness
1–22, 65, 99, 101, 107, 111–112, 114, 140, 145, 166–182, 183–188, 192, 201, 202, 204–223, 225–231.
estrange
strangerhood
1–22, 30, 44, 63–77, 85, 87, 103, 113–127, 128, 130, 140, 145, 146, 165, 179, 185, 197, 201, 202, 223, 225–230.
outsider
streams
.
see rivers
students
19, 24, 29, 36, 38, 80, 92, 94, 224, 228
suffering
11, 39, 51, 123, 180, 186, 190–191, 198, 201, 210
Suffolk
202, 206, 218
suffrages
184–201
summer
92.
autumn; spring; winter
sun
8, 158, 202, 208–209, 221
supernatural
24, 180, 213–215.
preternatural
Sussex
137
Sweden
157
swineherds
221
Świnka, Jakub, Archbishop
71
swords
103, 175–177
Symeon of Durham
Libellus de Exordio
21, 99, 128–145
Syrian
211
taboos
42
tales
.
see stories
Talmud
162, 164
Tankardston
106
Tannenberg
.
see Battle of Grunwald
Targum
163
taverns
39
taxes
89, 109, 117, 123
teaching
.
see schools
tears
130, 185, 190, 192, 196, 222
technologies
16, 126, 144
Tees, river
141
teeth
1, 53, 161–162
temperatures
209
Templars
210
ten Harkel, Letty
52
tensions
21–22, 72–74, 77, 113, 164, 185, 193, 197, 211.
conflict
terrifying
129, 130, 209
territory
32, 67, 92, 110, 120, 191, 226
Teutons
66
Teutonic Knights
68–76
theft
29, 36, 154
theology
30, 184–201, 223, 228
theophany
139
Thetford
51–52, 212
Thierry of Alsace
109–111
thieves’ argot
36
Þjóðólfr of Hvinir
157
Thoen, Erik
107, 110
Thomas of Cantimpré
190
Þorlákr Rúnólfsson of Skálholt, Bishop
147
threats
5, 8, 11–12, 37, 79, 97, 113, 137, 179, 218, 226
thumbs
83–84
Thurlby, Malcolm
132, 135–136
timber
142–144
tiny men
221–223
tithe laws
146–147
toads
213
Todeschini, Giacomo
28
Toledo
153
tolerance
28, 63, 226
tombs
141, 230–231
Toorians, Lauran, Wizo Flandrensis
104–106
Töpf, A.L.
54
topography
102, 142
torture
11, 72, 190, 194, 206
Tours
39, 115–122
towers
7–8
town dwellers
26, 70, 73, 75, 77
towns
29–32, 37–38, 51–52, 67–77, 80, 102, 105–106, 111, 113–127, 148, 151, 164–165, 231.
councils
trade
16–17, 30–31, 70, 103, 116, 123, 210
traditions
66, 73, 75, 101, 104, 106, 111, 132, 141, 144–145, 160, 163, 167, 169, 171, 173–174, 179, 181–182, 216–222, 228
translation
of a body
130, 136–141, 160
linguistic
7, 8, 27, 50, 75–76, 124, 147, 151, 160, 162, 172, 203, 205, 208, 217
transport
85, 88, 118, 135, 167, 194
traumas
140, 211, 213, 218
travel
.
see journey
travelogue
226
Treaty of Arras
123
treaty
47
Tree of Knowledge
174.
Eden; fall
trees
108, 141, 170–174
Treviso
82, 89
trial
74, 167, 180
tribes
7–8, 65, 76
Trier
149, 151
triggers
2, 63, 73
troops
.
see army
Troyes
116, 118, 120–121, 125.
