Figures
1.1 Trends in the total fertility rate of women of childbearing age in China 5
1.2 China’s natural population growth rate and population increase from 1970 to 2017 6
1.3 Time spent on increase of every 100 million people in China 7
1.4 Trends in population dependency ratios in China and the world and of different income groups from 1960 to 2016 8
1.5 Trends in the proportion of working-age population in China and the world and of different income groups 9
1.6 The decline trend of infant mortality in China 10
1.7 Infant mortality rates in China and the world and of different income groups in 1990 and 2017 10
1.8 Average life expectancy at birth in China 11
1.9 Changes in average life expectancy at birth in China and the world and of different income groups from 1960 to 2016 11
1.10 Growth of enrollment in China’s colleges and universities from 1977 to 2016 13
1.11 Population urbanization development trend of China and the world and of different income groups from 1977 to 2017 14
1.12 The trend of China’s mobile population growth 16
1.13 Declining trend of China’s working-age population (15 to 64 years old) from 2015 to 2050 18
1.14 Trends of China’s population dependency ratio from 2015 to 2065 19
1.15 United Nations’ medium scenario forecast for China’s 65-year-old and older population growth trend 22
1.16 United Nations’ medium scenario forecast for the aging trends in China and the world and of different income groups 23
1.17 United Nations’ forecast of the trend of China’s population change 25
1.18 Trends in China’s human development level 26
2.1 Trends in the number and structure of employed people in urban and rural China (1978–2017) 32
2.2 Trends in the growth rate of urban and rural employment in China (1978–2017) 33
2.3 Trends in the size and rate of unemployment in China (1978–2018) 40
2.4 Trends in the employment structure of China’s three industries (1978–2017) 41
2.5 Trends in the employment structure of urban state-owned sectors and private sectors (1978–2017) 42
2.6 Trends in labor productivity of all employees and wages in urban areas (1978–2017) 43
2.7 Changes in the number of people participating in social insurances at the end of the year (1994–2017) 44
2.8 Trends in coverage of urban workers’ basic pension insurance (1989–2017) 45
2.9 Participation of migrant workers in urban workers’ pension insurance (2006–2017) 46
3.1 The share of labor compensation in the economy 69
3.2 Changes in employee wage levels relative to per capita GDP 69
3.3 Changes in social security premium rate 70
3.4 China’s Gini coefficient 71
3.5 Total disposable income of residents, “out-of-statistic income”, and missing rate 72
5.1 Whether or not it is easy to master the skills of working on a platform car 98
5.2 Comparison of male and female car owners in service online in a working day in November 2017 on Didi Platform 102
5.3 Nationwide average monthly income of car owners of the Didi Platform 103
6.1 Proportion of non-standard employment in certain cities in China 112
Tables
3.1 Equivalent of each wage point 58
3.2 Workers’ wage standards established in 1951 in northeast China 58
3.3 Wage standards for enterprise production workers 59
3.4 Wage standards for major industrial workers in Shenyang city 61
3.5 Salary standards for enterprise production management staff established by the First Machinery Industry Ministry in 1956 62
3.6 Salary standards for staff of government agencies implemented in July 1955 63
3.7 Main distribution relations before reform and opening-up: percentage of each sector in national revenue 66
4.1 Number of towns in major years since 1970 82
5.1 Index system of employment quality of new type employment 96
5.2 Types of insurance and coverage provided by the Didi Platform for car owners 101
6.1. ILO’s definition of non-standard employment 110
6.2 Employment status and entity nature of standard employment and non-standard employment groups 113
6.3 Industry distribution of standard employment and non-standard employment 113