1.1 The Byzantine Empire in ca. 1025 11
1.2 The Oghuz and Seljuk raids in eleventh-century Asia Minor 15
1.3 The Caucasus after the Fourth Crusade 22
1.4 The Empire of Trebizond and its neighboring states in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade 29
1.5 The Caucasus and Asia Minor at the death of Queen Thamar (1213) 31
2.1 Cuman settlements in the Northern Pontic steppe 41
2.2 Cuman settlements in the northern Pontic steppes, 11th–12th centuries 57
3.1 The Khazars and the Caucasus 63
4.1 The Orkhon Valley in the 12th century 78
5.1 China and the northern frontier in the late 12th century 123
5.2 The Mongol invasion of Central Asia 132
5.3 The first Mongol invasion of Caucasia, 1221–1223 137
5.4 The Mongol invasion of Rus’ 150
6.1 Georgia and the Caucasus after the Mongol conquest 169
6.2 The Ulus Jochi in the 1260s 178