Chrétien
Trump, Donald
80
truth
3, 13, 15, 175, 228
tyranny
10
UFOs
210
Ukraine
67
underworld
220
uninhabitable
107, 109–110, 137.
wilderness; waste
unity
8, 10, 218
universal history
155, 158–159, 164
universities
18, 94, 148
of Bologna
94
of Paris
183
students, teachers
36, 87, 92
unnatural
166, 172–173, 181
Upphaf allra frásagna
157
uprooting
121, 126
urban communities
114, 119–121, 123–127
urban law
70, 75–76
urbanization
26, 51–52, 69–72, 75–76, 80, 97, 114, 227
Usuard
Martyrology
10
usury
29, 164
Utrecht
151
vagabonds
27–29, 36, 122
values
33, 132, 211, 218
veins
159–163
Venceslas II Přemyslid, King
69
Venceslas, King
74
Venice
89
Verhulst, Adriaan
107–110
Verkehrssprache
77.
lingua franca
vernaculars
7, 35–36, 76, 140, 156, 164, 166, 169, 171, 174, 193
Verona
82, 89
verse
7, 162, 166, 176, 231
vices
228, 230
victimhood
211
Víðarr
50
Vietnamese
211
vigils
137, 187, 196–197
víkingar
43–62, 50, 52–53, 137, 140
villages
46, 49, 52, 106, 108–109, 202, 204, 207, 209–210, 223
Vincent, Nicholas
216, 228
vine-scroll
141
violence
11, 13, 69, 73, 126, 180
Virgin Mary
24
virgins
214
virtues
167, 176, 180–181
viscounts
109
Visio Sancti Pauli
168–173
Vision of Tundale
193
visions
1, 9, 14, 167–182, 183–201.
dreams
visual perception
35, 39, 128, 134–135
Vladislas the Short, Duke
73
vocabulary
36, 45–46, 58–59, 70, 217
voices
130, 169, 193, 195
Voltaire
19
voyages
.
see journeys
vulnerability
211
Wales
20–21, 98–112, 128, 218
wars
30, 66, 120, 122–123, 126, 209, 213, 218
War, Second World
64
warriors
66
waste, wastelands
107–111
water mills
128
water monsters
170–171
water
16, 105, 152–154, 159, 170–182.
river; sea
Watkins, Carl
215
wealth
118, 125, 133.
gold; rich
weapons
11, 74, 120, 149, 179
Wear, river
139
weather
152
weeping
188, 191–192, 204, 206
Welsh
20, 98–112, 222
Wends
65
western
6, 10–19, 25, 46, 52, 70, 102, 128, 148–149, 151, 160, 174, 192
West, the
64–67.
Ostsiedlung
Wheeler, Bonnie
15
Whitby
142
white
135, 168, 188, 197
wickedness
71, 186, 200, 228
Wickham, Chris
107
widowhood
29, 31, 123, 125, 196, 199
wife
80, 85, 93, 121, 125, 196–197
wilderness
107–108, 110, 137, 220
Wilderness Rule
108
William de St-Calais, Bishop
130
William of Malmesbury
Gesta Regum Anglorum
99, 129, 153, 166
William of Newburgh
Historia rerum Anglicarum
202–224
William of Ockham
.
see Occam’s Razor
Willibald, Bishop
226
Willkür
75
Winchester Cathedral
129
wine
1, 119, 154
winter
221
Wirral peninsula
52–53
Wiston
106
witchcraft
30, 219.
dark arts; magic
Wittering
132
Wizo Flandrensis
106
Woesten
108, 110
wolves
170, 169, 171, 204–206
women
10, 40, 53–54, 70, 80, 87, 90–93, 97, 104, 124, 183–185, 188–201, 205–207
women (religious)
91, 184, 190, 200.
beguines; nuns; recluses
women’s mobility
91
wonders
203–224, 214
wood
107, 111, 137, 141–144, 170, 172–174
wool
103, 126
Woolpit
22, 202–230
Worms
164
worship
50, 68
wounds
123, 176
wrath
159, 162, 221
Wright, Charles
169–170
written culture
24–26, 34–38, 69, 74–76, 211, 219–222.
communication
Wrocław
72
Yeavering
142
yeshiva
165
Yiddish
164
Ynglingatal
157
York
51–52, 132, 133
Yorkshire
56, 202, 212, 218
youth
38, 146, 148–151, 202, 205, 222
Zaragoza
131
Zaremska, Hanna
28
Zelzate
109
Zipf’s law
59